dams - impacts on a riparian environment
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Dams
Impacts on a Riparian EnvironmentBy: Aaron Shaffer
Dept. of GeographyIndiana University of Pennsylvania
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Introduction
Since the beginning of time, the power of nature has had an impact on the existence of
every type of species on this planet. As for humans, we have been battling nature for survival for
much of our recorded history, most of the time losing. One force of nature that control has been
extensive fought for is water, or, more specifically, floods. In an effort to control this wrecker of
havoc on our settlements, humans developed a mostly effect form of flood control: the dam. In
blocking the water upstream to prevent flooding, have we really solved the problem of flooding
or have we only bought ourselves more time, destroying the natural balance of nature and
causing more damage for ourselves in the future? Should we not be trying to prevent this? This
topic has come up in one form or another and will be discussed in this research along with a brief
history and process of dam building.
Definition and Construction
The journey of 1000 miles begins with a single step, so therefore, let us start with the
basics. B y definition a dam is a large wall or barrier that obstructs or stops the flow of water,
forming a reservoi r or lake (Wikipedia). Simply put, a dam is constructed for the benefit of
mankind, either by preventing flooding or for storing water for consumption or irrigation for our
crops. Any sort of structure that holds back or diverts water is considered a dam, and have taken
many forms throughout the ages and across cultures, yet keep the same basic characterizes.
There are three main parts to a dam. The first is the most obvious when one thinks of a
dam, the outer wall. The wall is the bulk of the construct, which is, most times, placed
perpendicular to the flow of the river or stream and is what actively holds back water in the
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upper part, the reservoir. The water is released back into the main channel by the spillway or
weir. This varies from place to place and in some cases may be entirely non-existent, depending
on the purpose the dam serves.
And there are many purposes in which a dam may be constructed for. The most common
among these are to retain water, prevent flooding or to better control the flow of water but there
are still many other uses for constructing one. In modern times we have been able to harness the
power of water for reasons other than flood prevention and retaining water, namely, the practice
of creating commercial waterways in the form of canals and lock systems but also through
hydroelectric power plants, which utilize the power of the flow of the water and create electricity
via large turbines housed within the walls of the dam.
As it is said, Rome wasnt built in a day, is also the same with the process of building a
dam. Though it varies from place to place, the general procedure usually involves the same
steps: a need to put in a dam, a political approval process, a surveying process and then the actual
construction process. All of the above are affected by a huge number of factors including
geographical location, climate, population, economic condition, agricultural status, availability
and type of construction materials, available alternatives, and above all, the availability of the
areas water resources and their spatial and temporal land use distribution and overall national
development status.
Ancient History
The history of dam building goes back nearly 7,000 years to ancient Mesopotamia.
Throughout the ages, the advancement in science and technology, better knowledge of laws of
mechanics and new construction materials like cement and steel, gave way to the modern age of
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dam building. Starting in the 19 th and 20 th centuries, the full progressive force in building dams
came with the breakthroughs and realizations of the benefits of creating large storages to increase
in productivity in activities such as irrigated agriculture, which meant a guaranteed supply of
water for both domestic and industrial use. With the creation of the reservoir came other
activities as fishing, recreation, and eventually in the modern era, the generation of hydropower,
navigation and flood control all made dam building a very attractive proposal for economic
growth, jobs and development. However, on the other side of the benefits are the requirements,
implications, and consequences that come with building a dam and are, often times, overlooked.
As previously stated flooding and water in general are a powerful and often times
devastating force of nature. So in turn, a dam is an intervention of that power and must be able
to withstand its force in order to continually benefit mankind. However, because of this
intervention, there are many factors that come into play after the dam is constructed that must be
addressed and mitigated before the dam is installed. Issues that must be addressed and have been
historically ignored include the effects to the natural flow of a river, the submergence of land
upstream to create the reservoir, the displacement of native species, habitats, ecology,
biodiversity, people and capital investment, the decision to undertake such a grand endeavor lies
with the ruler of the territory or the local government.
Modern Marvelsand Complications
Many times, as with any legal process, the development becomes a political battle, as it
did with the construction of the Llyn Celyn Reservoir in Gwynedd, North Wales. Construction
of this dam to supply Liverpool with water involved the flooding of the village of Capel Celyn, a
highlight of Welsh culture and the Welsh language.
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In order to prevent incidents such as this, experts, advisers and planners play a key role in
formulating the dam proposals, and recommending these to the Head of State for a final decision.
A quote from the ICIDs Appropriate Decision Making Procedures for New Dams shows a
glimpse into the approval process in the US and also reflects the process in general: After a
decision to build the dam was made by the competent authority, the implementation was done by the
concerned agencies in accordance with the orders and there was little opposition from any quarters. It
was well-recognized that the project was taken up for the benefit of society at large . This statement is
an example of a legal verification of one such process that must occur in order to secure a stable
and healthy relationship not only with the public at large but also with the surrounding ecologicniche.
The decision-making process for newly proposed dams generally remains similar in most
post-industrial countries with government planning agencies playing the key role in the
procedural process. In recent years, considerable attention is paid to the environmental and
ecological considerations. Most countries have developed procedures, guidelines, standards and
restrictions in regards to these considerations. However, unavoidable long and short term
consequences make many of these procedures inevitably fall short of meeting the essential
natural environmental standards, making dams a questionable form of management practice.
As with any man-made obstruction to nature, dams pose a direct threat to the natural
environment in which they are placed. Dams incur a variety of environmental issues and
irreparable conditions that we are vaguely aware of. Only being realized in recent history, a dam
can quickly translate from a form of economic development to an environmental stressor. The
main purpose of dam in the first place is to block and restrict water flow which prevents
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sediments and nutrients from properly reaching the ecosystems downstream. If not managed
properly, the problems start small and build as time moves on. With no nutrients downstream,
the environment quickly deteriorates. Plant life withers away, herbivores must move to another
location to find food, which continues on up the food chain. Even properly managed dams still
loose riparian land area due to the flood prevention quality of the dam. For life further up the
stream banks, depending on the topography of the land, floods are a sustainable and dependable
source of nutrients which get deposited when a stream or river floods. Even controlled flooding
that only sometimes takes place, there are going to be an overall decrease in plant species.
A prime example of this is Chinas Three Gorges Dam. Constructed in 1919, this $180
Billion project has had huge impacts on both the environmental aspects as well as cultural
implications. A report published in 2007 in Time magazine stated that the project had the
potential to cause a huge [environmental] disaster ... if steps are not taken promptly. It goes on
to state that nearly 1.4 million residents have been uprooted by the nearly 400 mile long reservoir
that formed behind it, which also flooded several important archaeological sites in the area.
Worse still, it goes on, that some hydrologists believe that by trapping the silt and sediments in
the reservoir upstream, the dam could actually make downstream riverbanks more prone to
flooding. Three Gorges Dam is a perfect example of environmental impacts of dams and even if
properly managed the consequences can still be detrimental to the environment both upstream
and downstream.
One amazing thing about natural fresh waterways is their ability to automatically filter
the water as it flows downstream. Some plant species, specifically those in wetlands, are natural
water purifiers that automatically filter out harmful contaminants from the stream and allow
other minerals to settle naturally and in regulation. When we put in a dam, we destroy these
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natural water purification systems either by flooding them upstream or restricting water flow
downstream so that wetlands can no longer function.
Not only are dams harmful to life above the water, but also below it. One big
environmental issue with building dams is the detrimental effect on fish populations and habitats.
Migratory fish that depend on upstream/downstream movement are cut off from their natural
breeding and feeding zones by dams, which in turn may cause a loss of species and potentially
their extinction altogether. In the Eastern US alone, the construction of dams alone has been
identified as the primary reason for the decrease and extinction of migratory fish species
(Larinier, 49). A report on the the Xinanjiang Dam in China reported that the number of
migratory fish species decreased from 107 to 83 immediately following the construction of the
dam (Zhong 1996).
So far, we have discussed the history, construction, and impacts that dams have on an
environment. This brings us to a very important question in modern research: What happens if
you just remove the dam? Dam removal is a current initiative in the US by an organization
called American Rivers, which focuses on the removal of outdated and environmentally harmful
dams. Because dams are one of the only natural structures that have such a large impact on a
riparian environment, removing them also takes much research and surveying. The benefits of
this however, once approved, are numerous. Stream flow is once again restored downstream for
fish and wildlife populations to once again inhabit over time, as well as removing the build up
and flooding in the location of the reservoir. Fish species can once again find migratory routes
up the river and even start new routes. Over time and with the help of volunteers and with much
effort, removing a dam can once again restore a natural riparian habitat and the flow of
sediments to provide nutrients to the downstream corridor. Also, a natural water temperature is
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restored to the area and with the equaling out of the reservoir comes the removal of temperature
stratification which takes place in the deeper waters of the upstream area.
Along with environmental benefits, removing certain dams removes safety hazards for all
species, humans included, and give way to restoring the opportunity for recreation in the area,
which often times generate more local economic income than the dam itself did. In fact, there
are many more economical benefits of removing a dam that is outdated besides simply
recreational activities. As stated before, wetlands destroyed by the dam can once again restored
and are a much more cost-effective, natural form of flood control than dams are. Removing
dams may be more expensive in the short-term future due to demolition costs, but the long-term
benefits far outweigh the initial destruction of the dam. Wetlands, as opposed to dams, need no
maintenance and no repair, are self-sustaining and most times more efficient form of flood
control than dams are.
In the present, more energy efficient technology makes hydroelectric power and therefore
the construction of dams with hydroelectric power plants obsolete. The removal of the Edwards
Hydroelectric Dam on the Kennebec River in central Maine caused a decrease of 3 megawatts of
power output. In order to compensate for this loss of power, all that needed to be done was to
replace 75,000 regular light bulbs with energy efficient light bulbs in nearby Augusta, Maine,
which, according to the 2000 US Census, has 8,565 households which is a little less than 9 light
bulbs per household, not including businesses, apartment buildings and office tower complexes.
Another reputable source for the restoration of natural river environments is the
Hydropower Reform Coalition, which works in conjunction with American Rivers to repair and
restore the natural flow of the river downstream, benefiting fish and wildlife communities. The
Coalition includes the community to help in the removal process and engages with them to help
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support local dam removal movements. It also motivates politicians and civic leaders to set an
example for future and other removals and identifies state and local funds to aid communities in
making dam removals possible. So far, it has contributed to the removal of over 150 dams in the
US, as shown in Figures 1 an 2 below.
Fig 1. East Coast Dam Removals by American Rivers and the Hydropower Reform Coalition
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Fig 2. West Coast Dam Removals by American Rivers and the Hydropower Reform Coalition
Dams may have at one time been a beneficial production for many communities, but in
with our world in its current state, more renewable and sustainable ideologies must be accepted
to prevent further destruction to our ecosystems around the world. Unfortunately, not all of the
damage can be repaired, but choosing more natural, sustainable, and environmentally friendly
options, such as investing in wetland restoration instead of dam construction, will benefit us all
in the long run.
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Works Cited:
1. Thomas, Einion. Capel Celyn, Ten Years of Destruction: 1955-1965. 2007.
2. National Library of Wales. Tryweryn.
http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Dwr/Tryweryn/index-e.htm
3. Yang, Lin. Chinas Three Gorges Dam Under Fire. Time World. 2007.
4. MWC News. China Dam to Displace Millions More. 2007.
5. Jurries, Dennis. Biofilters for Storm Water Discharge Pollution Removal. 2003.
6. Larinier, Michael. Environmental Issues, Dams, and Fish Migration. 2001.
7. American Rivers.org:
a. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dam-removal-map/
b. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/background/noaa-grants-program.html
c. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/background/10-ways.html
d. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/background/faqs.html
e. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/projects/2010-dam-removals.html
f. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/projects/2011-dam-removal-resource-guide.html
g. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/dams/
h. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/global-warming-and-rivers/
i. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/protecting-rivers/
j. http://www.americanrivers.org/our-work/restoring-rivers/floods-floodplains/
http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Dwr/Tryweryn/index-e.htmhttp://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Dwr/Tryweryn/index-e.htmhttp://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Dwr/Tryweryn/index-e.htm