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US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General . Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Surgeon General; 2004. 2. Khosla S, Riggs BL. Pathophysiology of age-related bone loss and osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005;34:1015-30. 3. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Fast facts. Available at: http://www.nof.org/node/40. Accessed July 23, 2013. 4. Adachi JD. Impact of prevalent fractures on quality of life: baseline results from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85(9):806-13. 5. Burge RT, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon D, Wong JB, King AB, Tosteson ANA. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Min Res 2007;22:465-75. 6. Kemenkes. Pedoman Pengendalian Osteoporosis. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Indonesia; 2008. 7. Wiknjosastro H. Wanita dalam berbagai Masa Kehidupan. In: Saifuddin AB, Rachimadhi T, editors. Ilmu Kandungan. Jakarta: PT. Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo;2009.p.128-31. 8. Kastelan D, Korsic M. High prevalence rate of pituitary incidentaloma: Is it associated with the age-related decline of the sex hormones levels?.Med Hypotheses 2007;69:307-9. 9. Bjornerem A, Bjorn S, Midtby M. Endogenous sex hormones in relation to age, sex, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases in a general population: the Tromso study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6039–47. 10. Van der Linden JC, Weinans H. Effects of microarchitecture on bone strength.

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US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health andOsteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: USDepartment of Health and Human Services, Office of Surgeon General; 2004. 2. Khosla S, Riggs BL. Pathophysiology of age-related bone loss andosteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005;34:1015-30. 3. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Fast facts. Available at:http://www.nof.org/node/40. Accessed July 23, 2013. 4. Adachi JD. Impact of prevalent fractures on quality of life: baseline resultsfrom the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women. Mayo Clin Proc2010;85(9):806-13. 5. Burge RT, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon D, Wong JB, King AB, TostesonANA. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporotic fractures in UnitedStates, 2005-2025. J Bone Min Res 2007;22:465-75. 6. Kemenkes. Pedoman Pengendalian Osteoporosis. Jakarta: DepartemenKesehatan Indonesia; 2008. 7. Wiknjosastro H. Wanita dalam berbagai Masa Kehidupan. In: Saifuddin AB,Rachimadhi T, editors. Ilmu Kandungan. Jakarta: PT. Bina Pustaka SarwonoPrawirohardjo;2009.p.128-31. 8. Kastelan D, Korsic M. High prevalence rate of pituitary incidentaloma: Is itassociated with the age-related decline of the sex hormones levels?.MedHypotheses 2007;69:307-9. 9. Bjornerem A, Bjorn S, Midtby M. Endogenous sex hormones in relation toage, sex, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases in a general population: theTromso study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:6039–47. 10. Van der Linden JC, Weinans H. Effects of microarchitecture on bone strength.Curr Osteoporos Rep 2007;5:56-61. 11. Harada S, Rodan GA. Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bonemass. Nature 2003;432(6937):349-55. 12. Karsenty G, Kronenberg HM, Settembre C. Genetic control of boneformation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2009;25:629-48. 13. Dallas SL, Bonewald LF. Dynamics of the transition from osteoblast toosteocyte. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1192:437-443. 14. Crockett JC, Mellis DJ, Scott D I, Helfrich MH. (2011).New knowledge oncritical osteoclast formation and activation pathways from study of raregenetic diseases of osteoclasts: focus on the RANK/RANKL axis. OsteoporosInt 2011;1:1-20. 15. Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality-the material and structural basis of bonestrength and fragility. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2250-61. 16. Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R. Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: aninflammatory tale. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1186-94. 17. Zallone A. Direct and indirect estrogen actions on osteoblasts and osteoclasts.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1068:173-9. 41 18. Krum SA, Miranda-Carboni GA, Hauschka PV, Carroll JS, Lane TF,Freedman LP, et al. Estrogen protects bone by inducing Fas ligand in

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osteoblasts to regulate osteoclast survival. EMBO J 2008;27:535-45. 19. You L. Osteocytes as mechanosensors in the inhibition of bone resorption dueto mechanical loading. Bone 2008;42:172-9. 20. Bradford PG. Estrogen regulation of apoptosis in osteoblasts. PhysiolBehav 2010;99:181-5. 21. Nakamura T, Imai Y, Matsumoto T, Sato S, Takeuchi K, Igarashi K, et al.Estrogen prevents bone loss via estrogen receptor alpha and induction of Fasligand in osteoclasts. Cell 2007;130:811-23. 22. Bonnelye E, Aubin JE. Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha: a mediatorof estrogen response in bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3115–21. 23. Goderie-Plomp HW. Endogenous sex hormones, sex hormone-bindingglobulin, and the risk of incident vertebral fractures in elderly men andwomen: the Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3261–9. 24. Carbone LD. Association between bone mineral density and the use ofnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin: impact of cyclooxygenaseselectivity. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1795–802. 25. Mbalaviele G. Beta-Catenin and BMP-2 synergize to promote osteoblastdifferentiation and new bone formation. J Cell Biochem 2005;94:403–18. 26. Babij P, Zhao W, Small C, Kharode Y, Yaworsky PJ,Bouxsein ML,et al. Highbone mass in mice expressing a mutant LRP5 gene. J Bone MinerRes 2003;18:960-74. 27. Leibbrandt A, Penninger JM. RANK/RANKL: regulators of immuneresponses and bone physiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1143:123-50. 28. Guerrini MM, Sobacchi C, Cassani B, Abinun M, Kilic SS, Pangrazio A, etal. Human osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis with hypogamma-globulinemia dueto TNFRSF11A (RANK) mutations. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:64-76. 29. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Odén A, Johnell O, De LAet C, Eisman JA, et al. Afamiliy history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Bone2004;35:1029-37. 30. Kanis JA, De Laet C, Delmas P, Garnero P, Johansson H, Johnell O, et al. Ameta-analysis of previous fracture and fracture risk. Bone 2004 35;375-82. 31. Kanis J A, Johansson H, Odén A, Johnell O, De Laet C, Melton LJ III, et al. Ameta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone and MinerRes 2004;19:893-9. 32. Kanis JA. Johansson H, Johnell O, Odén A, De Laet C, Eisman J, et al.Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:737-42. 33. Berg KM. Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporoticfracture and bone density. Am J Med 2008;121:406-18. 34. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Odén A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, et al.Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:155-62. 35. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF. Estimates of optimal vitamin Dstatus. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:713-6. 36. Jackson RD. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk offractures. N Engl J Med 2006;354:669-83. 42 37. Johnell O, Kanis J. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos

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Int 2005;16 Suppl 2:S3-S7. 38. International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis: who’s at risk?.Available at: http://www.iofbonehealth.org/whos-risk. Accessed August 22,2013. 39. International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporosis and musculoskeletaldisorders. Available at: http://www.iofbonehealth.org/what-is-osteoporosis.Accessed August 22, 2013. 40. Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barret-Connor E, Miller PD, Sajjan S, Berger ML,et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, andrelative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50–99: results fromthe National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int2004;17:565-74. 41. Recker R, Lappe J, Davies KM, Heaney R. Bone Remodeling IncreasesSubstantially in the Years After Menopause and Remains Increased in OlderOsteoporosis Patients. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:1628-33 42. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, Laet CD, Eisman A, et al.Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteporos Int 2005;16:155-62 43. Hernandez-Rauda R, Martinez-Garcia S. Osteoporosis-related life habits andknowledge about osteoporosis among women in El-Salvador: A crosssectional study. BMC Muskuloskelet Disord 2004;5:29 44. Gur A, Saraj AJ, Nas K, Cevik R. The relationship between educational leveland bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. BMC Family Practice2004; 5:18 45. Kutsal YG, Atalay A, Arslan S, Basaran A, Cantürk F, Cindas A, et al.Awareness of osteoporotic patients. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 128-33