131

D≈-S°w ˛ ska-ÿ. 3

9

ska-ÿ coXn-bn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≈ D.Ed tImgvkn¬ aq∂mw ska-ÿ

(S3) F√m h¿jhpw Pq¨ apX¬ HIvtSm-_¿ h-sc-bp≈ amk-ß-fn-emWv

hcn-I. F√m t]∏-dp-Iƒ°pw \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-ج D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

F∂m¬ s]mXp-]-co£ F√m t]∏-dp-Iƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-X-√. ska-

ÿ 3 (S3) se hnhn[ t]∏-dp-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃ NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

9.1 aq∂mw ska-ÿ (S3) t]∏-dp-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃

aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ (S3) BsI 7 t]∏-dp-I-fmWv \n¿t±-in-®n- p-≈-Xv. CXn¬

hnZym- ymk a\ximkvX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn, ""]Tn-Xm-hpw ⁄m\m¿P-

\hpw'' F∂ t]∏¿ BWv \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-

lnIhpw, Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød e`n-°p--∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n, ""hnZym-`ym-k-

Øns‚ kmaqlnIhpw Ncn-X-]-c-hpw, Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød'' F∂

t]∏¿ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Iem-hn-Zym- ym-kØn\pw ]hr-Øn-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\p-am-bn, ""Iem-hn-Zym- ym-

khpw ]hr-Øn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw'' F∂ t]∏-dpw, ImbnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\m-bn, ""imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Btcm-Ky-hpw, Btcm-Ky-˛-Im-

bnI hnZym-`ym-khpw'' F∂ t]∏dpw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. amXr-`m-jm-]-

T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn, ""`mjm-]-T-\-hpw kmln-Xyhpw'' F∂ t]∏-

dpw Cw•ojv `mjm-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn, "Pedagogy of EnglishLanguage" F∂ t]∏dpw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

KWn-Xw, kmaqlnI-im-kvXw, kb≥kv F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

GsX-¶nepw Hcp t]∏-dn-ep≈ ]T\w \n¿h-ln-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. Hm]vj-

W¬ Bbn sXc-s™-Sp-°m-hp∂ t]∏-dp-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

a. KWn-X-im-kvX-]-T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw/

b. kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-bhpw/

c. kmam-\y-im-kvX-hn-Zym-`ymkw

aq∂mw ska-Ã-dnse 7 hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ymka\x-im-kvXw, Zm¿i-

\nI ASn-Ø-d, Ie-˛-]-hr-Øn-]-T-\w, ImbnI ]T-\w, `mjm-]-T\w F∂n-

h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ 5 t]∏-dp-Iƒ°v s]mXp-]-co-£bpw (ImbnIw ˛ 40

kvtIm¿, a‰v hnj-b-߃°v 60 kvtIm¿ hoXw) \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw

(20 kvtIm¿ho-Xw) _m°n-bp≈ c≠v t]∏-dp-Iƒ°v ˛ Cw•ojv `mjm-]-T-

\-hpw, Hm]vj-W¬ hnj-b-ß-fmb KWnXw/kmaq-ly-imkvXw/kmam-\y-

imkvXw ˛ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج (kvtIm¿ 20 hoXw) amXta Cu

ska-Ã-dn¬ D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.

132

9.2 aq∂mw ska-ÿ (S3) t]∏¿ ˛ kvtIm¿ hni-Zmw-i-߃

9.3 aq∂mw ska-Ã-dnse Hmtcm t]∏-dp-ambn _‘-s∏´

hni-Zmw-i-߃

9.3.1 hnZym- ym-k-a-\x-imkvXw

A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v a\:imkvX-]-c-amb ASn-Ød D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-th≠n aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ "]Tn-Xmhpw ⁄m\m¿P-\hpw' F∂ t]∏¿

]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. hni-Zmw-i-߃ Nph-sS sImSp-°p-∂p.

kvtIm¿ hni-Zmw-i-߃\º¿ t]∏¿ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

\nc-¥chnebn-cp--ج Xnbdn ]co£ BsI

1 S3

. P13

]Tn-Xmhpw ⁄m\m¿P-\hpw 20 60 80

2 S3

. P14

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI-hpw, Ncn-X]-c-hpw, - 20 60 80

Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød

3 S3

. P15

Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw ]hrØn hnZym-`ym-khpw 20 60 80

4 S3

. P16

imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Btcm-Kyhpw

BtcmKy˛ImbnI hnZym-`ym-khpw 20 40 60

5 S3

. P17

`mjm-]T-\hpw kmln-Xyhpw 20 60 80

6 S3 . P

18Pedagogy of English Language 20 - 20

7 S3 . P

19a. KWn-X-imkvX]-T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw/

b. kmaq-lyimkvXw˛D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-bhpw/

c. kmam-\y-im-kvX-hn-Zym-`ymkw 20 - 20

BsI 140 280 420

t]∏-dns‚ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

S3.P

13]Tn-Xmhpw ⁄m\m¿P-\hpw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 80

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج 20

s]mXp-]-co£ 60)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 115 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 6 aWn-°q¿

133

D≈-S°w

bqWn‰v 1 : (kabw: 25 aWn-°q¿)hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-߃

$ hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-߃ : s]mXp-[m-cW

$ _p≤n : hyXykvX \n¿h-N-\-߃

$ _p≤n-k-¶-ev]-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-߃

˛ GILS-I-kn-≤m-¥w, at\m-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w ZznL-S-I-kn-≤m¥w kwL-

L-SI kn≤m¥w ˛ XnapJkn≤m¥w ˛ sdbva≠v Im‰-ens‚ _p≤n-hn-`-P\w

˛ _p≤n-am\w (IQ) ˛ _lp-ap-J-_p≤n (MI)

$ _lp-ap-J-_p≤n ˛ hni-Zmw-i-߃

$ _lp-ap-J-_p≤n (MI) ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

Bh-iy-IX

$ hy‡n-hy-Xymkw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-

IX

$ DZvK-YnX kao-]-\hpw (MI) _lp-ap-J-_p≤nbpw

$ tè_¿Kns‚ ssSbm¿°n°v kn≤m¥w

$ sshIm-cn-I-_p≤n (EQ Um\n-b¬ tKmƒam≥)

$ sshIm-cn-I-_p≤n (EQ) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ tkml¿ & am¿j-ens‚ Bfl-_p≤n k¶ev]w

$ hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-Øn\p Imc-W-amb a‰p LS-I-߃

˛ Xm¬]cyw

˛ at\m-`mhw

˛ A`n-£aX

˛ A`n-t]-cW

˛ k¿Km-fl-IX

˛ hy‡nXzw

$ k¿Km-fl-IX

˛ LS-I-ßfpw L´-ßfpw

˛ Xncn-®-dn-b¬ coXn-Iƒ

˛ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿K-߃

$ _lp-hn[ Ip´n-°mew (Multiple Childhood) krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Zmcn-Zyw,

BtKm-fo-I-c-Ww, apXn¿∂-h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ImgvN-∏mSv (adult culture)

F∂nh-bpsS kzm[o\w

$ k¶-enX hnZym-`ym-kw (Inclusive Education)

˛ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, ]cn-N-cWw

˛ Bh-iy-]q¿Øo-I-cWw

˛ hy‡n-KX ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS ]m[m\yw

˛ hyXykvX t_m[-\-co-Xn-I-fpsS Bhiyw

$ hnhn[ sshI-ey-߃

˛ t\c-sØ-bp≈ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, ]cn-N-cWw

˛ Imc-W-߃/]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃

˛ In´n-°¬ GPv (critical age) s‚ ]k‡n

˛ ]o˛-ss]-adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX

˛ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ]¶v

˛ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-]-iv\-߃, ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃ Xncn-®-dn-b¬

˛ hnhn[Xcw hnZym-`ymkam¿K-߃

$ kvs]jy¬ FUyp-t°-j≥

$ kwtbm-PnX hnZym-`ymkw (Integrated Education)

$ k¶-enX hnZym-`ymkw (Inclusive Education)

˛ kv]o®v sXdm-∏n, nkn-tbm-sX-dm-∏n, _ntl-hn-b-d¬ sXdm∏n F∂n-h-bpsS

Bh-iy-IX

˛ hnhn[ ]T-\-t_m-[\ X¥-߃

˛ hy‡n-KX hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ (IEP) ]k‡n

˛ ¢mkvap-dn-bnse ]n¥pWIƒ

˛ dntkmgvkv dqw, dntkmgvkv sk‚¿, dntkmgvkv So®¿

134

˛ ¢mkv So®-dns‚ CS-s]-S¬

bqWn‰v 2 (kabw: 25 aWn-°q¿)hy‡n-Xzw

$ hy‡n-Xzw : s]mXp-[m-cW

$ hy‡n-Xz-k-ao]-\-߃

˛ at\m-hn-t«-jWw (t^mbvUv)

˛ khn-ti-j-I-k-ao-]\w (B¬t∏m-´v)

˛ lyqa-\-ÃnIv kao-]\w (Imƒtdm-tP-gvkv)

$ hy‡n-XzsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LSI߃

˛ P\n-XIw / ]cym-h-cWw

$ hy‡n-Xz-am-]-\w

$ hy‡n-Xz-am-]-\-co-XnIƒ

˛ ]t£-]W ]hn-[n-Iƒ

˛ ]t£-]-tW-Xc ]hn-[n-Iƒ

˛ (Adjustment inventories tNmZym -h -en -Iƒ, tIkvÃ-Un,

A`n-ap-J-߃ apX-em-b-h)

bqWn‰v 3 (kabw 20 aWn-°q¿)kmaq-loI-c-W-k-µ¿`-߃

$ kmaq-lo-I-cWw : s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ

$ kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]¶v

$ apXn¿∂-hcpw Ip´n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

$ Imcy-£-a-amb c£m-I¿Ør-Xzw (Progressive Parenting)

$ ]mc‚n-ßv

$ ]mc‚nßv coXn-Iƒ

$ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS Akm-∂n≤yw Ip´n-I-fn¬ D≠m-°p∂ ]iv\-߃

$ Ijp-Iƒ, A\m-Ym-e-b-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Ip´n-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

$ A[ym-]-I\v Ip´n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]Xo-£-Iƒ

$ ka-kw-L-ß-ƒ (Peer group) kulr-Z-߃

$ ]qcIenw-K-tØm-Sp≈ (Opposite Sex) B`n-ap-Jyw

$ Ip´n-I-fnse kl-I-c-Ww, a’-cw, am\-knI kwL¿jw, AI-a-hm-k-\, hg-

°n-S¬, Ip‰-hm-k-\

$ kmaq-lnI, kmº-ØnI, kmwkvIm-cnI hyXym-k-ßfpw kmaq-lo-I-c-Whpw

˛ s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ, hnZym-`ym-k-]-In-b-I-fn¬ Ch-bv°p≈ kzm[o-\w

$ hy‡n-k-Ø (Alw/Self)

$ Alw-t_m-[-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃

$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-߃

$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Xmc-Xayw

$ tkmjy¬ tdmƒ

$ XmZm-flo-I-cWw

$ Bfl-t_m[w (Self concept) - Roger's view

$ kzmfl-t_m[w (Self Esteem)

$ Alw-t_m-[-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-ج

$ Alw-t_m-[hpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

$ DZvK-YnX hy‡nXzw

$ kam-tbm-P\w

$ A]-k-am-tbm-P\w

˛ [mcW

˛ Imc-W-߃

˛ ]cn-lm-c-߃

$ kam-tbm-P-\-In-bm-X-¥-߃

˛ [mcW

˛ DZm-l-c-W-߃

$ Ip´n-bpsS am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw

˛ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃

˛ A[ym-]-Is‚ ]¶v

135

$ am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w

$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 4 (kabw 15 aWn-°q¿)Iu¨kenwKv & ssKU≥kv

$ Iu¨kenßv & ssKU≥kv ˛ s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ

$ ssKU≥kv ˛ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw ]k-‡nbpw (k¶-ev]w, ]Ir-Xw,

BhiyIX, taJ-e-Iƒ)

$ Iu¨kenßns‚bpw ssKU≥kns‚-bpw -B-hiyIX

$ Iu¨k-enßv XXz-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw

$ hnhn-[-Xcw Iu¨k-enßv coXn-Iƒ.

˛ Direct Counselling

˛ Non direct Counselling

-˛ Eclectic Counselling

$ Iu¨k-enßv ˛ Kq∏v, ka-kw-Lw, hy‡n-KXw

$ Iu¨k-e-dpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

$ Iu¨k-enßv ˛ ]T\t]m¬km-l-\-Øn\v

$ A[ym-]-I≥ ˛ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬

bqWn‰v 5 (kabw 30 aWn-°q¿)⁄m\m¿P\]In-b-Ifpw `mjmhnI-k-\hpw

$ kwth-Z-\w, ]Xy-£-Ww, Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw

$ k¶o¿W ⁄m\m¿÷\w (Complex cognition)˛ [mcW

$ Hm¿a

$ Cµn-b-kva-cW (SM - Sensory memory)

$ lkz-Im-e-kva-cW (STM - Short term memory)

$ Zo¿L-Im-e-kva-c-W (LTM - Long term memory)

$ Hm¿a sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ coXn-Iƒ/am¿K-߃

$ ]iv\]cn-l-cWw ˛ Bibw

$ ]iv\]cn-l-cW L´-߃

$ ]iv\]cn-l-cW coXn-Iƒ

˛ lyqcn-ÃnIv coXn

˛ Trial & error method

˛ Algorithm

˛ Insight

˛ Discovery

$ ]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw ˛ Hcp k¶o¿Æ-⁄m-\m¿P\ ]Inb F∂ \ne-bn¬

$ bp‡nNn¥\w

˛ Inductive reasoning

˛ Deductive reasoning

˛ Hypothetico - deductive reasoning

$ bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw ssh⁄m-\nIhnIm-k-L-´-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w

$ `mjbpw Nn¥bpw

˛ Ip´n-bpsS `mjm-hn-Im-k-L-´-߃

Cooing, babbling, one word utterances telegraphic speech, etc.

$ `mjmhnI-k\ kn≤m-¥-߃

˛ Conditioning (kvIn∂¿)

˛ imitation & Modeling (_µqc & hmƒt´gvkv)

˛ B¿. jm^¿, ]nbm-sj, _qW¿, sshtKmSvkvIn F∂n-h-cpsS `mjmhnI-

k\ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

$ `mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w (]nbm-sj, sshtKmSvkvIn F∂n-h-

cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ)

$ \yqtdm sskt°m-f-Pnbpw `mjbpw.

$ kmaqlnI kmwkvIm-cnI- ˛ sshPmXyw `mj-bn-ep-≠m--°p∂ kzm[o-\-߃.

$ Zzn`m-j-Xzw, kzm[o-\-߃.

$ Meta cognition - Bibw

$ Meta cognition - hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ X¥-߃

136

ska-ÿ 3 ¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ 5 bqWn-‰p-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]T-\-

X-¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ \nco-£-W-߃

$ A\p-`-h-hn-i-I-e\w

$ A`n-apJw

$ ]mIvSn-°¬

$ skan-\m¿

$ ]m\¬ N¿®

$ Kq∏p-N¿®

$ kwhmZw

$ Assk≥sa‚p-Iƒ

$ tIkv ÃUn

$ Kth-jW ]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ sF.kn.‰n D]-tbmKw

$ h¿°vtjm-∏p-Iƒ

$ hni-I-e\ dnt∏m¿´v

$ ^o¬Uv Sn∏v

$ t]mPIvSv

$ k¿s∆

hne-bn-cp-ج

ska-ÿ 3 ep≈ "]Tn-Xmhpw ⁄m\m¿÷-\hpw' F∂ t]∏-dn\v 2 Xc-

Øn-ep≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

1. s]mXp-F-gp-Øp-]-co£ 60 kvtIm¿

2. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج 20 kvtIm¿

1. s]mXp-F-gpØp ]co£

]Tn® a\»m-kvX-XØz-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw ¢mvdq-an¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-

°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈Xpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-k‡n hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb

tNmZy-ß-fmWv s]mXp FgpØp ]co-£-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv.

2. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج

]mTy-]-≤Xn ¢mn¬ hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmƒ \¬Ip∂ hy‡n-KX]h¿Ø-

\-ßfpw Kq∏p ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw bYm-k-abw \nc-¥-c-ambn hne-bn-cp-

Øp∂Xn\v ]pdta Ip´n-I-fpsS kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-

ج F∂n-hbpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IqSmsX Kq∏p-Xe-Ønepw hn-

e-bn-cp-ج \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hn\n-a-b-coXn (skan-ÿ 3)

137

ska-ÿ ˛ 3 - - --

S3.P

13 : ]Tn-Xmhpw ⁄m\m¿P-\hpw

(BsI kabw 115 aWn-°q¿ kvtIm¿ ˛ 6 Hrs/week Score: 60 TE + 20 CE)

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 ˛ hy-‡n-h-y-X-ym-k-߃

(kabw 25 aWn-°q¿)

hy-‡n-h-y-X-ym-k-߃ ˛ s]mXp-[m-c-W-

hy-‡n-h-y-X-ymksØ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃

$ B¥-cn-I LS-I-߃(-_p≤n , k¿Km-fl-IX, A`n-£aX)

$ _ml-y-L-S-I-߃ (kmaq-lnIw, kmº-ØnIw, kmwkvIm-cnIw)

_p≤n ˛ hy-X-ykvX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

$ Aaq¿ØNn¥-\-Øn-\p≈ Ignhv (sS¿am≥) Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈

Ignhv, (tK‰≥) ka-K-ti-jn-I-fpsS BsI-ØpI (shjve¿)

hkvXp-°sf A]K-Yn-°m-\p≈ Ignhv (F∫nwKvtlmkv)

_p≤n-k-¶¬]-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w

$ GI-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w - ˛ (Unitary theory)$ at\m-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w - (Mental Faculty theory)$ Zzn-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w (Two factor theory) ˛ (Pn LS-I-Øns‚bpw

Fkv LS-I-Øns‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ)

$ kwL-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w ˛ Group Factor theory$ _lp-L-S-I-kn-≤m¥w ˛ Multi Factor theory$ XnapJ-kn-≤m¥w ˛ The Structure of intellect model$ sdbva≠v Im‰-ens‚ _p≤n-hn-`-P\w

$ _p≤n-am\w - IQ

_lp-apJ _p≤n ˛ hni-Zmw-i-߃ (M I Theory)$ hy-‡n-h-y-X-ymkw ]cnK-Wn-®p-sIm≠p≈ ]T-\--]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

Bh-i-y-IX

$ DZvK-YnX kan]-\hpw M I bpw

$ _p≤n F∂Xv ]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijnbpw \nX-y-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßsf hni-I-

e\w sNbvXv ]mT-߃ Dƒs°m-≈m-\pap≈ Ign-hm-Wv.

$ _lpapJ _p≤n ]cn-K-Wn®v sIm≠v ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h-ln-°-

s∏tS≠Xm-Wv.

p hy-X-y-kvX-Xcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ (Visual - spatial, linguistic etc)Nne¿°v F¥p-

sIm≠v sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\m-Ip-∂p?

p k¶-enX hnZ-ym -` -ymkw (Inclusive Education) \¬Ip-∂-Xp -sIm-≠p≈

]tbmP\߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

n ss]adn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ MI ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T\ ]h¿Ø\߃

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[-\bpw hni-I-e-\hpw \SØp∂p.

n MI ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

138

$ tè _¿Kns‚ ssSbm¿°n°v kn≤m¥w

$ sshIm-cnI _p≤n EQ (Um\n-b¬ tKmƒam≥) khn-ti-j-XIƒ

$ tkml¿ & amj-ens‚ Bfl-_p≤n k¶¬]w

$ hy-‡nhy-X-ym-k-Øn\p Imc-W-amb a‰p LS-I-߃

˛ Xm¬]-cyw

˛ at\m-`mhw

˛ A`n-£aX

˛ A`n-t]-cW

˛ k¿Km-fl-IX

˛ hy‡nXzw

k¿Km-fl-IX

$ LS-I-ßfpw L´-ßfpw

$ Xncn-®-dn-b¬ coXn-Iƒ

$ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-߃

$ _lp-hn[ Ip´n-°m-ew (Multiple Childhood)krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Zmcn-

Zyw, BtKm-fo-I-cWw, apXn¿∂-h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ImgvN-∏mSv

(adult culture)F∂n-h-bpsS kzm-[o\w

k¶-enX hnZ-ym-`-ymkw (Inclusive Education)˛ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, ]cn-N-cWw

˛ Bh-i-y-]q¿Øo-I-cWw

˛ hy-‡n-KX]cn-K-W-\-I-fpsS ]m[m-\yw

˛ hy-X-ykvX t_m[\ coXn-I-fpsS Bh-iyw

hnhn[ sshI-e-y-߃

˛ t\c-tØ-bp≈ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, ]cn-N-cWw

˛ Imc-W-ßfpw ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw

˛ In´n-°¬ GPns‚ ]k‡n

˛ ]oss]-adn hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-i-y-IX

- ˛ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS ]¶v

n hnhn-[-Xcw ]iv\-߃ D≈ Ip´n-Isf a‰p Ip´n-Iƒs°m∏w ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ A[ym-

]-I≥ t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p; ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

n _lp-apJ _p≤n Af-°m-\p≈ sSÃp-Iƒ/td‰nwKv kvsIbnep-Iƒ AUvan-\n-ÿ sNbvXv

hnh-c-߃ tImUo-I-cn® tijw Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-t\- -hp-ambn (achievement)Xmc-Xayw

sNøp-∂p.

n am\-Io-IrX sFIyq \SØn sFIyq kvtImdpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fnse ]I-S-\hpw (am¿°v/

tKUv) XΩn-ep≈ s]mcpØw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

n Xnc-s™-SpØ Hcp Bib taJe hy-X-ykvX _p≤n i‡n-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ Fßs\

Ah-X-cn-∏n°mw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ¢mv dqw Ah-X-cWw \S-Øp∂p.

n skdn-_¬ ]m¬kn , Hm´nkw ...... XpS-ßnb ]iv\-ßfp≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°-

fp-ambn A`n-apJw \SØn Ah¿ t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

n ]o kvIqfp-Iƒ (AwK≥hm-Sn, \gvk-dn, Ijv) kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIƒ (A‘/-_-[n-c-

aqI hnZym-e-b-߃, Fw.B¿ kvIqƒ) Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp ÿm]\w kµ¿in®v

Ahn-SsØ Ip´n-I-fpsS am\-kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb hnImkw F]-Im-c-amWv \n¿∆-

ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v Is≠Øn ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p∂p (Kq∏v h¿°v)

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

139

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T\ ]iv\-߃, ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃˛ Xncn-®-dn-b¬

* hnhn[ Xcw hnZym-`ymk am¿K-߃

˛ kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥

˛ kwtbm-PnX hnZym-`ymkw (Integrated Education)˛ k¶-enX hnZym-`ym-kw (InclusiveEducation))

˛ kv]o®v sXdm-∏n, ^nkn-tbm-sX-dm-∏n, _ntlhn-b-d¬ sXdm-∏n

F∂n-h-bpsS Bh-iy-IX

˛ hnhn[ ]T-\-t_m-[\ X¥-߃

˛ hy‡n-KX hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]k‡n (IEP)

˛ ¢mv apdn-bnse ]n¥p-W-Iƒ

˛ dntkmgvkv dqw, dntkmgvkv sk‚¿, dntkmgvkv So®¿

˛ ¢mv So®-dns‚ CS-s]-S¬

n ]T\ sshI-ey-ß-fp≈ Ip´n-Isf Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp tNmZym-hen/sN°v enÃv

Xøm-dm-°p-I.

n ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-ß-fp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂ D]-I-c-W-߃. klm-b-k-l-I-c-W߃

Ch A`n-ap-J-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-I.

n UnkvseIvknb D≈ hnZ-ym¿∞n-Isf \nco-£n®v/Ah-cpsS A[-ym-]-I-cp-ambn A`n-apJw

\SØn UnkvseIvknkv hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

n hn°v (stammering) D≈ hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-tfmSv kzoI-cn-t°≠ a\:imkvX-]-c-amb kao-

]-\-߃ Is≠Øp-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

140

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 ˛ hy-‡n-Xzhpw am\-kn-Im-tcm-K-yhpw (25 aWn-°q¿)

$ hy-‡n-Xzw ˛ kmam-\-y-[m-cW

$ \n¿h-N\w t_m[-y-s∏S¬

hy-‡n-Xz kao-]-\-߃

$ t^mbn-Uns‚ at\m-hn-t«-jW kn≤m¥w (Psychoanalysis)$ B¬t∏m¿´ns‚ khn-tij kao-]\w(Traist approach)$ Imƒtdm-tP-gvkns‚ am\-hn-IXm kao-]\w (Humanistic approach)hy-‡n-X-zsØ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃

$ ]mc-º-c-y-L-S-I߃

$ ]cn-ÿnXn LS-I-߃

$ ]T\w

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS hy‡nXz hnIm-k-Øn¬ So®-dpsS ]¶v

hy-‡n-Xzam]-\-co-Xn-Iƒ

$ ]t£-]W ]hn-[n-Iƒ (Projective techniquics)$ ]t£-]-tW-Xc ]hn-[n-Iƒ

(-˛ AUvPÃvsa‚ v C≥sh‚-dokv,

˛ tNmZ-ym-h-en-Iƒ

˛ A`n-apJw

˛ tIkv ÃUn)

$ hy-‡n-Xz khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]T-\sØ GXp coXn-bn¬ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂p F∂p Xncn-®-dn-

bp-I.

$

n alZv hy-‡n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ (Trait) hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

n hy-‡n-Xzw hnI-kn-Xtam hnI-k-z-ctam ˛ kwhmZw

n hy-‡n-Xz hnI-k\w kw_-‘n® ]c-k-y -߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. kz¥w

\nco£W߃ Ipdn-°p-I.

n hnhn[ hy‡nXzam]\ X¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hy‡nXz khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Ie\w

sNøp-I.

n s]cpam‰ ]h-W-X-Iƒ D≈ hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-sf-°p-dn®v A[-ym-]-I-cp-ambn A`n-

apJw \SØn, CØcw ]h-W-X-Iƒ F¥p-sIm≠v D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂pw ]cn-lm-

c-am¿§-߃ F¥v F∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

141

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 ˛ kmaq -lo-I-cW kµ¿`-߃ (context ofsocialisation) (20 aWn--°q¿)

$ kmaq-lo-I-c-Ww˛ kmam-\y-[m-cW

$ kmaq-lo-I-cW ]Inb Hcp hnZym-`ymk e£yw F∂ \ne-

bn¬

˛ Enculturation

- Acculturation as part of socialisation

$ kmaq-lo-I-c-W-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

˛ apXn¿∂-h-cpsS kzm[o\w

˛ ka--kw-L-Øns‚ kzm[o\w F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

$ Imcy-£-a-amb c£m-I¿XrXzw (progressive parenting)

$ ]mc‚nwKv coXn-Iƒ

$ c£nXm-°-fpsS Akm-∂n-≤yhpw km∂n-≤yhpw Ip´n-I-fn¬ D≠m-

°p∂ ]iv\-߃ (parental deprivation and Privation)

$ Ijp-Iƒ, A\m-Ym-e-b-߃, Pph-ss\¬ tlmwkv F∂n-hn-S-

ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂hcpsS kmaq-lo-I-cW ]In-b-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂

]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ.

$ ka-kw-L-߃, kulr-Z-߃

$ Ip´n -I-fnse kl-I-c-Ww, kulr-Zw, a’-cw, am\-knI

kwL¿jw, AI-a-hm-k\, hg-°n-S¬, Ip‰-hm-k\ F∂nh kmaq-

lo-I-cW ]In-b-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w.

$ ]qcI enwK-Øn¬s]´-htcmSp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw, at\m-`m-hw.

$ kmaq-ly, kmº-Øn-I, kmwkvIm-cnI hyXym-k-ß-fpw, kmaqlo-

I-c-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w.

$ kmaq-lo-I-cW ]In-b-bn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚pbpw kvIqfn-s‚bpw kzm[o\w Fs¥m-

s°-bmWv?

n hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ c£-mI¿Øm-°-fpsS XmXv]-c-yhpw at\m-`m-h-hpw-]n-¥p-

Wbpw Is≠-Øm≥ tNmZ-ym-hen \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

n c£mI¿Xr-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°ƒ Db¿Øp∂ ]h-W-X-Ifpw Ah-cp-sS Xmev]-

cy-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-I.

n c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw (]mc‚nwKv coXn t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥)

n skan-\m¿ ˛ ]mc‚nwKv

n ]mc‚nwKv ˛ t_m[-h-Xv°-cW ¢mp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI

n tIkv hni-I-e-\-߃

n ]X-ß-fnepw B\p-Im-enI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw hcp∂ Ip´n-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂

hnhn[ ]iv\-߃ (DZm:-˛ _me-th-e, Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-iw, t]c‚nw-Kv, ssN¬Uv

A_yqkv XpS-ßn-bh) tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn ]cn-lm-

c-߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.

142

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

$ Self (Alw/ hy‡n-kØ) The self is the individual as known tothe Individual'' (Murphy, 1947)

$ Alw t_m[-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃

$ a‰p-≈-h-cps-S ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ (Reactions of others)$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Xmc-Xayw (Comparison with others)$ kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ ]¶v (Social role)$ XmZm-flo-I-cWw (Identification)

$ Self concept - Rogers view$ Self esteem (Bflm-`n-am\w)

$ Alw-t_m-[-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-ج `mhw

$ \Ωƒ \sΩ FX-amXw hne-a-Xn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ Afhv

$ Db¿∂ Bflm-`n-am-\hpw Xmgv∂ Bflm-`n-am-\hpw ]T-\-t\-

´sØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p.

$ kam-tbm-P\w (Adjustment ) ˛ [mcW

$ A]-k-am-tbm-P\w (Maladjustment)

$ Poh-\-ti-jn-Iƒ (Life skill)

$ So®nwKv ]mIvSokv \S-Øp∂ kvIqfnse Hcp ¢mnse Hcp ]tZ-iØp \n∂p-h-cp∂ 10

Ip´n-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-Im-hÿ a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ k¿s∆-jo‰v Xøm-dm°n

]T\w Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v hnLm-X-ambn \n¬°p∂ LS-I-߃

Is≠Øn ]cn-lm-c߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.

n hnZ-ym¿∞n-Iƒ°v A[-ym-]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpsS `mj, D≈-S°w F∂nh

GXp coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v Alwt_m[w, Bflm-`n-am\w F∂o k¶-ev]-\-ßsf

Bkv]-Z-am°n Ah-X-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bflm-`n-am-\hpw c£n-Xm-°-fpsS at\m-`m-hhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w-˛-kw-

hmZw \S-Øp-I.

n -hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]c-kv]cw CSs]S-epIfn¬ km[m-cW D≠m-Im-dp≈ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ A[-ym-]-I-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-ØneqsS Is≠Øn N¿® sNøp-∂p.

143

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

bqWn‰v ˛ 4 ˛ ssKU≥kv & Iu¨k-enwKv (\ntZ-i-\hpw D]-

t_m-[-\hpw) (15 aWn-°q¿)

$ ssKU≥kv Bh-iy-I-Xbpw ]k-‡nbpw (A¿∞w, k¶ev]\w,

]Ir-Xw, Bh-iy-IX ˛ taJ-e-Iƒ)

$ ssKU≥kpw, Iu¨k-enwKpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw, Bh--iy-

IX

$ \ntZ-i-\w (guidance), Bh-iyap-≈-hsc Xncn-®-dn-b¬˛klmbw

\¬I¬

$ Iu¨kenßv ˛ XXz-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw, ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw

]In-b-Ifpw

$ kz`mh sshI-ey-߃, s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒ, sshIm-cnI ]iv\-

߃, ]T-\-]-iv\-߃ F∂nh Is≠-ج,. ]cn-lmc ]h¿Ø-

\-߃ \S-ج

$ A[ym-]-I≥ Iu¨ke¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬

$ Iu¨k-enßv ]T-\-t]m-’m-l-\-Øn\v

$ \ntZ-i-\w, D]-t_m-[\w F∂n-h-bpsS ]k‡n t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v, Ip´n-I-fpsS

s]cpam‰ ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Iu¨k-enMv km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.

$ tIkv hni-I-e-\-߃

n hnZ-Kv≤-Iu¨k-e-dp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw \S-Øp-∂p.

144

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

bqWn‰v ˛ 5 ˛ ⁄m\m¿P\ ]In-b-Ifpw `mjm-hn-Im-khpw

(Cognition and Language development)(30 aWn-°q¿)

$ kwth-Z\w ˛ Sensation$ ]Xy-£Ww ˛ Perception$ Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ Conceptualisation$ k¶o¿Æ ⁄m\m¿÷\w, Bi-b-[m-cWw

$ Hm¿Ω (Cµn-b kvacW - Sensory Memory)$ lkz-Ime kvacW ˛ Short term Memory$ Zo¿L-Ime kvacW ˛ Long term Memory$ Hm¿Ω sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ coXn-Iƒ

$ ]In-bm-]cw ˛ Procedural Memory$ A¿∞-]cw ˛ Semantic Memory$ kw`-h-]cw ˛ Episodic Memory

$ ]iv\ ]cn-l-cW tijn /Bibw

˛ ]iv\ ]cn-l-cW L´-߃

$ ]iv\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w

$ ]iv\ ]cn-l-c-W-Øns‚ h¿§o-I-cWw

$ ]cn-I¬]-\-bpsS ]cn--tim-[\, kmam-\y-h¬°-c-Ww)

$ ]iv\]cn-l-cWcoXn-Iƒ (lypdn-Ãn-Ivkv, Sb¬ & Fd¿,

A¬tKm-cn-Xw, Dƒ°m-gvN, Is≠-ج)

$ ]iv\]cn-l-cWtijn hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX

$ ]iv\-]-cn-l-cWw Hcp k¶o¿Æ ⁄m\m¿P-\-]-Inb F∂

\ne-bn¬

$ bp‡nNn¥\w

˛ Nn¥, Db¿∂ Hcp am\-knI ]Inb F∂ \ne-bn¬

- Inductive Thinking/reasoning- Deductive Thinking /Reasoning

$ ]T-\-t\-´-Øn\v Hm¿Ω-bv°p≈ ]¶v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂p.

n Hm¿Ω-i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂p.

n Hm¿Ωbpw ]T-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kwhm-Z-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-I.

p ]T\w Hm¿Ω amX-amtWm? Hm¿Ωbpw _p≤nbpw XΩn¬ _‘-apt≠m. N¿® sNøp-

I. Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI

n Hm¿Ω-i‡n h¿≤n-∏n -°m≥ klm-b-I-amb GXm\pw ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃

\n¿t±in°pI/]co-£n-°pI.

n ]iv\ ]cn-l-cW ]In-bbpw ]T\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw N¿®m-hn-t[-b-

am°p∂p.

n hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fnse Xnc-s™-SpØ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]iv\-

ßfpw Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xmhv D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ am\-knI ]In-b-Ifpw Is≠-

Øp-I.

n Db¿∂ Nn¥m tijnIƒ ]tbm-Kn-t°≠ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃/]iv\-߃ hy-X-ykvX

hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-I.

n Xnc-s™-SpØ k¶-ev]-\-ßsf hni-I-e-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ klm-b-I-amb

tNmZ-y-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-I.

145

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

- `mjbpw Nn¥bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

˛ `mjm-hn-Imk L´-߃

(Cooing, Babling, oneword utterances, telegraphic speech)˛ ]mY-anI `mjm ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (ih-Ww, `mj-Ww, teJ-\w,

hmb-\)

˛ `mjm-ss\-]p-Wn-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\v XSw \n¬°p∂ LS-

I-߃

$ `mjm hnI-k\ kn≤m--¥-߃

˛ I≠o-j-\nMv (kvIn∂¿)

- A\p-I-cWw (_µqc/hmƒt´¿kv)

˛ ]nbm-sj, sshtKmSvkvIn, _qW¿ F∂n-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-

Iƒ)

$ kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI sshPmXyw `mj-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂

kzm[o\w

˛ Zzn`m-jm-Xzw, kzm[o-\-߃

$ AXoX ⁄m\m¿P\ ]Inb (Meta cognition)˛ [mcW/ hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ X¥-߃

n `mjm-ss\-]p-Wn-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-°sf klm-

bn-°m-\p≈ kao-]-\-ßfpw X¥-ßfpw N¿® sNbvXv cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

146

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17. Moghaddam, F.M. (2007). Great Ideas in Psychology : A Cultural andHistorical Introduction India : Oxford, One World.

]pkvXIkqNnI

18. Sternberg,R.J & Zeev, T.B (2001), Complex Cognition : The Psychology ofHuman Thought Newyork : Oxford University Press.

19. Parankimalil, John (2008). Progressive Parenting. Delhi : Unicorn books

20. knKva≠v t^mbvUv (2008). a\-ns‚ Infn-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ \nim-K‘n;

]ªn-t°-j≥kv

21. s]m^. F≥. i¶-c≥\m-b¿ (1994). hnZym-`ymk a\-im-kvXhpw inip-

hn-I-k-\hpw (`mKw 1 & 2). tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

22. \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn (1988). `mc-Xob a\x-im-kvX-Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw.

Id‚ v_p-Ivkv.

23. \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn (2007). kvt\l-kw-hmZw. Ko≥_p-Ivkv.

24. PqUnØv emdn-˛-tPmbvkv (2009) hnP-b-Øns‚ a\x-im-kvXw. Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

25. tUm. F≥.-Fw. apl-Ω-Z-en. (2007). a\-»mkvXw : a\-ns‚ ImWm-

tem-Iw. Nn¥m ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

26. Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿. (2003). hnZym-`ymk]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcm-ap-

Jw. tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.

27 tUm: sI.F-kv. tUhnUv (2008), hy‡nXzw : ImgvN-∏mSpw ]mtbm-Kn-

I-Xbpw; Nn¥m ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

28. tUm. ]n.hn. ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥ (2008). hntKm-SvkvInbpw hnZym-`ym-khpw,

tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv

29. cmtPjv awK-eØv - Educational Psychology - An authentic in Malayalam(]ªn-j¿ : Harry & Co, Pulhuppadi (PO) Calicut)

30. ioPnØv. C & Acp¨Ip-am¿. ]n. -˛ hnZym-`ym-k-a-\x-imkvXw ˛ (DCBooks)

31. tUm. ]n.hn. ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥ : ]ptcm-K-a-\-hn-Zym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿ KSSP

32. s]m. Fkv. am[-h≥\m-b¿ : hnZym-`ymkw ˛ Ncn-Xhpw imkvXhpw

33. tUm.sI. inh-cm-P≥ ˛ hnZym-`ymk a\x-im-kvX-`q-anI

34. tUm. chn-i-¶¿. Fkv. \mb¿ : ]mTy-]-≤Xn kn≤m¥w (tIcfw C≥Ãn-

‰-yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw)

147

9.3.2 hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-chpw

Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød

A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-

chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n aq∂mw ska-

Ã-dn¬ "hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-

amb ASn-Ød' F∂ t]∏¿ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. hni-Zmw-i-

߃ Nph-sS sImSp-°p-∂p.

hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I ASn-Ød ˛ kmwKXyw

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\nI ASn-Ø-d-bpsS ]T\w e£y-am-°p-∂Xv

a\p-jy-Nn-¥sb F°meØpw aYn-®n-cp∂ hnime-amb ]iv\-ß-tfmSv

hnZym-- ymkw Fßs\ _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv. ⁄m\w,

]T-\w, hnZym-`ym-kw, A[ym-]-I≥ XpS-ßnb k¶¬]-\߃ Dcp-Øn-cn-

™Xv hfsc hnim-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn-eq--sS-bm-Wv. XnI®pw ]mtbm-

Kn-I-amb Hcp kµ¿`-Ønse ]cn-an-X-amb A¿Y-Øn-te°p Npcp-ßn-t∏m-

ImsX hnim-ehpw ka-K-hp-amb A¿Y-Øn¬ Chsb kao--]n-°m≥ A[ym-

]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn°p Ign-b-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-Z¿i-\ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

CXn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. hyXykvX hnZym- ym-k-Nn-¥-I-cpsS ho£-

W-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xv CXns‚ ]mYan-I-Xew amX-amWv.

Dt±-iy-߃

$ ]mTy-]-≤XnbpsS D≈-S-°w, LS\, ]T-\-/t_m-[\ kma-Kn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bn¬ hyXykvX Z¿i-\-߃ Fßs\ ]Xn- -en-°p∂p F∂p

Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ hnZym-`ym-k-e-£y-߃, t_m[-t\m-t±-iy-߃ F∂n-hbn¬ AS-ßn-

bn-cn-°p∂ hyXy-kvX Z¿i-\-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I,

Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-I.

$ hnZym-`ym-k-]-Inb, ⁄m\w, A[ym-]-Is‚ hy‡nXzw XpS-ßn-b-

h-sb-°p-dn®v hyXykvX Z¿i-\-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-

Iƒ a\-n-em-°p-I. Ahsb kz¥w A[ym-]-I-hy-‡n-Xzhpw t_m[-

\-ssi-enbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ D]-bp-‡-am-°pI.

$ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw t_m[-\-k-µ¿ -ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-an-Xn-°p-≈n¬ Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃, hn⁄m-\w, Bi-b-߃, ]iv\-߃ F∂n-

hsb hnim-e-amb Zm¿i-\nI tNmZy-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-

bp-I.

$ hyXy-kvX- hn-Zym- ym-k -Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hnZym- ymk ]h-

W-X-Iƒ, ]T\/t_m[\ kma-Kn-Iƒ, t_m[-\-k-ao-]-\-߃ F∂nh

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew

kmwKXyw

kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvIm-cn-I, kmº-ØnI

bmYm¿Yy-ß-tfm-Spw, hyXykvX Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ Ah-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-ß-

tfmSpw ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ LS-\bpw D≈-S-°hpw

\b-ßfpw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv F∂ [mc-W-bmWv Cu hnj-b-Øn-eqsS D≠m-

tI-≠-Xv. NcnXw F∂Xv arX-amb hkvXp-°fs√∂pw hnZym- ymkw t]mse-

bp≈ kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ]In-b-bnse i‡-amb Hcp

Nme-I-amWv F∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Ncn-X-]-c-am-bXv Imen-I-am-

b-Xns\ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂ [mcW ]Tn-Xm-hn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-

bm≥ Cu taJe klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

Dt±-iy-߃

$ hnZym-`ymk \b-ß-sfbpw kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfbpw hyXykvX Ncn-X-

L-´-ß-fnse bmYm¿Yy-߃ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂p Xncn-®-dn-

bp-I.

148

$ C¥y-bn¬ ÿm]-\-h¬IrXhnZym- ymkw Bhn¿ -hn-®-Xns\ kzm[o-

\n® kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

$ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb mc-Xob hnZym- ym-k-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ehpw

Ah-bpsS ka-Im-enI km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

$ kmaq-lnI˛km-º-ØnI bmYm¿Yy-߃ amdp-∂Xv hni-I-e\w sNøp-

I. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ka-Im-enI hnZym-`ymk amXr-I-Iƒ

hne-bn-cp--Øp-I.

$ Imen-I-amb NcnXw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnepw hnZym- ym-k-Ønepw Fßs\

]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

t]∏-dns‚ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

S3.P

14hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-IhpwNcn-X-]-chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-ambASn-Ød

BsI kvtIm¿ : 80

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج 60

s]mXp-]-co£ 20)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 105 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 5 aWn-°q¿

Dšw

bqWn‰v 1. (kabw 20 aWn-°q¿)

kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-Xhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw

bqWn‰v 2. (kabw 25 aWn-°q¿)

hnZym-`ym-k-Z¿i-\-߃

bqWn‰v 3. (kabw 20 aWn-°q¿)

C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew

bqWn‰v 4. (kabw 20 aWn-°q¿)

hnZym-ebw Hcp kmaq-lnI-ÿm-]\w

bqWn‰v 5. (kabw 20 aWn-°q¿)

hnZym-ebkwhn-[m-\hpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw

149

S3.P14 hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-chpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

bqWn‰v 1 : kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-Xhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw (20 aWn-°q¿)

(F) kaq-l-imkvXw F¥v?

$ kaq-l-im-kvX-Ønse At\z-j-W-hn-j-b-߃

$ kaq-l-im-kvXhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw kaq-l-L-S-\bpw hnZym-`ym-

k-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w

$ hnZym-`ym-k-k-aqlimkvX-Øns‚ e£y-߃ (kvIqfnse

]InbIƒ, A[ym-]-I-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂nh kaq-l-

LS\-tbmSpw kaq-l-tØmSpw Fßs\ _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v

a\-n-em-°p-I).

$ kmaq-ln-I-L-S-I-߃ hy‡n-bn¬ FX-tØmfw kzm[o-\w

sNepØp∂p.

n tIc-f-Ønse kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈/Nne hn`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kaq-l-imkvX

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ kwK-ln-°p-I.

n sslkvIqƒ ¢mp-I-fnse hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ A[ym-]-I-cm-Im≥ BK-ln-°p-∂-h-

cpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-I. B¨Ip-´n-I-fmtWm s]¨Ip-´n-I-fmtWm IqSp-X¬?

hyXym-k-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ N¿® sNøp-I.

n hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ ]men-t°≠ Nn´-I-sf-°p-dn®v km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS ho£-W-߃

Is≠-Øp-I. Ch kvIqfn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Nn´-I-fp-ambn FX-tØmfw kam-\-

amWv F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

n t\Xr-Xz-Kp-W-߃ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-ambn kwkm-cn®v IpSpw-_-]-

›m-Ø-ehpw IpSpw-_-mwK߃ Ip´n-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ FX-tØmfw

Xmev]cyw ImWn-°p∂p F∂pw Is≠-Øp-I.

n hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn®v Ah-cpsS A—-\-Ω-am-cp-ambn GsXms° hnj-b-

ß-fmWv Ah¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Is≠-Øp-I. CXn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂

hnh-c-߃ hnZym¿Yn-IfpsS ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bptam

F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

150

(_n) hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ ÿm]-\-ßfpw GP≥kn-Ifpw

$ Hu]-Nm-cnI GP≥kn-Iƒ, A\u-]-Nm-cnI GP≥kn-Iƒ

$ IpSpw-_w, kaq-lw, cmjvSw, aXw, hnZym-ebw XpS-ßn-bh hnZym-

`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ GP≥kn-I-fmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

(kn) kaq-lhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw

$ kaqlw hnZym-`ym-ksØ GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

$ hnZym-`ymkw kaq-lsØ GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

$ hnZym-`ymkw kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-Øn-\p≈ D]m[n

$ A‘-hn-izm-k-߃ A\m-Nm-c-߃ F∂nh C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.

(Un) C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse kmaq-lnI kmº--ØnI

]iv\-߃

(Zmcn-Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Iq´p-Ip-Spw_Øn¬\n∂pw AWp-Ip-

Spw-_-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w, Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Ønse A¥-cw, \nc-

£cX, kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ ]iv\-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

kzm[o-\w, ^e-߃)

n tIc-f-Ønse Db¿∂ km£-c-Xbv°v Imc-W-amb kmaq-ln-I-L-S-I-߃ N¿®

sNøp-I.

n hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ GXp-co-Xn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂p

F∂p Is≠-Øm-\mbn Hcp tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm°n hnh-cti-J-cWw \S-ØpI.

n GsXms° taJ-e-I-fn-emWv sXmgn¬ km[y-X-I-fp-≈Xv F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈

s]mXp-[m-c-W-Iƒ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-sØbpw ]In-b-I-sfbpw kzm[o-

\n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

n Ign™ 15 h¿j-ß-fnse kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v ]pXp-Xmbn

Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb hnj-b-߃, hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I, Ch kaq-

l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-߃, hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v \ne-\n¬°p∂ [mc-W-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

n hnZym-`ymk hnIm-kw, km£-cX F∂nh tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ kao-]-Im-e-Øp-

≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ am‰-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

n kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ]T-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ ][m\ kmaq-

lnI˛kmº-Øn-I-L-S-I-߃ Is≠-Øm-\mbn tNmZym-hen Xøm-dm°n hnh-c-

ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

151

$ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KsØ ka-Im-enI ]iv\-߃, ]h-W-X-Iƒ

$ kvXoIƒ, Zp¿_-e-hn-`m-K-߃, \yq\-]-£-߃, imco-cn-I-am-\-

knI sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂

hnth-N-\w.

$ `mj, kwkvIm-cw, X\na, BNm-c-߃, `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb

]tXy-I-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bm¬ A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-

b-am-Ip-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-`ym-kw.

$ A]-am-\-ho-I-cWw (Dehumanization)

$ kmaq-ln-I-h-Xv°-cWw (Socialization)

F¥mWv kmaq-ln-I-h-Xv°-cWw? kmaqlnI-h-Xv°-c-W-]-In-b-

Iƒ. kmaq-ln-I-h¬°-c-W-Ønse LS-I-߃ ˛ A[ym-]-I¿,

kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ, hnZym-e-b-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ kmaq-ln-I-h¬°-c-

W-Øns‚ tdmƒ.

$ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw, tZio-b-Xbv°p

th≠n-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈

hnZym- ymkw, A¥¿tZ-iob [mc-W-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym- ym-kw, Poh-

\-ti-jn-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym-`ymkw.

$ hnZym-`ymkw kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v (Education for Sustain-

able Development (ESD))

n kpÿn-c-amb kvIqƒ Imºkv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿K-tcJ Xøm-dm-°pI.

n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ enwK-hn-th-N\w hf¿Øp-∂pt≠m? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

n hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Hcp e£y-amWv kmaq-ln-I-h¬°-c-Ww. CXn\p klm-b-I-

amb Fs¥ms° ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ¢mkvap-dn-bv°-IØpw ]pdØpw Hcp-°m≥

Ignbpw? CXn¬ A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ ]¶v F¥mWv?

n ]tXy-Im-h-iy-ß-fp≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSv a‰v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ hnth-N-\-]-c-ambn

s]cp-am-dp-∂pt≠m F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

\S-Øp-I. Cu ]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ kao-]-\-߃ N¿® sNøp-I.

n a‰p Ip´n-I-fp-ambn CS-]-g-Im≥ Xmev]-cy-an-√mØ Ip´nsb apJy-[m-c-bn-te°p

sIm≠p-h-cm≥ A[ym-]-I¿ kzoI-cn-t°≠ kao-]-\-߃ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ Cu Bi-b-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂pt≠m F∂p Is≠-Øm≥

Hcp sN°venÃv Xøm-dm°n hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

152

bqWn‰v 2 : hnZym- ym-k-Z¿i-\-߃ (25 aWn-°q¿)

(F) F¥mWv Z¿i\w? Zm¿i-\n-I-Xbv°p ]n∂nse t]c-W-

Iƒ (Pn⁄m-k, ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, A\p-`-h-Ønse hnS-

hpIƒ \nI-ج, A¿Y-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ At\z-j-Ww)

hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

$ GXv ]Xn-`m-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-K-ho-£Ww \¬Im-\p≈

Ignhv, hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnim-e-ho-£-Ww.

$ hnZym-`ym-k-e-£yhpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw

˛ s]mXp-hmb e£y-߃ : ⁄m\-k-ºm-Z-\w, kmaq-ln-I-h-XvI-c-

Ww, sXmgn¬t\-S¬, ka-K-hn-I-k-\w, kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-Ww,

kmwkvIm-cntIm∂-a-\w, am\-hn-I-X, Bflo-b-X, hntam-N-\w.

˛ Pohn-X-Øns‚ e£yw Bfl-km-£m-XvIm-c-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v

hnZym`ymk-Øns‚ e£yhpw AXp-Xs∂ (Bi-b-hm-Zw)

- ]IrXn-bp-ambn CWßn Pohn-°m≥ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-emWv hnZym-

`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw. (]Ir-Xn-hm-Zw)

˛ kaq-l-Øn\pw hy‡n°pw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn-

°m≥ D≈ Ign-hp-I-fpsS B¿P-\-amWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS \S-

t°-≠Xv. (]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Zw)

˛ am\-hn-I-X-bn¬ Du∂nb Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWv hnZym-

`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw (am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zw)

(_n) hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ D≈-S-°hpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw

˛ a\p-jys\ B[ym-fln-I-k-Ø-bp-ambpw ssZh-k-¶-ev]-hp-ambpw

_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnj-b-ß-fmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

tØ-≠-Xv. (Bi-b-hm-Zw)

n hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£y-ß-fm-bp≈ hnhn[ hmZ-K-Xn-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-߃

d^-d≥kn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-∂p.

˛ Bi-b-hmZw

˛ ]Ir-Xn-hmZw

˛ ]mtbm-Kn-I-hmZw

˛ am\-hn-I-Xm-hmZw

Ah-X-c-Ww, N¿®

Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

n ¢mp-ap-dn-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®p-h-cp∂ t_m[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ GXp Zm¿i-\n-I-[m-c-bpsS

kzm[o-\-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

n RTE 2009 apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-e-£y-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Z¿i-\-ß-

fpsS kzm[o\w FX-tØmfw F∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

153

˛ Poh-im-kvXw, `uXn-I-im-kvXw, ck-X¥w XpS-ßnb imkvX-

hn-j-b-߃°m-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Du∂¬. (]Ir-Xn-hm-Zw)

˛ hn⁄m-\sØ hnhn[ imJ-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂Xv imkvXo-b-

a-√, Hcp Pohn-X-]-iv\sØ ap≥\n¿Øn hnj-b-ßsf DZvK-Yn®v

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. (]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Zw)

˛ am\-hn-I-t_m[w hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ß-fmWv ]mTy-]-≤-

Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. (am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Zw)

$ XØz-im-kvXhpw t_m[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

˛ Bi-b-hm-Zw, ]Ir-Xn-hm-Zw, ]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Zw, am\-hn-I-Xm-hmZw

F∂o Z¿i-\-߃ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ t_m[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ.

$ XØz-im-kvXhpw A®-S-°hpw

˛ A®-S-°w, kzmX¥yw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ XØz-im-kvX-

k-¶-ev]-\߃.

(kn) ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb hnZym-`ym-k-Nn-¥-I¿ ˛

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw

$ tPm¨ Aakv sImta-\n-bkv

- A[ym-]-\-X-Øz-߃

˛ hnZym-`ym-k-L-´-߃

˛ hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-Iƒ

˛ km¿h-Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw

$ Po≥ Pm°kv dqtm

˛ Pohn-Xhpw Nn¥bpw

˛ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw ]mb-L-´hpw

˛ s\K-‰ohv hnZym-`ymkw

˛ hnZym-`ym-k-e£yw, ]T-\-coXn

n Zm¿i-\n-I¿ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-e-£y-߃, D≈-S-°w, ]T-\-co-Xn,

A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn-_-‘w, A®-S°w F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn Bi-b-`q-]Sw

(Concept Mapping) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-

j-X-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

n "]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb hnZym- ymkNn¥-I-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw kw`m-

h-\-Ifpw'

˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw ˛ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬/ ]_‘w Xbm-dm-°¬

˛ skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cWw

˛ skan-\m¿ dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

154

n inip-tI-µo-Ir-Xw, ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xw, At\z-j-Wm-flIw F∂nh ]mTy-]-

≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. CXn\p ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂ Bi-b-߃ hnZym-

`ymk Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øp-I.

n hnhn[ hnZym-`ym-k-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS Bi-b-߃ \ΩpsS hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø-

\-ßsf Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

$ s^U-dnIv AKÃv t^m_¬

- Ifn-]-h¿Ø\߃

˛ In‚¿Km¿´≥ (Kindergarten)-

˛ ASn-ÿm\hnZym-`ym-k-Z¿i\w

˛ kΩm-\-ßfpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw (Gifts and Occupations)

$ amUw adnb tam≠n-tkmdn

- Ip´n-I-fpsS hoSv (Childrens Home)

˛ Ifn-coXn

˛ _p≤n-am-µy-ap≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw

˛ Didactic materials

$ tPm¨ Uyqbn

- Z¿i-\w, hnZym-`ym-k-k-¶ev]w, hnZym-`ym-k-X-Xz-߃

˛ kvIqƒ k¶ev]w, ]mTy-]-≤Xn, ]T-\-coXn, aq∂p-L-´-߃

$ ]utem s^b¿

- _m¶nwKv hnZym- ym-khpw ]ivt\m-∂oX hnZym- ym-khpw (Bank-ing education and Problem posing education)

- hna¿i-\m-fl-I-Nn¥ (Critical thinking), kwhmZw (Dialogue)$ alm-flm-Km‘n

- hnZym-`ym-k-e-£yw, hnZym-`ym-k-L-´-߃, hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xnbpw

D≈-S-°hpw, ASn-ÿm\ hnZym-`ym-k-k-¶-ev]w, A[ym-]n-I-sb-

°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv

$ cho-µ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿

- hnZym-`ym-k-Z¿i-\w, hnZym-`ym-k-e-£y-߃, ]mTy-]-≤-Xn, ]T-

\-co-Xn, t_m[-\-am-[y-aw, A®-S-°w, A[ym-]-I¿)

$ hnth-Im-\-µ≥, Ac-_n-tµm, Pn±p IrjvW-aq¿Øn, A√ma

CIv_m¬ F∂n-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-fnse hnZym- ym-k-]-c-amb Bi-

b-߃

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

155

bqWn‰v 3 : C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ NcnX ]›m-Øew (20 aWn-°q¿)

(F) thZ-ImehnZym-`ymkw

$ _p≤-a-X-Im-e-hn-Zym-`ymkw

$ a[y-Im-e-hn-Zym-`ymkw

$ C…m-an-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw

$ _n´ojvIme hnZym-`ymkw

$ kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°pti-j-ap≈ hnZym-`ymkw

Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw Ime-L-´w, hnZym-`ym-k-e-£y-߃, hnZym-`ym-

k-k-º-Zmbw A[ym-]-\-co-Xn, D≈-S-°w, A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn-

_-‘w, km¿h-Xn-I-X, t]mcm-bva-Iƒ F∂nh Is≠-ج.

(_n) tIcf hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hf¿®

$ 19˛ mw \q‰m-≠nse A[x-Ir-X-P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS apt∂-‰w.

$ kwL-Sn-X-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ka-c-߃

$ t£X-]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw

$ anj-\-dn-]-h¿Ø-\-߃

$ Aø-¶m-fn, io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, h°w A_vZpƒJm-Z¿ auehn XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS CS-s]-S¬

$ I¿j-I-k-a-c-߃

$ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ß-fpsS hym]\w

$ tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o-\hpw tImf-\n-hm-gvNsb tNmZyw

sNøepw

$ Ah¿W-hn-`m-K-߃°pw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°pw hnZym-`ymkw

\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ ia-߃

(kn) hnZym-`ym-k-I-Ωo-j-\p-Ifpw hnZym-`ym-k-\-ho-I-c-W-i-a-

ßfpw

$ A_´v B‚ v hpUvI-Ωn‰n (1937)

$ km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´v (1944)

n C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v hnZym-

`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂Xn\p-≈-tijn ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

n Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂ [mcW

ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-Im-i-\n-tj[kµ¿`w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ign-hv.

p kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°p-ap-ºp≈ tIcf hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Ahÿ F¥m-bn-

cp∂p? hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ km¿h-Xn-I-X, D≈-S-°w, t_m[-\-coXn F∂nh

F]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p?

p hnZym-`ym-k-I-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ, \nb-a-\n¿am-W-߃ F∂n-h-bnse \n¿tZ-i-߃

kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ \ho-I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ßs\?

$ tIcf hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hf¿®-bn¬ kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cW

]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w FX-tØmfw ˛

N¿® sNbvXp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

156

p kzmX-¥ym-\-¥-c-`m-c-XØn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-ep-≠mb kp]-[m-\-amb am‰-߃

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

p BZy-Ime C¥y≥ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ kvXoI-fpsS Ahÿ F]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p?

n Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sXc-s™-SpØ Hcp

hnZym-e-bsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°¬.

n hnZym-`ym-k-I-Ωo-j-\p-I-fpsS \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse kvIqƒ

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Ahiyw \S-∏m-t°≠ Imcy-߃ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v

Is≠-ج.

n kzmX-¥y-Øn\v apºpw ]n≥]pap≈ C¥y-bnse hnZym- ym-k-cw-KsØ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv

]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.

n Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ anI® amXr-I-I-fpsS hoUn-tbm-Iƒ tiJ-

cn-°p-I. ]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ tImØmcn IΩo-j≥ (1964˛'66)

$ tZio-b-hn-Zym-`ym-k-\bw (1986)

$ biv]m¬ IΩn‰n \n¿tZ-i-߃ (1993)

$ NCF 2005

$ KCF 2007

$ Right to Education Act 2009

$ NCFTE 2009

(Un) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw hnZym-`ym-khpw

˛ km¿h-Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw kw_-‘n® C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

ImgvN-∏mSv

˛ Ip´n-Iƒ, Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

\b-߃, \nb-a-߃, hyh-ÿ-Iƒ (B¿´n-°nƒ 15, 24, 39f, 45)

$ C¥y-bn¬ \S∂ \nb-a-\n¿am-W-߃

1933 - Children (Pledging of Labour Act)

1960 - The Orphanages and other Charitable Homes Act

1986 - The Child Labour Act

2009 - Right to Education Act

$ hnZym-`ymkw kw_-‘n® tZiob ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ ˛ NCF 2005

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃

$ imco-cnI am\-knI sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A\p- -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈

]tXyI Ah-Im-i-߃, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, B\p-Iq-ey-߃

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

157

bqWn‰v 4 : hnZym-ebw Hcp kmaqlnI-ÿm-]\w (20 aWn-°q¿)

(F) hnZym-e-b-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ `uXn-I/ A°m-Z-an-I/

sshIm-cnI A¥-co-£-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

˛ inip-ku-lr-Z-^¿Wn-®-dp-Iƒ

˛ kvIqƒaµncw Hcp ]T\ kmaKn (Building as learning aid)

˛ kvam¿´v ¢mvdqw

˛ hnj-bm-[n-jvTn-X-]-T-\-ku-I-cy-߃

(em_v, sse_-dn, sF.Sn. em_v XpS-ßn-b-h)

˛ IpSn-sh-≈-ku-I-cyw, ipNn-Xz-ap≈ aqX-∏pc

˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-ku-lr-Zm-¥-co£w

(XW¬a-c-W-߃, ]qt¥m-´w, Huj-t[m-Zym\w XpS-ßn-bh

˛ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn-eq-∂nb Imºkv

˛ kulr-Zw, kvt\lw F∂n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb sshIm-cn-Im-¥-

co£w

˛ c£n-Xm-°ƒ, kaq-lw, A[ym-]-I¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-

amb CS-s]-S¬, Iq´mbva

˛ hnth-N-\-c-ln-X-amb ¢mkv A¥-co£w

(_n) c£n-Xm-hv, kaq-lw, A[ym-]I≥ Ch¿°v ]T-\-]-Inb-

bn-ep≈ ]¶v

$ A[ym-]-I≥

˛ ]T-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂p

˛ ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂p

˛ kl-]-Tn-Xmhpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-h-ap≈ t\Xmhpw BWv

˛ F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ]h¿Ø-\-߃

BkqXWw sNøp-∂p.

n ]T\w ^e-]-Z-ambn \S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ `uXn-Ihpw A°m-Z-an-Ihpw sshIm-cn-

I-hp-amb A¥-co£w Bh-iy-amWv F∂ [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

n ]T-\-]-In-b-bn¬ c£n-Xm-hv, A[ym-]-I≥, kaqlw F∂n-h-bpsS tdmƒ Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂p.

n Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn A\p-cq-

]o-I-cWw \S-Øp-tºm-gmWv ^e-]-Z-amb ]T\w \S-°p-∂Xv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-

bp-∂p.

p F√m-h-tcbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww ¢mp-ap-dn (Inclusive Schooling)CØcw Hcp ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ `uXn-I/ A°m-Z-an-I/ sshIm-

cnI A¥-co-£-߃°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

158

p hyXy-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb t\c-\p-`-h-߃ \¬Ip-∂-

hn[w kvIqƒ Iymº-kp-Isf Fßs\ Bhn-jvI-cn°mw?

n anI® kvIqfp-Iƒ kµ¿in®v Ahn-sS-bp≈ anI-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ^oUv_m°v

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I.

n sF.kn.-Sn. kuIcyw ^e-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ¢mkp-ap-dn-I-fpsS

t^mt´m, hoUn-tbm-¢n-∏p-Iƒ, dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v t_m[-h¬°-

cW-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ (Panel, Powerpoint, Documentary etc.) Xøm-

dm-°p-I.

$ c£n-Xmhv

˛ ]T\-km-l-Ncyw Hcp-°p∂p

˛ ]T-\-Øn-\p-k-lm-bn-°p∂p

˛ kvIqfp-ambn kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°p∂p

$ kaqlw

˛ kvIqfp-ambn kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-°p∂p

˛ apXn¿∂ ]Tn-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂p

˛ kvIqfns‚ `uXn-Ihpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-amb hf¿®-bv°p-th≠n

kvIqƒπm≥ D≠m-°p-∂-Xnepw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw ]¶m-fnØw

hln-°p-∂p.

(kn) ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-߃

˛ kmº-Øn-I-ÿnXn

˛ kmaq-lnI]n∂m-°m-hÿ

˛ hnth-N-\-߃

˛ c£n-Xm-hns‚ hnZym-`ym-k-\n-e-hmcw

˛ ho´nse/c£n-Xm-°-fpsS ]iv\-߃

˛ ]T-\m-¥-co£w

˛ hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-I-a-ßfpw

˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p≈ `mj

˛ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kuIcyw

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

159

(Un) ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]mtZ-inI A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw

˛ Hmtcm ]tZ-i-sØbpw Ip´n-Iƒ°v-A-h-cpsS A\p-`-h-ß-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv ]T-\m-¥-co£w Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.

˛ kz¥w `mjbv°pw ss]Xr-I-Øn\pw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-¥-co-

£-Øn\pw ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.

˛ kz¥w A\p- -h-]-cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v ]T-\-Øn-te¿s∏-

Sp-tºmƒ AXv IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-hp-∂p.

˛ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\pw Pohn-X-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-

Py-amb ]mTy-]-≤XnbmWv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv.

(C) ]T-\w, hnZym-ebw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tIc-f-Øn¬

N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Nne Bi-b-߃

˛ Kth-j-I≥ (Researcher)˛ kl-]-Tn-Xmhv (Co-learner)- s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿ (Fecilitator)- P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bmb kwL-Ø-e-h≥ (Democratic leader)- kl-c-£m-I¿ØrXzw (Mentor)hnZym-ebw

˛ kvIqƒ sI´nSw Hcp ]T-\-km-aKn (Building as a Learningaid)

˛ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-cWw (Democratisa-tion of School)

n ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]cn-tim-[n®v ]mtZ-inI A\p-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw hg-°hpw Bh-iy-

ap≈ ]mT-`m-K-߃ Is≠Øn A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-X-¥-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.

n A[ym-]-Is‚ hnhn[ tdmfp-I-fn-eqsS ]T-\-]-In-bbv°v ssIh∂ anI-hp-Iƒ.

˛ Kth-j-I≥ F∂ \nebv°v

˛ kl-]-Tn-Xmhv F∂ \nebv°v

˛ s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿ F∂ \nebv°v

˛ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bmb kwL-Ø-e-h≥ F∂ \nebv°v

˛ sa‚¿ F∂ \nebv°v

hni-Zmw-i-ß-fpsS Ah-X-cWw ˛ N¿® ˛ tImUo-I-c-Ww.

n hnZym-ebw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-Xv°-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

160

bqWn‰v 5 : hnZym-eb kwhn-[m-\hpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw (20 aWn-°q¿)

(F) hnZym-e-b-w Hcp kmaq-ln-I -ÿm-]\w

˛ ka-K-hn-Zym- ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sv, e-]-Z-amb hnZym-ebw F∂

Bibw

˛ hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-kcw (hnhn[ LS-I-߃,

F®v.-Fw., A[ym-]-I¿, c£n-Xm-°ƒ, hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ)

˛ hnZym-eb hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Bh-iy-I-X, LS-I-߃

Hmtcm LS-I-Øn-s‚bpw tdmƒ (F®v.-Fw., A[ym-]-I¿, c£n-

Xm-°ƒ, F¬.-F-kv.-Pn. XpS-ßn-b-h¿)

(_n) hnZym-e-b ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-X-W-\n¿h-l-W-cw-K-

ß-fn¬ hnhn[ ]n¥pW ˛ LS-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v

˛ Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-߃ ˛ Un.Un.-C., Un.C.-H., F.C.-

H., Ub-‰v, Fkv.-F-kv.-F., F¬.-F-kv.-Pn, ]n.C.-kn., Fkv.-

Fw.-kn., ]n.Sn.-F., PmK-Xm-k-an-Xn, ¢_v ]h¿Ø-\-߃.

(kn) tamWn-‰-dnwKv (kvIqƒX-ew, ¢mkvX-ew)

˛ tamWn-‰-dnwKn\v hnt[-b-am-t°≠ LS-I-߃ tamWn-‰-dnwKv

kwhn-[m\w ˛ hnhn-[-Xcw tamWn-‰-dnw-Kv.

˛ tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn¬ ][m-\m-[y-]-Is‚ tdmƒ Znim-KXn \n¿W-

bhpw ^oUv_m°v \¬I-epw.

(Un) ][m-\m-[ym-]-I≥

˛ A°m-Z-anIv eoU¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ khn-ti-j-Kp-W-߃

$ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fpsS (F®v.-Fw., Sot®-gvkv, c£n-Xm-°ƒ, F¬.-F-kv.Pn XpS-ßn-b-h¿) Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS ka-K-hn-Zym-`ymk ImgvN-∏mSv ]mh¿Øn-I-am°mwF∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Hmtcm hnZym-e-b-Øn\pw IrXy-amb e£y-tØm-sS-bp≈kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn Bh-iy-am-Wv. F¬.-F-kv.-Pn.bv°v Fkv.-Un.-]n.- (kvIqƒhnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn) bpsS \n¿h-l-W-Øn¬ ]tXyI ]¶v D≠v.

n hnhn[ ]n¥p-Wm-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-£-a-amb Bkq-X-Whpw GtIm-]-\-hp-ap-s≠-¶nte "\√ hnZym-ebw' ]mh¿Øn-I-am-Iq.

n hnZym-ebhnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-bnse ]cn-K-W-\m-ta-J-e-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? Ch-bpsSka-K-hn-Zym-`ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sp-ambn FX-tØmfw _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww?

n hnhn[ ]n¥p-Wm-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS GtIm-]\w Hcp hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ Bkq-X-W-\n¿h-lW ]In-bsb Fßs\ Imcy-£-a-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p∂p?

n GXm\pw hnZym-eb hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ka-K-hn-Zym- ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hni-I-e\w sNøpI.

n \nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ Hcp PEC, SMC tbmKw \nco-£n®v ^oUv_m°vdnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

n ¢mkvXe ]h¿Ø-\-߃ tamWn-‰-dnwKv sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp td‰nwKvkvsIbn¬ Xbm-dm-°pI? (A°m-Z-an-I-X-e-Im-cy-߃, uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-߃,¢mkvam-t\-Pvsa‚ vX-ew, hne-bn-cp-ج XpS-ßn-b-h) Ch D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkvtamWn-‰-dnwKv \S-Øn; ^oUv_m°v dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ \n߃°v Hcp hnZym-e-b-Øns‚ ][m-\m-[ym-]Is‚ Npa-Xe e`n-°p-∂p-sh∂pIcp-Xp-I. hnZym-eb ]h¿Ø\w `c-W-]-chpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-ambn Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw sNøm-\mhpw N¿® sNbvX am¿K-tcJ (Guideline)Xbm-dm-°p-I.

$ ][m-\m-[ym-]-I≥ ka-b-\n-jvT-tbmsS kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v t\XrXzw\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu Bibw ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp F®v.-Fw.s‚Hcp Znh-ksØ/Hcm-gvN-bnse πm\¿ Xøm-dm-°p-I, N¿® sNøp-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

161

9.3.3 Iem-]-T-\hpw ]hrØnhnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw

A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Iem]T-\-Ønepw ]hrØn ]cn-N-b-Ønepw

ASn-Ød D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ "Iem-hnZym-`ym-khpw

]hrØnhnZym-`ym-khpw' F∂ t]∏¿ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.

hni-Zmw-i-߃ Nph-sS sImSp-°p-∂p.

t]∏-dns‚ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

S3.P

15Iem-hnZym-`ym-khpw]hrØnhnZym-`ym-khpw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 80

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج ˛ 20

s]mXp-]-co£ ˛ 60)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 40 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

CXn¬ aq∂mw ska-Ã-dnse Iem-hn-Zym`ymkhp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hni-

Zmw-i-ß-fmWv NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]hrØn hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚

hni-Zmw-i-߃ ]tXy-I-hn-`m-K-ambn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

`mKw 1Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-kw (ska-ÿ 3)

BsI kvtIm¿ : 40

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج : 10 + s]mXp]co£ : 30)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 20 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 1 aWn--°q¿

D≈S°w

bqWn‰v ˛1 (kabw 1 aWn°q¿)

Iebpw hnZym- ym-khpw ˛ ]mtbm-Kn-I-Xew

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 (kabw 1 aWn°q¿)

NnX-Ie ˛ ]mtbmKnIXew

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 (kabw 1 aWn°q¿)

kwKoXw ˛ ]mtbmKnIXew

bqWn‰v ˛ 4 (kabw 5 aWn-°q¿)

k¿Km-flI \mSIw : (Creative drama)

$ \mSIw (cN-\, A`n-\-bw, kwhn-[m-\w, Ah-X-c-Ww)

$ tdmƒtπ

$ ssaanwKv

$ GIm-`n-\bw

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS \mSIw

$ k¿Km-flI \mSIw

bqWn‰v ˛ 5 (kabw 4 aWn-°q¿)

A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym- ymkw (VI to VIII)

162

$ Iem-]-T\w ˛ Icn-°pew ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬ VI to VIII

$ t_m[-\-im-kvX-]-c-amb A]-K-Y-\w.

$ ]mTmkqX-Ww.

$ ]tXyI ]cn-KW\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cW

km[y-X-Iƒ.

$ Iem-]-T\ ]h¿Ø-\-߃.

bqWn‰v ˛ 6 (kabw 5 aWn-°q¿)

\rØw

$ \mtSmSn \rØw.

$ ¢mkn-°¬ \rØw.

$ hnhn[ \rØ-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bi-b-k-∂n-th-i-]-c-amb

kwLm-S-\w. (kwKo-X-in-ev]w, sNm¬°q-Øv, .....)

$ apZ-Iƒ, Nph-Sp-Iƒ, \mSy[¿an (ssieo-Ir-Xw)/ temI-[¿an

(bYm-X-Yw)

bqWn‰v ˛ 7 (kabw 3 aWn-°q¿)

]mh-\m-SIw

$ kvIn]v‰v cN-\.

$ ]mh-\n¿amWw.

$ kw`m-j-W-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]mh-bpsS Ne\w.

163

bqWn‰v. 1 (1 aWn-°q¿)Iebpw hnZym`ymkhpw ˛ ]mtbmKnIXew

bqWn‰v. 2 (1 aWn-°q¿)NnXIe ˛ ]mtbmKnIXew.

bqWn‰v ˛3 (1 aWn°q¿)kwKoXw ˛ ]mtbmKnIXewtZi`‡nKm\w\mS≥ ]m´pIƒimkvXob kwKoXwefnXKm\w

bqWn‰v. 4 k¿Km-flI\mSIw (5 aWn-°q¿)$ cN\$ A`n-\bw$ kwhn-[m\w$ Ah-X-cWw$ tdmƒtπ$ ssaanwKv$ GIm-`n-\bw$ Ip´n-I-fpsS \mSIw ˛ F¥v ? Fßs\? kao]\ coXn.

$ k¿Km-flI \mSIw

$ Iebpw hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn c≠mw skaÃdn¬ \S∂ A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØns‚ ]mtbmKnIm\p`h߃ ¢mkn¬ ]¶phbv°¬ ˛ N¿®.sa®s∏SpØnb A\p`h°pdn∏v ˛ hnebncpج.

$ kzX¥NnXcN\Iƒ, X¥m[njvTnX NnXcN\Iƒ F∂nhbn¬ GsX-¶nepw HcpcN\ \SØn ]Z¿i\ tbmKyam°¬.\n›nX kqNI߃ D]tbmKn®v hnebncpØmw.

$ ]m¿∞\mKm\w, tZi`‡nKm\w, \mS≥]m´pIƒ, imkvXob kwKoXw, efnXKm\wF∂nhbn¬ GsX-¶nepw HscÆØns‚ Bem]\tijn ]cntim[\

\n›nX kqNI߃ h®v hnebncpØmw.

$ \mS-I-°-f-cn -kw-L-Sn-∏n®v ]T-\-\m-\p-`-h-sam-cp-°¬$ \mS -Im -h -X -cWw \SØn hne -bn -cp -ج -ICT km[y -X -Iƒ

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn Nne \mSI`m-K-߃ ]Z¿in-∏n-°mw.$ Bib-ß-fpsS kaq¿Ø-amb Bhn-jv°mcw; kwL-t_m[w

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-Øns‚ a\:imkvX-]-c-amb ASn-Ø-d-t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\vSo®¿ FUyp-t°-‰-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ N¿®, Kq∏v N¿®, Ah-X-c-Ww, A[ym-]-Is‚ tImUo-I-cWw ˛N¿®m°pdn∏v ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج

$ k¿Km-fl-I-\m-SIw Fs¥-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v hnZ-Kv≤s‚ klm-b-tØm-sS-bp≈¢mkv dqw ]h¿Ø\w tIµm-i-b-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn mh-\m-]q¿W-amb hy‡n-KX at\m-[¿a-Øn-eq∂n A`n-\-bn-°m-\p≈ ss\]pWn B¿Pn-°p-∂p; \n›n-X-kq-N-I-߃ h®v Ah-X-cWw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

S3.P

14 ˛ Iem-hnZym-`ymkw ]hrØn hnZ-ym-`-ymkw ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

a. Iem- hnZ-ym-`-ymkw --

164

bqWn‰v 5 (4 aWn-°q¿)$ Iem-]-T\w ˛ (¢mkv VI - VIII) -˛ Icn-°pew ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬$ t_m[-\-im-kvX-]-c-amb A]-K-Y\w$ ]mTm-kq-XWw$ ]tXy-I-]-cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-]-T\ ]h¿Ø-

\-߃

bqWn‰v ˛ 6 \rØw (5 aWn-°q¿)$ \mtSm-Sn-\rØw$ imkvXo-b-\rØw$ hnhn[ \rØ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kwLm-S\w$ apZ-Iƒ$ Nph-Sp-Iƒ$ \mSy-[¿Ωn(ssieo-Ir-Xw)/temI-[¿an (bYmXYw)

bqWn‰v . 7 ˛ ]mh \mSIw (3 aWn-°q¿)$ ]mh-\m-SIw$ kvIn]v‰v cN\$ kw`m-j-W-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]mh-bpsS Ne\w

$ kao-]-\-tcJ ˛ ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w ˛ tImUo-I-cWw$ ap≥ A\p-`-hsØ kw_-‘n®v N¿®$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬.$ ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Iem-hn-Zym- ym-ksØ kw_-‘n® A\p-

cq-]o-I-cW km[y-X-Iƒ N¿®

$ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\ ˛ N¿®$ ]mTm-]-K-Y\w ]mTm-kq-XWw ]T-\-t_m-[\ D]-I-c-W(TLM)\n¿amWw sF.kn.‰n

km[y-X- Ch N¿® sNø-s∏-S-Ww.

kvIqƒ Icn-°p-e-Ønse Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ (COs)BWv ]mTm-]-K-Y\w, ]mTm-kq-XWw F∂n-hbv°v D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv.

$ hyXykvX \rØ cq]-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hnZ-Kv[-cp-ambn A`n-ap-Jw. A`n-ap-J-dn-t∏m¿´v

$ \rØ-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ d^-d≥kv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn NnXw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Ipdn∏vXøm-dm-°¬ ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج

$ hyXy-kvX-_p≤n bpsS (MI) km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ N¿®

$ ]mh-Isf D]-tbm-Kn® eLp-]m-h-\m-S-Im-h-X-c-Ww.$ ]mh-\m-S-I-sØ-∏‰n N¿® (kvIn]v‰v, ]mh-\n¿am-Ww, Nen-∏n-°¬ apX-em-b-h)$ kvIn]v‰v Xøm-dm-°¬, hnhn-[-Xcw ]mh-IfpsS \n¿am-Ww, dntl-gvk¬ F∂nh

kwLSn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]mh-\m-S-I-°-f-cn-bmbpw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ ]mh-\m-SI Ah-X-c-Whpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-epw.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

165

Iem-hnZym`ymkw ˛ ska-ÿ aq∂v

hne-bn-cp-ج hni-Zmw-i-߃BsI kvtIm¿ : 40 (\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج : 10, s]mXp]co£ : 30)

\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج : kvtIm¿ : 10

A[ym]I hnZym¿∞n-bpsS Iem-]-T\w kw_-‘n® anI-hp-Iƒ

NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ 10 kqN-I-ß-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ hne-bn-cp-

Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

1. N¿®-bnse ]¶m-fnØw

2. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

3. cN-\-Iƒ

4. Bem-]\w

5. Ah-X-cWw

6. ¢mv \nco-£Ww

7. \n¿amWw

8. tiJcw

9. ]mTm-]-K-Y-\w, Bkq-XWw

10. sF.kn.‰n D]-tbmKw

s]mXp ]co£:

kvtIm¿ : 30

S3. P

15, Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw ]hrØn hnZym-`ym-khpw F∂ t]∏-dn\v

c≠p mK-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw (1) Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-kw. (2) ]hrØn hnZym-

`ym-kw. aq∂mw ska-Ã-dnse Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fmWv s]mXp-]-co-£bv°v D≠m-hp-I. Hcp aWn-°q-

dmWv Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ ]co£mkabw.

Iem-hnZym- ymkw : Ct‚¨jn∏v

Iem-hnZym-`ymkhp-ambn _‘-s∏´v c≠mw ska-Ã-dn¬ F¬.]n. Xe-

Øn¬ c≠v ¢mp-I-fpw \memw ska-Ã-dn¬ bp.]n. Xe-Øn¬ c≠v

¢mp-Ifpw Hcp A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿∞n \S∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm ska-

Ã-dnepw CXn-\p≈ ]c-am-h[n kvtIm¿ 10 Bbn-cn-°pw. F¬.]n. Xe-

Ønse Ct‚¨jn-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ c≠mw ska-Ã-

dn¬Øs∂ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. bp.]n. Xe-Ønse Ct‚¨jn∏v

\memw ska-Ã-dn-em-sW-¶nepw CXns‚ Bkq-XWw aq∂mw ska-Ã-

dn¬Øs∂ ]c-am-h[n ]q¿Øo-I-cnt°≠-Xm-Wv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´

IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-߃ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn\v 4˛mw ska-Ã-dn¬ Bh-iy-

sa-¶n¬ Hmtcm ]ncoUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

166

`mKw 2]hrØn hnZym-`ymkw (ska-ÿ 3)

BsI kvtIm¿ : 40

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج : 10 + s]mXp]co£ : 30)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 20 aWn-°q¿

BgvN-bnse kabw : 1 aWn-°q¿

BapJw

""]hr-Øn-]-T\w'' e£y-Øn-eq-∂n-bp≈ A¿Y-]q¿W-amb ]h¿Ø-\-am-

Wv. "]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn-°pI' F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ ]tbmKw Ip´n-

I-fnse F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. CtXm-

sSm∏w sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-apJyw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-

tcmSv _lp-am\w hf-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kmaq-lnI ]iv\-߃ Gs‰-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw hf-cp-∂-Xn\pw kaq-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb D¬∏m-

Z\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xn\pw ]hr-Øn-]-T\w Ip´nsb

klm-bn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Ip´n-bpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]hr-Øn-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. ¢mvap-dn-I-fn¬ Cu Ign-hp-

Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ A[ym-]-I-hn-Zym¿Yn-Isf ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv

]hr-Øn-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS ChnsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.

D≈-S°w (ska-ÿ 3)

bqWn‰v - 1 (1 aWn-°q¿)

]hr-Øn-]-T\w ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ ]tbm-K-h-XvI-cWw

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 (1 aWn-°q¿)

]hr-Øn-]-T\ kao-]-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw

$ ]hr-Øn-]-T-\-k-ao-]-\-Øn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb A[ym-]\ss\]p-Wn-I-

fpsS hnImkw

$ ]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج

bqWn‰v - 3 (2 aWn-°q¿)

]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ DZvK-Y-\-km-[y-X-Ifpw hn\n-a-bhpw

$ ]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ DZvK-Y-\-km-[y-X-I-fpsS hni-I-e\w

$ hn\n-abw

bqWn‰v ˛ 4 (7 aWn-°q¿)

]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e-\hpw

$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-io-e\w

taJe 1

$ ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXkµ¿`-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h.

- ka-b-hn-h-c-∏-´nI Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I

(-_-kv,-sS-bn≥,- hn-am-\w)

- IpSpw-_-_-P‰v Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw ssZ\w-Zn-\-sN-e-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-

SpØn kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

- Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ ]mI-s∏-Sp-ØpI

- Ch‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v

taJe 2

$ Km¿lnI hkvXp-°-fpsS/D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-

\hpw (Repair and maintenance of house hold articles)

- sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃

˛ XSn-∏Wn/Nnc-´-sIm-≠p≈ Dev]-∂-߃

˛ Nhn-´n, -I-b-‰p-]mb Ch-bpsS \n¿amWw

˛ tkm∏p \n¿amWw

˛ πw_nwKv

taJe 3

$ tÃj-\-dn-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿amWw

167

˛ ^b¬/^b¬t_m¿Uv

˛ _p°v _b‚nwKv

˛ Ih¿/t]∏¿_m-Kp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h.

taJe 4

$ hkvX-\n¿amWw

- hkvX-\n¿amWw

˛ Fwt_m-bn-Udn/Xø¬

˛ ^m_n-Ivs]-bn‚nwKv/A®Sn-

Note : Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-tebpw Hcp ]¿Ø\sa¶nepw sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww.

bqWn‰v ˛ 5 (5 aWn-°q¿)

]hr-Øn-]-T-\hpw sF.kn.Sn km[y-X-Ifpw

$ hoUntbm tUmIyp-sa‚dn Xbm-dm-°¬, FUn-‰nwKv

$ Iºyq-´¿ Akw-ªnw-Kv, dn∏-b-dnwKv

$ ]k-t‚-j-\p-th≠n tkm^v‰vshb¿ Xbm-dm-°¬

Note : Npcp-ßn-bXv GsX-¶nepw Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ Ahiyw th≠ [mc-

Wbpw ss\]p-Wnbpw t\S-Ww.

bqWn‰v ˛ 6 (2 aWn-°q¿)

kaq-lhpw ]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw

$ kzmi-b-k-aqlw

- amen-\y-\n¿am¿-P\w

- ip≤-P-e-kw-c-£-Whpw hnX-c-Whpw

- ASp-°-f-tØm´w

˛ a‰p-≈ h-cp-am\ tkmX-p-Iƒ

bqWn‰v ˛ 7 (2 aWn-°q¿)

Ct‚¨jn∏v

$ So®nwKv ]mIvSo-kn-\p≈ hni-I-e\ ¢mkv

$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]mhoWyw t\Sp∂p

Note : Internship s‚ aps∂m-cp°w amX-amWv 3˛mw ska-Ã-dn¬ \S-Øp-∂-

Xv. So®nwKv ]mIvSokv (2 ¢mp-Iƒ) \memw ska-Ã-dn-emWv \S-°p-∂-Xv.

168

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 (1 aWn-°q¿)]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ ]tbm-K-h¬°-cWw

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 (1 aWn-°q¿)]hr-Øn-]-T\kao-]-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw$ ]hr-Øn-]-T\kao-]-\-Øn\v A\p-Kp -W-amb A[ym-]\

ss\]pWn-I-fpsS hnIm-kw.$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃$ hne-bn-cp-ج

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 (2 aWn-°q¿)]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ DZvK-Y\km[y-X-Ifpw hn\n-a-bhpw$ ]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ DZvK-Y\ km[y-X-I-fpsS hni-I-e-\hpw hn\n-

a-bhpw (bp.]n.-X-ew)bqWn‰v ˛ 4 (7 aWn-°q¿)]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-]-cn-io-e-\hpw$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-io-e\wtaJe 1

$ ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX kµ¿`-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h- ka-b-hn-h-c-]-´n-I -X-bm-dm-°p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

(_kv, sSbn≥, hnam-\w)- IpSpw-_ -_-P‰v Xbm-dm-°p-I, ssZ\w-Zn\s®ehv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI- Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ Xbm-dm-°pI- Ch‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ vtaJe 2

$ Km¿lnI hkvXp-°-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw (Repairand maintenance of house hold articles)

- sshZyp-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃- XSn-∏Wn/Nnc-´-sIm-≠p≈ Dev]-∂-߃- Nhn-´n, -I-b-‰p-]mb Ch-bpsS \n¿amWw- tkm∏p \n¿amWw- πw_nwKv

$ ]hr-Øn-]-T-\-Øns‚ Bi-b-]-chpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw sXmgn¬]-c-hp-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI kµ¿`-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ kvIqƒ kµ¿i-\w, sXmgn-en-S-ß-fn¬ kµ¿i-\w, ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \nco-£-Ww,]¶m-fn-Øw.

$ A\p-`-h-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS Xbm-dm-°¬

$ ¢mkvdqw A\p- -h-ß-fn-eqsS ]hr-Øn-]-T\ kao-]-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-ßfpw]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Ifpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw ¢mkvdqw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS]tbm-K-h¬°-cn-°p-∂p.

$ ¢mvdqw hn\n-abw ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج, X¥-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw

$ ]hr-Øn-]-T-\-w ˛ DZvK-Y-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. hni-I-e-\hpw hn\n-abhpw\n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. (bp.]n.-X-ew)

$ A[ym-]\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج

$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS ka-KX ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

$ taJ-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.$ h¿°v Ubdn Xbm-dm-°¬

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

b. ]hr-Øn-]-T\w ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

169

taJe 3$ tÃj-\-dn-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿amWw- ^b¬/^b¬t_m¿Uv- _p°v _b‚nwKv- Ih¿/t]∏¿_m-Kp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h.taJe 4$ hkvX-\n¿amWw- Fwt_m-bn-Udn/Xø¬- ^m_n-Ivs]-bn‚nwKv/A®Sn-- Nmbw ap°¬Note : Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-tebpw Hcp ]¿Ø\sa¶nepw

sNbvXn-cn-°-Ww.bqWn‰v ˛ 5 (5 aWn-°q¿)]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw$ hoUntbm tUmIyp-sa‚dn Xbm-dm-°¬, FUn-‰nwKv

$ Iºyq-´¿ Akw-ªnw-Kv, dn∏-b-dnwKv

$ ]k-t‚-j-\p-th≠n tkm^v‰vshb¿ Xbm-dm-°¬

Note : Npcp-ßn-bXv GsX-¶nepw Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ Ahiyw th≠[mc-Wbpw ss\]p-Wnbpw t\S-Ww.

bqWn‰v ˛ 6 (2 aWn-°q¿)kaq-lhpw ]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw$ kzmi-b-k-aqlw

˛ amen-\y-\n¿am-¿P\w- ip≤-P-e-kw-c-£-Whpw hnX-c-Whpw˛ ASp-°-f-tØm´w˛ a‰p- h-cp-am-\-tkm-X-p-Iƒ

bqWn‰v ˛ 7 (2 aWn-°q¿)Ct‚¨jn∏v$ So®nwKv ]mIvSo-kn-\p≈ hni-I-e-\-¢mv (bp.]n.-X-ew)

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ \n¿amW ]h¿Ø-\-߃ sdt°m¿Uv sNøp-∂p. FUn-‰nw-Kn-\p-tijw kn.Un.bm°n¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v tbmKy-am-°p-∂p. (hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS tkh\w tXSp-∂p).

$ Iºyq-´¿ Akw-ªnw-Knepw dn∏-b-dnw-Knepw [mcW t\Sp-∂p.$ c≠p-Zn-hkw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ inev]-ime (hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS tkh-\w)$ hnhn[ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v (DZm: skan-\m¿) th≠n tkm^v‰vshb¿

Fßs\ Xbm-dm°pw F∂-Xn¬ [mcW t\Sp-∂p.$ hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS tkh\w e`y-am°n inev]-ime

$ kzmi-b-k-aqlw F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb LS-I-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw t_m[-h¬°-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]mhoWywt\Sp-∂p.

˛ kvIqƒ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ hoSp-Iƒ kµ¿i\w˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw˛ hne-bn-cp-ج˛ dnt∏m¿ v˛ t_m[-h¬°-cWw (skan-\m¿)

$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]mhoWyw t\Sp-∂p.˛ hni-I-e-\-¢m-kv, N¿® (bp.]n.-X-ew)

Note : Ct‚¨jn-∏ns‚ aps∂m-cp°w amX-amWv aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ \S-Øp-∂Xv.So®nwKv ]mIvSokv (2 ¢mkp-Iƒ) \memw ska-Ã-dn-emWv \n¿h-ln-t°-≠Xv.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

170

]hr-Øn-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v

hn\n-ab D]m-[n-I-fmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ X¥-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. N¿®, A`n-apJw

2. Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°¬, dnt∏m¿ v Xøm-dm-°¬, \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xøm-

dm-°¬.

3. d -d≥kv, hnhc-ti-J-cWw, ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Is≠-ج, Tip

activity

4. kvIqƒ kµ¿i\w, ¢mv \nco-£Ww, h¿°vtjm∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-

°¬, sXmgn¬ime kµ¿i\w, ]T-\-bm-X-Iƒ, Zn\m-N-c-W-ß-fpsS

BtLmjw

5. sF.kn.Sn D]-tbm-Kn-°¬

]hrØn ]T\w ˛ hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ ska-ÿ 3

ska-ÿ aq∂n¬ BsI kvtIm¿ : 40 (\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج 10 +

s]mXp-]-co£ 30)

\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج (kvtIm¿ 10)

\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-ج kqN-I-߃

NphsS sImSp-°p∂p.

1. N¿®-bnse ]¶m-fnØw

2. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°¬

3. s]U-tKm-KnIv A\m-en-knkv

4. ‰n.F¬.Fw Xøm-dm-°¬

5. h¿°v tjm∏nse ]I-S\w

6. h¿°v Ubdn

7. sF.kn.Sn D]-tbm-Ks∏Spج

8. dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

s]mXp- F-gp-Øp-]-co£ (kvtIm¿ 30)

]hr-Øn-]-T-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-]-co£ S3.P

15 IemhnZym-`ym-khpw ]hr-

Øn-hn-Zym- ym-khpw F∂ t]∏-dns‚ mK-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. BsI-

bp≈ 60 kvtImdn¬ 30 kvtIm¿ Iem-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\pw 30 kvtIm¿

]hrØn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]hrØn]T\w hn\nabcoXn -˛ ska-ÿ 3

171

9.3.4 BtcmKy ˛ ImbnI hnZym-`ymkw

A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v BtcmKy ImbnI hnZym-`ymkØn¬ ASn-

Ød D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ "imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-

I-hp-amb Btcm-Kyhpw BtcmKy˛Im-bnI hnZym- ym-khpw' F∂ t]∏¿

]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. hni-Zmw-i-߃ Nph-sS sImSp-°p-∂p.

BsI kvtIm¿ : 60

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج ˛ 20

s]mXp-]-co£ ˛ 40)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 40 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

D≈-S°w

Unit - 1 (Time : 4 hrs.)

ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw

(Value Education and Life Skills)

$ ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw (Value Education) F¥v? \n¿h-N\w

$ PohnX ss\]pWnIƒ (Life Skills) \n¿h-N\w

Unit - 2 (Time : 4 hrs.) Btcm-Kyhpw BtcmKy ioe-ßfpw

$ imco-cnI hnImkw ˛ F¥v? Fßs\?

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-io-e-߃

$ PohnX coXn ˛ PohnXssieotcmK-߃

Unit - 3 (Time : 5 hrs.) imco-cnI £aX Ip´n-I-fn¬

$ ASn-ÿm\ ImbnI£aX (Basic Physical Fitness)$ BtcmKy kw_-‘-amb ImbnI £aXm ]cn-tim-[\ (Health re-

lated physical fitness test) HRPFT

Unit - 4 (Time : 5 hrs.) ]Ya ipiq-jbpw kpc£m hnZym-`ym-khpw

$ ]Ya ipiq-j

$ kpc£m hnZym-`ymkw

$ Unkmÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ˛ kvIqƒ Xew

Unit - 5 (Time : 3 hrs.) icoc kwÿnXn (Body Posture)

$ ÿnXn sshI-ey-߃ (Posture Deformities)

Unit - 6 (Time : 10 hrs.) ImbnI hnt\m-Z-߃

$ AXve-‰nIvkv

$ taP¿ Kbnwkv

Unit - 7 (Time : 6 hrs.) BtcmKy ˛ ImbnI ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w

(Std VI-VIII)

$ D≈-S°w ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w

$ So®nwKv am\z¬

$ ImbnI ]mTm-kq-XWw ˛ bp. ]n. Xew

$ hne-bn-cp-ج

Unit - 8 (Time : 3 hrs.)

]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ Btcm-Ky-

Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw

t]∏-dns‚ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

S3.P

16imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambBtcm-Kyhpw BtcmKy˛Im-bnIhnZym-`ym-khpw

172

bqWn‰v 1 (4 aWn-°q¿) : ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Ifpw (Value Education and Life skills)

1.1.ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw (Value Education) F¥v?\n¿h-N\wHfnw-]nIv Nm¿´-dns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃(Fundamental principles of the olympic charter)

a. ]cn-i-a-Øns‚ D√mkw (Joy of effort)b. \oXn-bp-‡-amb ]h¿Ø\w (Fair play)c. a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sp≈ _lp-am\w (Respect for others)d. anI-hn-te-bv°p≈ ]bmWw (Pursuit of excellence)e. am\-kn-I, imco-cn-I, C—m-i-‡n-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c kwXp-e\w

(Balance between body, will and mind)

1.2.PohnX ss\]pWnIƒ (Life skills) \n¿h-N\wss\]p-Wn-Iƒ:e£yw Xocp-am-\n-°¬]iv\-]-cn-l-cWwkInb Nn¥

bqWn‰v 2 (4 aWn-°q¿) : Btcm-Kyhpw Btcm-Ky-io-e-ßfpw

2.1. imco-cnI hnImkw ˛ F¥v? Fßs\?lrZb ˛ \mfo hyhÿ (Cardio Vascular System)izk\ hyhÿ (Respiratory System)

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ d^-d≥kn--eq-sSbpw N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw D≈-S°w Kln-°p-∂p. \n¿h-N-\-߃ Is≠-

Øp∂p.$ ImbnI taJ-e-bnse kw`-h-߃, hnh-cWw F∂nh Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿®-bn-eqsS

ss\Xn-Im-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ ]k‡n Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX IqSp-X¬ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hfnw-]nIv Nm¿´dns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ N¿® sNbvXv hni-Zmw-i-߃ Is≠Øn Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xømdm-°p-∂p.

]T-t\m-]-I-cWw : ICT, ]X-I-´nw-Kp-Iƒhne-bn-cp-ج :$ N¿®m-°p-dn-∏v, kPoh ]¶m-fn-Øw, Ah-X-cWw

]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ d^-d≥kn--eqsS D≈-S°w Kln®v \n¿h-N-\-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p.$ IqSp-X¬ ss\]p-WnIƒ Is≠Øn enÃv sNøp-∂p.$ "PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ImbnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v' ˛

kwhmZw]T-t\m-]-I-cWw: sF.kn.-‰n, sse_dnhne-bn-cp-ج : kwhmZ dnt∏m¿´v, ]¶m-fn-Øw, Ah-X-cWw]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ ImbnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ ]¶v

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ Visual Aid s‚ klm-b-tØmSp IqSn c≠v hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW Dd-∏n-°p-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-cWw : Visual Aid (c≠v hyh-ÿ-bp-tS-Xpw)hne-bn-cp-ج :$ ¢mkv sSÃv]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ imco-cnI hnIm-k-sØbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfbpw Ipdn®v ka-K-amb [mcW ssIh-cn-

°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

S3.P16 imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Btcm-Kyhpw BtcmKy˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ym-khpw ˛ ska-ÿ ˛ 3 ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

173

2.2. Ip´n-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-io-e-߃hy‡nipNnXzw]cn-k-c-ip-NnXzwkao-IrXmlmcwt]mj-Im-lmcw

2.3. Pohn-X-coXn ˛ PohnX ssieotcm-K-߃lrZvtcmKw]talws]mÆ-ØSn

bqWn‰v 3 (5 aWn-°q¿) : imco-cnI £aX Ip´n-I-fn¬3.1ASnÿm\ Imbn-I-£-aX

(Basic physical Fitness)ImbnI£aX ˛ \n¿h-N\wImbnI£aX ˛ (Physical Fitness)a. Btcm-K-y-kw-_-‘-am-bXv

(Health related)b. ]I-S\ kw_-‘-am-bXv

(Performance level)Btcm-K-y-kw-_-‘-amb LS-I-߃lrZb iz-k\£aX (Cardio Respiratory Endurance)t]io_ew (Muscular Strength)t]ioÿncX (Muscular Endurance)icoc kwc-N\ (Body composition)

3.2Btcm-K-y-kw-_-‘-amb Imbn-I-£-aXm ]cn-tim-[\Health related Physical Fitness Test -HRPFT

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-e-b-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ss]adn

sl¬Øv sk‚-dnse sl¬Øv C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS \n¿t±-i-߃ kzoI-cn®v k¿t∆\S-Øp-∂p.

$ hy‡n-ip-NnXzw k¿t∆ ˛ 4˛mw ¢mkv hnZym¿∞n-Ifn¬$ ]cn-k-c-ip-NnXzw k¿t∆ ˛ kao-]sØ 20 hoSp-I-fn¬$ kao-IrXmlmcw ˛ t]mj-Im-lmcw (hnZ-Kv≤-\p-ambn A`n-apJw)]T-t\m-]-I-cWw: amXrIm tNmZym-henhne-bn-cp-ج : Bkq-X-Ww, k¿t∆ dnt∏m¿´v, A`n-apJ dnt∏m¿´v]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ Cu taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmaq-ly-bm-Ym¿∞yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ t]mP-IvSn-eqsS Pohn-X-coXn ˛ PohnXssieo tcmK-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW

cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-cWw: sse_-dn, sF.kn.‰n hnZ-Kv≤¿, WHO dnt∏m¿´vhne-bn-cp-ج : Bkq-X-Ww, ]tbm-Kw, tImUo-I-c-Ww, t]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb PohnXcoXnIfpw ssienIfpw Xncn-®-dn™v Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb

Pohn-X-coXn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb tijn t\Sp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn:$ ASn-ÿm\ ImbnI£a-Xbpw AXns‚ LS-I-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]m[m-\-yhpw Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂p.$ Imbn-I-£-a-X-bpsS ]m[m-\yw a\n-em°n Imbn-I-£-aXm ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v Ip´n-

Isf hnt[b-cm-°p-∂p.]T-t\m]-I-c-W-߃ : Visual Aids, Power point, Test (HRPFT)hne-bn-cp-ج : ImbnI£aXm ]cn-tim-[\ dnt∏m¿´v]T-\-t\´ßƒ:$ Imbn-I-£-a-X-sb-°p-dn®v hy-‡n-K-X-amb [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°p∂p. imkvXo-b-ambn

ImbnI-£aX \n¿W-b-Øn-\p≈ tijn ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

174

bqWn‰v 4 (5 aWn-°q¿) : ]Y-a-ip-iq-jbpw kpc£m hnZym-`ym-khpw4.1$ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j ˛ \n¿h-N\w$ ASn-ÿm-\X-X-z-߃ A]-I-S-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]Y-a-iq-iqjbpw$ ^Ãv FbnUv t_mIvknse kma-Kn-Ifpw ]tbm-Khpw$ C. P. R (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)$ Heimlich Manoeuvre

4.2. kpc£m hnZym-`ymkw\n¿h-N\wBh-iy-I-Xbpw ]m[m-\yhpwUnkm-ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ˛ kvIqƒ Xew

bqWn‰v 5 (3 aWn-°q¿) : icoc kwÿnXn (Body Posture)

5.1 \n¿h-N\w, hnhn[Xcw icoc kwÿn-Xn-Iƒ( Types of posture) Sitting - standing - walking

5.2 ico-c-L-S\m sshI-e-y߃ ( Posture deformities)Khyphosis, Lordosis, Scolosis

5.3 ico-c-L-S\m sshI-e-y-߃ ˛ Imc-Whpw ]cn-lm-chpw

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ Visual Aid, ICT F∂n-h-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-bpsS Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-∂p. ^Ãv Fbn-Uns‚ ]tbmKw ]cn-io-en--°p-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-cWw : -Visual Aid, ICT, First Aid boxhne-bn-cp-ج :$ ]mtbm-KnI ]co£ (CPR - use dummy only)]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ ]Y-a-ip-iq-j-sb-°p-dn®v imkvXo-b-amb [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kµnKv[

kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ t\Snb [mc-W-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ tijn t\Sp-∂p.hn\n-a-b-coXn$ Hcm-gvN-°m-esØ ]X-hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ \n∂v A]-I-S-ßfpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw enÃv sNbvXv

AXns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ ¢mvXe N¿®, hni-I-e\w F∂nh \S-ØpI.$ Imc-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂p.$ Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kpc-£m-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw Unkm-ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚n-

s‚bpw Bh-iy-I-X-t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-cWw : ]X-hm¿Ø, -Video clipshne-bn-cp-ج :$ hni-I-e\ dnt∏m¿´v]T-\-t\-´-߃ :$ kaq-l-Øn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ A]-I-S-ßfpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm-°p-hm\pw

a\-m-∂n-[y-tØmSpw imkvX-ob-ambpw CØcw kµ¿`-ßsf t\cn-Sm-\pap≈ tijnt\Sp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ hnj-z¬kv sF.kn.Sn F∂n-h-bn-eqsS icoc kwÿnXn, hnhn-[-Xcw kwÿn-Xn-Iƒ,

Ah-bpsS sshI-eyw F∂n-hbn¬ ASn-ÿm\ [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.$ Cu [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A[-ym-]IhnZ-ym¿∞n 6˛mw ¢mnse Ip´n-Isf

\nco-£n®v ÿnXnsshI-e-y-߃ Is≠Øn enÃv sNøp-∂p. ]cn-lm-c߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. (ssa\¿ sKbnw A`n-Im-a-yw)

]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ$ kn.Un, sF.kn.Sn, \nco-£W ]XnIhne-bn-cp-ج$ \nco-£W dnt∏m¿´v$ ]cn-lmc \n¿tZiw$ kwLm-S\w]T-\-t\´w$ Ip´n-I-fn¬ km[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sm-hp∂ ÿnXnsshI-e-y-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-

lmct_m[\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

175

bqWn‰v 6 (10 aWn-°q¿) : ImbnI hnt\m-Z-߃6.1 AXve-‰nIvkv

1. dÆnwKvF. dÆnwKv F._n.kn_n. Iu®v Ãm¿´v (Crouch start)

2. Pw]nMv - ˛ Broad jump3. tXmbnwKv -˛ Putting the shot

6.2 taP¿ sKbnwkv - ˛ Basic concepts1. thmfn-t_mƒ2. ^pSvt_mƒ3. _mUvan‚≥ History, Rules and regulations4. I_UntIm¿´v am¿°nwKv - - I_Un, _mUvan‚≥, thmfn-t_mƒ

bqWn‰v 7 (6 aWn-°q¿) : Btcm-Ky-˛-Im-bnI ]mTy-]-≤XnhniIe\wD≈-S°w ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\wSo®nMv am\z¬ImbnI ]mTm-kq-XWw ˛ bp.]n. Xewhne-bn-cp-ج

bqWn‰v 8 (3 aWn-°q¿) : ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂]Tn-Xm-°ƒ (CWSN) °p≈ Btcm-Ky-˛-Im-bnI hnZym`ymkw$ _[nc ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ

$ aqI ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ

$ A‘ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ

˛ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ˛ Cu hn-`m-K-°m-cpsS ImbnI km[y-X-Iƒ

hn\n-a-b-coXnsF.kn.‰n km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p sIm≠v hnhn[ ImbnI taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.A[ym-]-Is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-∂p.Sm°v am¿°n-Mv, tIm¿´v am¿°nMv F∂n-h-bnse KWn-X-km-[y-X-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°m≥ KWn-Xm-[ym-]-Is‚ tkh\w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃Visual Aids, ICT, Measuring Tape.hne-bn-cp-جhy‡n-KX anIhv (kn.kn.-C)]T-\-t\-´-߃

ImbnI hnt\mZ-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ icn-bmb [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pwkwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ tijn.

hn\n-a-b-coXnka-K-amb A]-K-Y\w Ah-X-cWw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ BtcmKy ImbnI ]mTy-]-≤Xns]U-tKmKnIv A\m-en-kn-kv, So®nMv am\z¬ F∂n-h-bpsS amXr-I-Iƒhne-bn-cp-ج]mTm]K-Y\ tcJ-Iƒ, So®nMv am\z¬, hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-Iƒ]T-\--t\-´-߃

ka-K-amb- ]mTy-]-≤Xn hni-I-e-\hpw ]mTm-kq-X-Whpw \SØn ¢mp-Iƒ ssIImcywsNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂p.

hn\n-a-b-coXn$ CWSN Ip´n-I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-KsØ A\p-I-cn®v Hcp ssa\¿ Kbnw Ifn-°p-

∂p.$ Ch-cpsS ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp-N¿®$ Role Play$ ]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ D≈ kao-]-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ kµ¿in®v

Ah¿°v sImSp-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ a\-n-em-°p-∂p.]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃

ssa\¿Kbnwhne-bn-cp-ج

\nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏v, Ah-X-cWw]T-\--t\-´-߃

]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.Ah¿°p-th≠ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

176

9.3.5 amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w

A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v amXr-`m-jm-]-T-\-Øn¬ ASn-Ød D≠m-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-th≠n aq∂mw ska-Ã-dn¬ "`mjm-]-T-\hpw kmln-Xyhpw' F∂

t]∏¿ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. hni-Zmw-i-߃ Nph-sS sImSp-

°p-∂p.

BsI kvtIm¿ : 80

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج ˛ 20 +

s]mXp-]-co£ ˛ 60)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 100 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 5 aWn-°q¿

D≈-S°w

bqWn‰v 1 (10 aWn-°q¿)

`mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w

bqWn‰v 2 (25 aWn-°q¿)

Imhy-]m-c-ºcyw

bqWn‰v 3 (25 aWn-°q¿)

Imhy-]-cn-Wmaw; Nne \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 4 (10 aWn-°q¿)

sNdp-I-Ybpw t\mhepw

bqWn‰v 5 (10 aWn-°q¿)

kmln-Xyhpw cwK-I-ebpw

bqWn‰v 6 (10 aWn-°q¿)

ssh⁄m-\n-I-km-lnXyw

bqWn‰v 7 (10 aWn-°q¿)

_me-km-lnXyw

t]∏-dns‚ \º¿ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

S3.P

17`mjm-]-T-\hpw kmln-Xyhpw

177

bqWn‰v 1 : `mjm]T-\-Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w

(10 aWn-°q¿)

$ kmln-Xy--]-T-\hpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-a-bhpw

$ kmln-Xyhpw hna¿i-Nn-¥bpw

$ kmln-Xyhpw k¿Km-fl-I-Xbpw

- kmln-Xy-]-T\w aq∂p kao-]-\-߃ ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI amXr-I,

`mjm-am-Xr-I, hy‡n-hn-Imk amXrI

˛ Ihn-Xm-t_m-[-\w, Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-`m-h-߃ hyXy-kvX -Xcw

Ihn-X-Iƒ, Ihn-Xm-em-]-\w-˛-t_m-[-\co-Xn-Iƒ kao-]-\-߃

˛ KZy-km-ln-Xy-hpw `mjm-]-T-\-hpw

˛ `mjm-]-T-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ KZy-km-lnXy C\-߃-˛-

t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 2 : Imhy-]m-c-ºcyw (25 aWn-°q¿)

$ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ

˛ Xmfm-fl-IX

˛ Ae-¶m-c-I-ev]-\-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ

˛ kmaq-lnI PohnXNnXo-I-cWw

bqWn‰v 3 : Imhy-]cnWmaw : Nne \mgn-I°-√p-Iƒ

(25 aWn-°q¿)

$ KmY

$ Infn-∏m´v

$ Xp≈¬

$ Jfi-Im-hy-߃

$ `mh-Ko-X-߃

$ B[p-\n-I -I-hnX

$ `mjm-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w ]cn-tim-[n®v ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w Is≠-

Øp∂p.

n \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Xmfw Ah-bpsS `mh-]-Im-i-\-Øn\v i‡n ]I-

cp-∂pt≠m?

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn hnhn[ ¢mp-I-fn-te-°p≈ ]mT-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-

ج

$ \mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnse sshhn[yw hni-I-e\w sNø¬.

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw B[p-\nI Ihn-X-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]n¬Im-e-I-hn-I-fpsSbpw

cN-\-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Bkz-mZ-\mw-i-߃ Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

n ]t_m-[-\-Øn-s‚bpw hna¿i-Øn-s‚bpw Xe-߃ a[y-Im-e- I-hn-X-bn¬ ASn-ÿm-

\-[m-c-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂pt≠m?

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse KmY, Infn-∏m-´v, Xp≈¬ XpSßnb ]ÿm-\-ß-fn¬s∏Sp∂

]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS `mjm-]-chpw kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

Is≠-Øp∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abcoXn

S3.P

17 `mjm-]-T-\hpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

178

$ IrXn-I-fnse ]tabw, sNm¬h-Sn-hv, Ae-¶mc I¬]-\, A¿Y-

I¬]-\, kmaq-lnIhna¿i-w, mjm-k-hn-ti-j-X, kmlnXy Ncn-

X-Ønse ÿm\w XpS-ßn-bh

bqWn‰v 4 : sNdp-I-Ybpw t\mhepw (10 aWn-°q¿)

$ ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ sNdp-IYm ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ][m\

]cnWma-L-´-߃

$ hyXykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ

$ IYm-kzm-Z\w

bqWn‰v 5 : kmln-Xyhpw cwK-I-ebpw (10 aWn-°q¿)

$ cwK-I-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmlnXycq]-߃

$ \mS-I-km-ln-Xyw-˛-h-f¿®bpw hnIm-khpw

$ kmaq-lnIhna¿i-w, ]mX-kr-jvSn, `mj

bqWn‰v 6 : ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXyw (10 aWn-°q¿)

$ Bfl-IY/Poh-N-cnXw

$ bmXm-hn-h-cWw

$ imkvX-km-lnXyw

$ hna¿i-ßfpw ]T-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 7 : _mekmlnXyw (10 aWn-°q¿)

$ _me-I-Y-Iƒ

$ \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ

$ _me-I-hn-X-Iƒ

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS \mS-I-߃

$ tII, ImI-fn, aRvP-cn, Xcw-Kn-Wn, ]m\ apX-emb sNm¬h-Sn-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.

kam\- Xm-f-Øn-ep≈ hcn-Iƒ \n¿an-°p∂p

n A£-c-kw-Jy, ]mZw (hcn), D®m-c-W-ssZ¿Lyw F∂nh CuWsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-

\n-°p∂p?

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb sNdp-I-Y-I-fn-tebpw t\mh¬ `mK-ß-fn-tebpw

]ta-bw, BJym-\-ssi-en, ]mX-kr-jvSn, kmaq-lnI-]-›m-Øew F∂o Awi-߃

hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p

$ cwK-I-e-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂p

$ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fnse cwK-I-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T-\-km-[y-X-

Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-

Øp∂p

$ imkvX,- km-aq-ly-im-kvX, KWn-X-imkvX Bi-b-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ss]adn

¢mp-I-fn-te-°p≈ ]mT-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂p

n _m-e-km-lnXyw F¥v? F¥n\v?

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hni-I-e\w

˛ ]tabw

˛ `mjm-]cw

˛ cN-\m-coXn

˛ ]mX-krjvSn

$ IY, Ihn-X, \mSI cN\minev]-im-e-Iƒ

D≈-S°w hn\n-abcoXn

179

9.3.6 Teaching of English

As a part of English Language Education, in Semester 3, the paper 'Pedagogyof English Language ' is suggested for learning.The details are given below.

Paper No Name of Paper

S3.P

18Pedagogy of English Language

Total Score : 20 (CE - 20 only)Total Semester time : 50 hrs.Time in one week : 3 hrs.

Content

Unit 1 (Time: 25 hrs.) : Planning Effective ClassroomTransaction

Unit 2 (Time: 25 hrs.) : Assessment for Effective Learning

180

Unit1. (Time: 25 hrs.) Planning EffectiveClassroomTransaction

a) Comprehensive planSubtopicsConsidering the unit as a whole, identifying different sub units,deciding the time frame, developing materials, strategies/activities.

b) Designing classroom strategiesSubtopicsTeaching of prose, poetry, language elements and vocabulary:using appropriate triggers to channelize learners thoughts,activities for teaching vocabulary and language elements,language games, activities and games for integrating listening,speaking, reading and writing

c) Micro level planning of lessonsSubtopicsIdentifying the objectives, planning activities and tasks, designingmaterials, resources and aids, planning teacher talk, designingassessment tasks

• The paper focuses on familiarising the student teachers with the objectives of theunits/lessons in the elementary level textbooks in terms of knowledge, skills andattitudes. It also aims at enabling the student teachers to design appropriate activitiesand tasks for a learner centred classroom. This paper also intends to enable thestudent teachers to prepare/collect teaching aids and resources for effectivelytransacting the lesson and develop teaching manuals, effective assessment strategiesand the competence for providing appropriate feedback for promoting better learning.It also intends to provide hands on experience in designing various learner assessmenttools.

• Student teachers prepare a concept map of a unit showing different texts, activities/tasks in a unit and comprehensive unit plan.

• Teacher educator provides/suggests six to eight reading texts including stories, articles,poems, etc. and six to eight triggers including pictures, videos, news reports, collage,etc. and asks the student teachers to select the appropriate triggers for the texts theyare going to simulate.

• Student teachers simulate at least two reading texts using the triggers and substantiatethe use of the trigger

• Student teachers develop an observation schedule to assess English classes in termsof classroom process, teacher talk, learner participation, effectiveness of activitiesdeveloped, integration of skills, use of ICT, assessment components, feedback, etc.

• Teacher educator and expert teachers demonstrate teaching of prose and poetrylessons to the student teachers.

• Student teachers engage in tryout classes and each of them simulates a prose andpoetry lesson with detailed TM - compare the TMs of the teacher educator/expertteachers with the TMs they have developed. Peers assess the class based on theobservation schedule and give feedbacks.Student teachers prepare a write-up on teaching vocabulary at lower primary andupper primary stages and teacher educator initiate a discussion.

• Student teachers prepare indicators for assessing a TM and analyses various TMsof practising teachers and the ones given in handbooks, evaluation sourcebooks,etc.Student teachers develop three TMs for elementary classes including class eight andrefine their TMs on the basis of self-assessment and peer-assessment and recordwhat they have learned in their reflective journals.

Content area Method of transaction

S3.P18 . Pedagogy of English Language - Content details

181

d) Using school and classroom as a resourceSubtopicsUsing the school building and campus as a learning aid, Englishclubs and fests, reading corner, library, wall magazines,manuscript magazines, school/classroom blogs, e-journals, schoolwebsite, etc

Unit 2. (Time : 25 hrs.) Assessment for Effective Learninga) Formative and summative assessment

SubtopicsExamination, evaluation, assessmentAssessment of learning, assessment for learning, Self-assessmentand peer-assessment, Continuous and comprehensiveassessment,giving feedback

b) Portfolio assessmentSubtopicsFeatures of a good portfolio, contents to be included in the portfolioFeasibility of portfolio assessment, the how and why of it

c) Term-end assessmentSubtopicsDesigning assessment tools, developing indicators for evaluatinglearner products, reporting assessment

• Student teachers engage in a panel discussion on how the school as a whole can beutilized as learning aids and workout detailed plan for implementing it in schools.Student teachers organize an English Fest and document the programmes they haveconducted and discuss the scope of conducting such fests in schools. The productsdeveloped in the fest are exhibited in the reading corner and publish the best ones intheir institute's blog.

• Teacher educator initiates a discussion on examination, evaluation and assessment.Student teachers are encouraged to read a text available in the website ( http://www.ou.nl/web/ico/assessment-evaluation-and-examination and note down theirobservations.Student teachers read the evaluation sourcebook in English (SLATE) prepared bySCERT and prepare a write up on 'assessment of learning and assessment for learningand assessment as learning' and present it using a presentation software.Student teachers conduct a debate on continuous and comprehensive assessment.Teacher educator distributes various written products of the student teachers amongthemselves and asks them to write their feedbacks.Student teachers assess different learner products collected from schools and providefeedbacks

• Student teachers are encouraged to discuss the feedback given and the nature offeedback to be given (reminder prompt , scaffolding prompt and example prompt -refer:http://www.decd.sa.gov.au/assessment/files/pages/strategies/Closing_the_Gap_Feedback_P.pdf for more information) and record theirobservations in their reflective journal.

• Student teachers identify features of a good portfolio and discuss items to be includedin it and read the article on portfolio assessment from the linkhttp://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Thomas,%20Conn Portfolio %20 Assessment %20 A%20 Guide%20 For%20Teachers %20 And % 20Administrator.pdf and discuss the feasibility of portfolioassessment in their classes. They peer assess portfolios and write down suggestionsin the reflective journal.

• Teacher educator conducts a two day workshop for designing term end evaluationtools, developing qualitative statements to be used in reporting assessment results toparents, recording language growth of each child graphically and preparing StudentEvaluation Records for parents.

Content area Method of transaction

182

Suggested Reading

l Brenda Keogh, John Dabell, Stuart Naylor: Active Assessment in English: Thinking Learning and AssessmentIn English, Mill Gate House Publishers, Routledge,

l CBSE: Formative Assessment Manual for Teachers - English

l Cinnamon S.Katherine, John Douglas Ross, Peggy A. Ertmer, Wardsworth:Technology Integration withMeaningful Classroom Use: A Standards-Based Approach, 2010

l Cook Vivian: Second language learning and language teaching

l Marshall Bethan, Brenda Keogh, John Dabell, Stuart Naylor: Testing English: Formative and SummativeApproaches to English Assessment, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011

l SCERT, Kerala: SLATE, Sourcebook for Learner Assessment for Teachers of English

l Wajnryb Ruth: Classroom Observation Tasks: A Resource Book for Language Teachers and Trainers,CUP, 1992

l Woodward Tessa: Planning lessons and courses: designing sequences of work for the language ...,Cambridge Handbook for Language Teachers

183

9.3.7 KWn-X-im-kvX-t_m-[\w/ kmaq-ly-imkvX

t_m[\w/ kmam-\y-imkvX t_m[\w

A∏¿ ss]adnXe-Ønse t_m[\w Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A[ym-

]IhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Hm]vj--W-embn kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ hnj-b-ß-fm-Wn-

h. Ch--bn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp t]∏-dmWv A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n ]T-\-Øn-

\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-t°≠-Xv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw BsI kvtIm¿ : 20

(\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج 20 amXw)

BsI skaÿ kabw : 50 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

S3.19(a) KWn-X-imkvX ]-T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

BapJw

kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ KWn-X-]-c-amb Adn-hp-Isf Nn´-bmbn D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ [mc-W-I-fmWv ss]adn L´-Øn¬ KWn-X-]-T-\-

Øn-eqsS t\tS-≠-Xv. CXns‚ `mK-ambn KWn-X-kw-_-‘-amb Bi-b-

ßfpw tijn-Ifpw Ip´n B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kw£n]vXhpw kmam-\y-h-

Xv°-c-W-hpw, KWn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ D∂-bn-

°¬, KWn-X-Øn¬ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX F∂n-

h-bn¬ [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta Ip´n°v KWn-X-]-T-\-Øn¬

IqSp-X¬ tijohnImkw km≤y-am-Iq. ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, bp‡n-Nn¥

XpS-ßnb s]mXp-hmb tijo-hn-Im-k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ]cym-

]vX-amb [mc-W-Iƒ A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ B¿÷n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. _oP-

K-Wn-Xw, Pyman-Xn, A¶-K--WnXw F∂n-h-bpsS ]T-\-Øn-eqsS D≈-S-°-]-

chpw ]In-bm-]-c-hp-amb [mc-W-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw KWn-X-Øn¬ Bg-

Øn-ep≈ Dƒ°m-gvN, ss\]p-Wn-I-fpsS hnImkw, KWn-Xm-`n-apJyw

hf¿Ø¬ F∂nh kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

KWnX-]-T-t\m-t±-iy-߃ (ska-ÿ III & IV)

$ KWnX]c-amb Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ Ip´n-Isf]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

$ KWnX]c-amb bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Dƒ°mgvNhnI-kn-∏n-°pI

$ _oP-K-Wn-X-]-T-\-Øn¬ [mc-Wbpw Bkzm-Z-\hpw krjvSn°pI

$ Pyman-Xo-b-]-c-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

$ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ A]-K-Y-\w, tImUo-I-c-Ww,NnXo-I-cWw F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ Ignhv B¿÷n-°pI

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS KWn-X-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Ifpw Adn-hp-Ifpw hne-bn-cpØn,t]mcm-bva-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Bh-iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßfpwssIØmßpw \¬Im≥ km[n-°p-I.

$ A∏¿ ss]a-dn-X-e-Ønse D≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ t_m[-

\-hn-\n-ab coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-I.

S3.19(a) KWn-X-imkvX]-T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 20 (\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج amXw)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 50 aWn-°q¿

Hcm-gvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

D≈-S°w

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 (kabw ˛ 8 aWn-°q¿)KWn-Xhpw bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 (kabw ˛ 12 aWn-°q¿)_oPKWn-X Nn-¥ ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 (kabw ˛ 12 aWn-°q¿)A¶KWn-X]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

bqWn‰v ˛ 4 (kabw ˛ 18 aWn-°q¿)PymanXn ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

t]∏-dns‚ t]∏-dns‚ t]cv

\º¿

a. KWn-X-imkvX]-T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw/S

3.P

19b. kmaqlyimkvXw ˛ D≈S°hpw hn\nabhpw/c. kmam\y-imkvX hnZym- ymkw

184

S3.P19 (a) KWn-X imkvX ]T-\hpw -t_m-[\hpw

bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 KWn-Xhpw bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw (kabw ˛ 8 aWn-°q¿)

$ KWn-X-im-kvX-Øns‚ LS\

$ KWn-Xm-i-b-߃

$ KWn-XX-Øz-߃

$ KWnX kn≤m-¥-ßfpw sXfnhp-Ifpw

$ KWnX ]iv\-߃

$ KWn-Xm-i-b-ß-fpsS _‘w

$ kmam-\y-h¬°-c-W-]-Inb

$ ]mt‰¨ Is≠-ج

$ ]mt‰¨ cq]o-I-cn-°¬

$ BK-a-\-co-Xn-bn-eqsS XØz-cq-]o-I-cWw

$ KWn-X-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Sp∂ aqey-߃

$ ]mtbm-Kn-I-aqeyw

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb aqeyw

$ a\:-in-£W aqeyw

$ kuµ-cymflI aqeyw

$ tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob aqeyw

$ sXmgn¬]camb aqeyw

$ kmwkvIm-cn-Iaqeyw

$ km-aq-ln-I -aqeyw

$ KWnX ]iv\-ß-fpsS \n¿[m-cW ]Inb

$ KWn-X-Øns‚ k¿§m-flINn¥

$ KWn-X-X-Øz-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ BK-a-\-co-Xn-bp-tSbpw kmam-\y-h¬°-c-W-Øn-

s‚bpw ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v ]tbm-Kn-°p∂p

$ Xm≥ t\cn-Sp∂ GXp ]iv\-tØbpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°p-

∂p.

p A∏¿ ss]adn ¢mp-I-fn¬ XØz-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v \nK-a-\-co-Xn-bmWv A\p-tbmPyw˛-

ka¿Yn-°pI.

p Hcp KWn-X-]iv\w Ip´n \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-tºmƒ GsX√mw L´-ß-fn¬ A[ym-]I¿

klm-bn-t°-≠n-hcpw?

n 6, 7, 8 ¢mp-I-fnse Sn._n, F®v.-_n, ]cn-tim-[n®v Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-tebpw KWn-X-h-kvXp-

X-Iƒ, Bi-b-߃, XØz-߃, kn≤m-¥-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Kq∏v N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠-

Øp∂p

n A]-K-Y-\-˛-D-ZvK-Y\ coXn-bn-eqsS hnhn[ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse bqWn-‰p-I-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ ]mtbm-KnI ]iv\-߃ \n¿[m-cWw sNøp∂p

n ]iv\-\n¿[m-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ X¥-߃, Ahbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]iv\-߃

F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNbvXv skan-\m-dmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

185

$ ]iv\-\n¿[m-cW X¥-߃

$ Make a table

$ Make an organised list

$ Look for a pattern

$ Guess and check

$ Draw a picture or graph

$ Work backwards

$ Solve a simpler problem

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 _oPKWn-X Nn-¥ ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

(kabw ˛ 12 aWn-°q¿)

$ NphsS sImSp-Øn-´p≈ KWn-Xm-i-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈

D≈S° [mcW

$ kwJym-]m-t‰-Wp-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw/LS-\sb ASn-ÿm-

\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ kmam-\y-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ A⁄mX

kwJy-bpsS D]-tbmKw

$ _oP-K-WnX _‘-߃

$ eLp-k-a-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw \n¿[m-c-Whpw

$ _oP-K-Wn-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ]iv\ \n¿[m-cWw

$ _oP-K-WnX hmN-I-ß-fpsS NXp-jvIn-b-Iƒ

$ IrXy-¶-߃

$ h¿Khpw h¿K-aq-ehpw

$ D≈-S-°sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ hnhn[ t_m[\ coXn-Ifpw

X¥-ßfpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°¬

$ kwJym-]m-t‰-Wp-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw/LS\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kmam-\y-h¬°-cWw

\S-Øp-∂-Xn\v [mcW t\Sp∂p

$ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D≈-S-°[m-cW Ip´n-Ifn¬ Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb

t_m[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X¥-ßfpw Is≠Øn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mhoWyw t\Sp∂p

p KWn-X-im-kvX-Øn¬ _oP-K-WnX imkvX-im-J-bpsS ]k‡n F¥v?

p A¶-K-Wn-X-Øns‚ XpS¿® F∂ \ne-bn¬ _oP-K-Wn-XsØ hymJym-\n-°pI?

n 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fnse ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw, A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v _oP-

KWnX-_-‘-߃, eLp-k-a-hm-Iy-߃, ]iv\\n¿[m-cWw XpS-ßn-b-hbpw _oP-

KWnX-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw Is≠-Øp∂p ˛ inev]-ime

n Sow So®nwKneqsS (kwL-t_m-[-\w) _oP-K-Wn-X-Ønse hnhn[ ]mT-`m-K-߃ ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. knap-te-j-\n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p

n A¶-K-Wn-X-hpw, _nP-K-Wn-Xhpw Pyman-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ -_‘w Dƒs°m-≈p∂

kvIn]v‰p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

186

bqWn‰v ˛ 3 A¶KWn-X ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

(kabw ˛ 12 aWn-°q¿)

a) ZØ-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬

b) ]mtbm-KnI A¶-K-WnXw

$ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ KWn-Xm-i-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D≈-

S° [mcW t\Sp-∂p. Ah hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnhn[

t_m[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X¥-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.

a)ZØ-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬

(hnh-c-ti-J-cWw, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, h¿Ko-I-cn-°¬, A]-K-Yn-

°¬, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬, NnXo-I-cWw F∂o ]In-bm-ti-

jn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v)

$ icm-icn

$ ]´n-I-hm-b\

$ \yq\ kwJy-Iƒ

$ `n∂-kw-Jy-Ifpw Zimw-i-kw-Jy-Ifpw

b) ]mtbm-KnI A¶-K-WnXw

$ iX-am-\w

$ Awi-_-‘-hpw, A\p-]m-X-hpw

$ ]en-i

$ Unkv°u≠v

$ ka-bhpw Zqc-hpw

$ em`hpw \jvShpw

$ ÿnXnhnh-c-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ A]-K-Y-\w, tImUo-I-c-Ww, NnXo-I-c-Ww, \yq\-

kw-Jy-I-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw, Ncn-Xw, ]tbmKw F∂n-h-bn¬ hy‡-amb [mcW t\Sp∂p

$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ A¶-K-Wn-X-Øns‚ Adnhv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw DNn-X-

amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°p∂p

$ D≈-S-°-[m-cW Ip´n-I-fn-ep-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb t_m[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X¥-ßfpw

Is≠Øn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mho-Wy-ap-≈-h-cm-Ip∂p

p em`w, \jvSw, ]en-i, UnkvIu-≠v, em`-i-X-am-\w, \jvS-i-X-am\w F∂nh \nXy-Po-hn-X-

Øn¬ FX-tØmfw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°pI

p "KWnXw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v' F∂ e£yw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v, ]´n-I-hm-b-\, NnXo-

IcWw XpSßnbh FX-tØmfw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amWv?

p \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS ]k‡n N¿® sNøp-I. `n∂-kw-Jy-I-fm-tWm,

Zimw-i- kw-Jy-I-fmtWm \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv? ka¿Yn-°pI.

p kwJym-tem-IsØ hnhn-[-Xcw kwJy-Iƒ (DZm: ]q¿ÆkwJy-Iƒ, FƬkwJy-Iƒ,

AJ-fi-kw-Jy-Iƒ, ......) Ah-bpsS kmay-ßfpw hyXym-k-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-I?

n ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp KWnX ]iv\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n A¶-K-Wn-X-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ t]mP-IvSpIfn-eqsS ZØ-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mhoWyw

t\Sp∂p

n Kq∏v N¿®bneqsS ]mtbm-KnI A¶-K-Wn-X-Ønse Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

]iv\-k-µ¿`-߃ Is≠-Øp∂p. Sow So®nw-Kn-eqsS ]mtbm-KnI KWn-X-Ønse hnhn[

]mT-`mK-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´v knap-te-j-\n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p

n ]mtbmKnI A¶-K-Wn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS t_m[-\-im-kvX-]-c-amb

A]K-Y-\hpw ]mTm-kq-X-Whpw ˛ inev]-ime

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

187

bqWn‰v ˛ 4 PymanXn ˛ ]T-\hpw t_m[-\hpw

(kabw ˛ 18 aWn-°q¿)

$ Pyman-Xob Nn¥-˛-hm≥ slbn-enkv

$ Zznam\ Xnam\ cq]-߃

$ Pyman-Xob ]Z-߃, Bi-b-߃

$ k¿∆-k-a-Xbpw kmZr-iyhpw

$ Pyman-Xnbnse cq]-am‰w (transformation)

$ Pyman-Xob cq]-ßfpw Af-hp-Ifpw (hnkvXo¿Ww, hym]vXw, Np‰-

f-hv)

$ Pyman-Xob cq]-ß-fpsS \n¿anXn

ska-ÿ : 3

CE C\-߃

bqWn‰v sSÃv

t]mPIvSv

]mtbm-KnI ]iv\]cn-l-cWw ˛ hn\n-abw

Assk≥sa‚ v (hmb\°p-dn-∏v)

]co-£Ww

]T-t\m-]-I-cWw

s]U-tKm-KnIv A\men-knkv

So®nwKv am\z¬

KWn-X-t\m´p_p°v

$ Pyman-Xo-b-]-c-amb Dƒ°mgvN cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\pw hyXykvX Pyman-Xob cq]-߃

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°p∂p

$ sF.kn.-‰n. km[yX ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn Ip´n-I-fn¬ Pyman-Xob kuµ-cym-kzm-Z-\-tijn

h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-°p∂p

p Pyman-Xob XØz-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw Pyman-Xob cq]-ß-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw Ip´n-I-

fn¬ Zriy-]-cX hf¿Øp∂p ˛ \nß-fpsS A`n-]m-b-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI

p Htc Np‰-f-hp≈ Pyman-Xob cq]-ß-fpsS ]c-∏-f-hp-Iƒ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?

n inev]-im-e-bn-eqsS Zznam-\-˛-Xn-am\ cq]-߃ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-

bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p

n sF.kn.-‰n. km[yX D]-tbm-Kn®v Pyman-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cyw, Pyman-Xn-bpsS Ne-\m-fl-IX

Bkz-Zn-°p∂p

n 6, 7, 8 ¢mkp-I-fnse ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]cn-tim-[n®v Pyman-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mT-`m-K-

ß-fnse Bi-b-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw XpS¿®bpw Is≠-Øp-∂p-˛-in-ev]-ime

n Pyman-Xn-bneqsS kzmwio-I-cn® Bi-b-ß-fpw XØz-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v kvIqƒ Ku≠n¬

Hcp tIm¿´v \n¿an-°pI (Practical).

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

188

S3.P

19 (b) kmaqlyimkvXw ˛ D≈S°hpw hn\nabhpw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 20 (\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج amXw)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 50 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

kmwK-Xyw

kmaq-ly-imkvXw kaq-l-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnIm-k-Øn\vv A\p-

krX-amb hnj-b-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. Ncn-X-Øn-s‚-bpw kmº-

ØnIimkvX-Øn-s‚-bpw cmjvSX¥-Øn-s‚-bpw qan-im-kvX-Øn-s‚-bpw

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpsams° LS-I-߃ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚

`mK-am-Wv. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnIPo-hn-X-Øn\v icn-bmb ASn-Ød ]Wn-

bp-hm≥ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bnse Ahn-`mPy LS-I-amb kmaqlyimkvXsØ

Inbm-fl-I-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ A[ym-]-I¿°v henb ]¶p-≠v.

B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v kn≤m-¥-hpw ]tbm-

Khpw ka-\z-bn-∏n®v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-

`-h-߃ A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p e`y-amI-Ww. Ncn-X\n¿am-Whpw

hymJym\hpw kaq-lsØ Ne-\m-fl-I-am-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fm-Wv. H∏w

Ncn-XsØ hymJym-\n-°p∂ a\p-jys‚ ]Ir-X-sa-¥m-sW∂ At\z-j-

Whpw \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ÿe-Im-e-w A[n-Im-c-L-S\, ÿm]-\-߃,

]In-b-Iƒ, _‘-߃ F∂nh-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kaq-lsØ

hna¿i-m-fl-I-ambn a\-n-em-°m-\pw kmaq-lnI-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf Xncn-®-

dn-bm-\p-ap≈ tijn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-am-I-Ww.

CXn\p tbmPn-°p∂ Hcp A[ym-]I hnZym-`ym-k-amWv kmaq-ly-im-kvX-

Øn¬ e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.

D≈-S-°ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w

Ncn-Xw, `qan-im-kvXw, kaq-l-im-kvXw, cmjvS-X-¥w, kmº-Øn-I-

imkvXw F∂nhbnse D≈-S-°hpw AhbpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-hpw kmaq-

ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\amI-Ww. ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpw ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv, Ch hy‡n-sb-bpw kaq-l-sØbpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xn-ep≈ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Hmtcm hnj-b-ta-J-ebpw hn\n-abw sNøp-

∂-Xns‚ coXn-imkvXw A[ym-]IhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]In-bm-_-‘n-X-ambn

kzmwio-I-cn-°-Ø°hn[-ØnemWv kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ D≈-S°w

Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛ LS-\bpw hn\n-a-bhpw

temh¿ ss]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-imkvX]mT-`m-K-߃ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-

Øns‚ `mK-ambn DZvK-Yn-X-k-ao-]-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. A∏¿ ss]adn Xe-Øn-emWv kmaq-ly-imkvXw Hcp ]tXyI

hnj-b-ambn hcp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ D.Ed tImgvkns‚ aq∂pw \mepw ska-

Ã-dp-I-fn-emWv kmaq-ly-imkvXw Hcp ]tXy-I-hn-j-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn CS-]-

g-In-s°m≠v Adnhpw tijn-Ifpw t\Sm≥ Ignbpwhn[w kmaq-ly-im-kvX-

]-T\w \S-°-Ww. k¿Km-fl-I-X, kuµ-cy-t_m-[w, hna¿i\m-fl-I-ho-£-

Ww, Ncn-X-t_m[w, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Ah-t_m[w, kaq-l-Ønse am‰-߃

A]-K-Yn-°¬, B[p-\nI hnh-c-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]mTy-

]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ج F∂n-h-sb√mw kmaq-ly-

im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

Dt±iy-߃

$ a\p-jy\pw -]-Ir-Xnbpw XΩnepw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw XΩnepw

a\p-jy\pw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ap≈ ]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v

189

$ hnhn[ kmaq-lyimkvX hnj-b-ß-fpsS coXn-imkvXw ]cn-N-b-s∏-

Sp∂Xn\pw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ tijn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\v

$ ZØ-߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw A]-K-Yn-°m\pw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-

°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhp t\Sp∂Xn\v

$ kzmX-¥yw, kaXzw, \oXn, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£X XpS-ßnb

aqey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\pw "\m\m-Xz-Ønse GIXzw' F∂

ImgvN-∏mSv hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw

$ kmaq-loI-cW]In-bsb klm-bn-°p∂ s]mXp CS-߃, hn`-h-

߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-bpsS \ne-

\n¬∏n\pth≠n ]cn-i-an-°p-∂Xn\v

$ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ C∂sØ ÿnXn a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw

Ahsb C∂-se-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp \msf-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

$ Ncn-Xw, `qan-im-kvXw, cmjvS-X-¥w, kmº-Øn-I-im-kvXw, kaq-l-

imkvXw F∂o kmaq-ly-imkvXhnj-b-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ \mw Pohn-°p∂ kaq-lsØ \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw A]-K-Yn-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Adnhpw tijn-Ifpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v.

$ kvIqƒ Xe-Ønse kmaq-ly-imkvX]mTy-]-≤Xn (]T-\-e-£y-߃,

D≈-S-°w, ssI∏p-kvX-I-߃) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-

a-b-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ssh⁄m-\n-Im-Sn-Ød cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\v.

$ Ip´n-I-fnse Pn⁄m-k, At\z-j-Wm-fl-IX F∂nh t]m’m-ln-∏n-

°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-imkvX]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn-\m-h-iy-

amb hyXykvX t_m[-\-X-¥-ß-fpw ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v

Ah ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI [mcW t\Sp-∂Xn\v.

$ hnhchn\n-abkmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS (ICT) km[y-X-Iƒ kmaq-ly-im-

kvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mtbm-KnI ss\]pWn

t\Sp∂Xn\v.

$ kmaq-ly-imkvXhnj-b-Øn¬ kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ aqey-

\n¿Wb ]Inb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv XpS¿aqey-\n¿W-bw, tSw aqey-

\n¿Wbw, tKUnwKv F∂n-h-bn¬ hy‡-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-

∂Xn\v

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v At\z-j-W, Kth-jW B`n-

apJyw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v

$ A¥¿tZ-iob [mc-Wbpw Ah-t_m-[hpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v

S3.P

19. (b) kmaq-lyim-kvX-w ˛ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-bhpw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 20 (\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج amXw)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 50 aWn-°q¿

Hcp BgvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

D≈-S°w

bqWn‰v 1 : (kabw 10 aWn-°q¿)

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ A¿Yhpw hym]vXnbpw

bqWn‰v 2 : (kabw 15 aWn-°q¿)

cmjvS-X¥w

bqWn‰v 3 : (kabw 15 aWn-°q¿)

tkmtjym-fPn

bqWn‰v 4 : (kabw 10 aWn-°q¿)

kmº-ØnI imkvXw

190

$ kmaq-ly-imkvXw ˛ kz`m-hw, e£yw, coXn-imkvXw

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse D≈-S-°w, Ncn-Xw, `qan-imkvXw,

kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw, cmjvSX-¥w, kaq-l-im-kvXw F∂o

hnj-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-[m-c-W-I-fpsS ]k‡n

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øn\v imkvXw, `mj, KWnXw F∂o- hn-j-

b-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ (Unkn-πn-\dn tamU¬,

aƒ´n- Un-kn-πn-\dn tamU¬, t]m_vfw F≥Iz-b-dn- tam-U¬,

lyqa\nÃnIv/t]gvk-W¬ tamU¬)

$ kmaq-ly-imkvXw/]T-\-e-£y-߃

$ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\-k-ao-]\w

S3.P19 (b) kmaqlyimkvXw ˛ D≈S°hpw hn\nabhpw ˛ bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

bqWn‰v 1 (kabw 10 aWn-°q¿)

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ A¿∞hpw hym]vXnbpw

n imkvXØnsebpw kmaq-ly imkvX-Øn-sebpw Xnc-s™-SpØ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-

߃/Bi-b-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ imkvX-Øns‚ coXn Fßs\ ]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p

F∂p Is≠-Øp∂p

n Imen-I-amb Nne kmaq-ly-]-iv\-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah-bpsS ]cn-l-c-W-

Øn\mh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bsW∂p Is≠-Øp∂p

n Ncn-Xw, qan-im-kvXw, kmº-ØnIimkvXw, cmjvS-X-¥-imkvXw F∂n-h-bnse Nne

Bi-b-߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ah Hmtcm∂pw a‰v kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fp-

ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂p Is≠-Øp∂p

n Ncn-Xw, qan-imkvXw, kmº-ØnIimkvXw, cmjvS-X-¥-imkvXw F∂n-h-bnse Bi-

b-߃ Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠v hn\n-abw sNøp-∂Xpw kmaq-ly-im-

kvX-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v hn\n-abw sNøp-∂Xpw A-h-

X-cWw \SØn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p

n kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Ønse Xnc-s™-SpØ Bi-b-߃ Unkn-πn-\-dn, aƒ´n-Un-kn-πn-\dn,

t]m_vfw F≥Iz-b-dn, lypa-\n-ÃnIv/t]¿k-W¬ F∂o amXr-I-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cWw

\S-Øp-∂p.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

191

bqWn‰v 2 (kabw 15 aWn-°q¿)

cmjvS-X¥w

$ cmjvS-X¥w Hcp kmaq-ly-im-kvX-imJ

"cmjvS-X¥w' Hcp hnj-b-ta-Je F∂ \ne-bv°p≈ ]m[m\yw

hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw

$ hnhn[ `c-W-I-a-߃

˛cmP-`-cWw

˛ssk\n-I-`-cWw

˛tkz—m-[n-]Xyw

˛GIm-[n-]Xyw

˛P\m-[n-]Xyw

$ cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw `c-W-I-ahpw A\n-hmcyw

$ hf-cp∂ Xe-apd hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb \nb-a-hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw cmjvS-I-a-Øn-s‚bpw

]m[m\yw Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ ISa-Ifpw I¿Ø-hy-ßfpw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS hn\n-abw sNø-

Ww.

$ Db¿∂ ]uc-t_m-[hpw cmjvSobho£Whpw Dd-∏m-°m≥ cmjvS-X-¥-]-T-\w klm-

bn-°pw.

$ hnhn[ Ia-ß-fn-eqsS \mw "P\m-[n-]Xyw' F∂ `c-W-I-a-Øn-te°p hf¿∂p.

$ C∂sØ P\m-[n-]-Xy-I-a-Øn\p apºv C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ `c-W-Iaw?

$ temI-sa-ºmSpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ `c-WIa-߃

$ Cu Ime-ß-fn¬ F√m temI-cm-jvS-ß-fnepw Pm\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-I-a-amtWm \ne-

\n¬°p-∂Xv?

$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse `c-WIa-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-߃ Fßs\ ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n°mw? CXn-\p≈ anI® X¥-߃ GsX√mw?

$ hnhn[ `c-W-I-a-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ aƒ´n aoUnbmh-X-c-Ww, A`nap-Jw, lm‚u-´p-Iƒ

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb Kq∏p N¿®bpw Ah-X-c-W-hpw.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

192

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

P\m-[n-]Xyw˛ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ta∑-Iƒ

˛ ]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw˛ ]tcm-£-P-\m-[n-]Xyw˛ ]m¿e-sa‚dn coXn˛ ]kn-U≥jy¬ coXn˛ bqWn-‰dn kwhn-[m\w˛ s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m\w

˛ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-cWw]©m-b-Øo-cmPv (XnX-e-kw-hn-[m\w)(]mY-anI [mc-W-Iƒ DZm-l-cWw klnXw)

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\˛ BapJw˛ ]c-am-[n-Imcw

˛ atX-X-cXzw˛ P\m-[n-]Xyw˛ dn∏-ªnIv˛ auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃˛ auen-II¿Ø-hy-߃˛ \n¿tZ-i-I-X-Xz-߃˛ hnZym-`ym-k -A-h-Im-i-\n-baw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-߃˛ \nb--a-\n¿am-W-hn-`mKw

]m¿e-sa‚ v\nb-a-k`

˛ `c-W-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`mKw]kn-U‚ v

Kh¿W¿a¥n-k`DtZym-K-ÿ¿

˛ \oXn-\ymb-hn-`mKwkp]ow-tIm-SXnsslt°m-SXn

a‰p-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ

$ C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ$ hnhn[ cmjvSß-fnse P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-Iahpw C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\hpw

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.$ A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-µo-I-cWw ˛ ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv kwhn-[m\w ^vtfm Nm¿´v X-bm-dm-°¬.

$ C¥y≥ `cWL-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?$ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BapJw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ][m-\m-i-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNøpI$ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb \ΩpsS Ah-Im-ißfpw I¿Ø-hy-ßfpw ˛ skan-\m¿

$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-bpsS CS-s]-S¬ kz`m-h-sØbpwkwhn-[m-\-sØbpw Ipdn®v ]mY-an-I-amb Is≠Ø-ep-Iƒ

$ "Kh¨sa‚ v' AXns‚ GsX√mw kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS \ΩpsS s]mXp-Po-hn-XsØkzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

$ P\-Iob ]c-am-[n-Imcw, kpc-£, \oXn, ka-Xzw Ch Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ ÿm]-\-߃,

kwhn-[m-\-߃$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v d^-d≥kn-eqsS Xbm-dm-°p∂ Ipdn-∏p-IfpsS Ah-

X-c-Ww, Iq´n-t®¿°¬$ A`n-apJw ˛ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[¿ F∂n-h-cp-ambn$ \nb-a-k-`, tImS-Xn-Iƒ, hnhn[ Hm^o-kp-Iƒ F∂nh kµ¿in®v ]h¿Ø\w \nco-

£n-°epw Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°epw

$ tamU¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v

193

bqWn‰v 3 (kabw 15 aWn-°q¿)

tkmtjym-fPn

tkmtjym-fPn ˛ ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\yhpw

$ Bhn¿`mhw

$ hnImkw ˛ ]k‡n

kmaq-lnI-L-S\

$ IpSpw-_w, kaq-lw, kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-߃ ˛ cmjvSw

kmaq-lyam‰w

$ kmaq-ly-am‰w Imc-W-߃

$ ]Inb ˛ LS-I-߃ ˛ kz`mhw

kmaq-lnI\nb-¥Ww

$ D]m-[n-Iƒ, Hu]-Nm-cnI ˛ A\u-]-Nm-cnI am¿K-߃

$ A\p-Zn\w hnI-kn-°p∂ hn⁄m-\-ta-Je F∂ \ne-bn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]m[m-

\yhpw ]k-‡nbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-

Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

$ kmaq-lnI-L-S-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ \nco-£n®v t]mPIvSv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ \nß-fpsS ]tZ-isØ kmaq-ly-am-‰sØ \n¿W-bn® LS-I-߃ GsX∂p k¿t∆-bn-

eqsS Is≠Øn hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

$ kmaq-lnI -\n-b-¥W ]In-b-bnse Hu]-Nm-cn-Ihpw A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-

Isf kw_-‘n®v N¿®m-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

194

bqWn‰v 4 (kabw 10 aWn-°q¿) kmº-Øn-I-imkvXw

kmº-ØnIimkvXw

$ kmºØnIimkvX-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw e£y-ßfpw ˛ \n¿h-

N-\-߃

$ kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ tNmZy-߃ (F¥v

DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°pw, Fßs\ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°pw, DXv]-∂-߃ GXp

coXn-bn¬ hnX-cWw sNøpw)

kmº-ØnIimkvX-Ønse tIµm-i-b-߃

$ Zu¿e-`yXm k¶-ev]\w (]cn-an-X-amb ]`-h-ßfpw A\-¥-amb

Bh-iy-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw F√m kaq-l-ß-fnepw

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p)

$ ]`hZu¿e`yw ImcWw Ipd™ ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IqSp-X¬

hkvXp-°ƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ a\p-jy¿ ian-°p-∂p-˛CXv

kvs]jy-sse-tk-j-\n-te°v \bn-°p∂p

$ kvs]jy-sse-tk-j≥ ImcWw ]c-kv]-cm-i-bXzw D≠m-Ip∂p

$ DXv]-∂-߃ hnX-cWw sNøm≥ ]tXyI hyhÿ Bh-iy-

am-bn-Øo-cp∂p

$ s]mXp-\-b-߃, t£a-\-b-߃ F∂nh kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb

kzm[o-\n-°p∂p

$ kmº-Øn-I-]-h¿Ø-\-߃

$]mY-an-I-ta-Je

$ZznXo-b-ta-Je

$XrXo-b-ta-Je

$ D¬]m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃

$`qan

$A[zm\w

$aqe-[\w

$kwLm-S\w F∂n-h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X, ][m\yw

$ ]W-hpw [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw

$km[-\-ssI-am-‰-hy-hÿ

$_m¶p-Iƒ

$_m¶nwKv kwhn-[m-\-߃

$_m¶nwKv CXc ÿm]-\-߃

n kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Xnc-s™-SpØ k¶¬]-ßsf kmº-

ØnI imkvX Bi-b-ß-tfmSv _‘n-∏n-°m-\m-hptam F∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p

n KWn-X-Ønse Nne Bi-b-߃ kmº-ØnIimkvX-Ønse Bi-b-ß-tfmSp _‘n-

∏n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\sb∂p hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p

n efn-X-amb Nne kmº-ØnIimkvX Bi-b-߃ ss]adn Xe-Øn¬ Fßs\ Ah-

X-cn-∏n°mw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Bi-b-cq-]oI-cWw \S-Øp∂p

n ]Ww F∂ kmº-ØnIimkvX Bibw hyXykvX Xe-ß-fnse hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-

th≠n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mbn ]mTm-kq-X-W-tcJ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

n aqe-[\w F∂ k¶¬]\-sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]mTm-kq-XW tcJ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

n km[-\-ss°-am‰ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw \mW-b-k-º-Zm-b-Øn-tebv°p amdm-\p≈ Imc-

W-߃ Fs¥ms°bmImw? Cu taJe hn\n-abw sNøm≥ Bh-i-y-amb ]T-\-]-

h¿Ø-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

n _m¶ns‚ ]h¿Ø\w hnZ-ym¿∞n-Iƒ°p a\-n-em-Im-\mbn Km^nIv Ah-X-cWw

Xøm-dm-°-Ww.

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

195

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

$ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS hnImkw kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-

Xn°v. KXm-KXw, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, Du¿P-hn-I-k-\w, hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy

$ hyh-km-b-hXv°-cWw˛hnhn-[-Xcw hyh-km-b-kw-cw-`-߃˛s]mXp-ta-Je

˛kzIm-cy-ta-Je˛kwbp-‡-ta-Je˛kl-I-c-W-ta-Je

kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w$ hn -h-ß-fpsS \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb D]-tbmKw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-

Z-]-c-amb hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv

Irjnbpw P\-Po-hn-Xhpw$ tIc-fob Pohn-X-Øn¬ Irjn sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w

$ `£y-kp-c£, `£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vXX, s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-k-º-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬

$ `q]-cn-jvI-cWw Irjn-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w

4 KXm-KXw, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, Du¿P-hn-I-k-\w, hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy XpS-ßn-b-h kmº-

Øn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Fßs\ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p?n kzmX-¥y-e-_v[n-°p -tijw Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-≠m-b -]p-tcm-KXn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Hmtcm

taJ-e-bnepw \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn enÃp-sN-øp-I.n C¥y-bnse hyh-km-b-ßsf√mw Kh¨sa‚ v DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ D≈-XmtWm? ][m\

hyh-km-b-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ enÃp sNøp-∂p. DSa-ÿ-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p, ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

$ hn`-h-ß-fpsS \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb D]-tbm-Khpw ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-c-amb D]-tbm-

Khpw kpÿn-c-hnI-k-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°pw.4 ]ptcm-KXn km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ hnI-k\w GXp -co-Xn-bn-em-IWw?n ]tZ-isØ ]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.n hn`-h-ß-fpsS A\n-b-¥n-X-amb NqjWw \S-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.n hn`-h-ß-fpsS \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb D]-tbmKw Fßs\ km[y-am-°m-sa∂v ]cn-ÿnXn

]h¿Ø-I-cp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øp∂p

n Hcp hyh-km-b-im-e kµ¿in®v Ahn-SsØ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-amtWm A√tbm F∂p Is≠-Øp-∂p. ]cn-lm-c-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p.

n tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\-Ir-jn-Iƒ, Ah \S-Øp∂ ]tZ-i-߃ F∂nh ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

n Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´p \S-Øp∂ BtLm-j-ßsf∏‰n hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.

$ Hcp ]tZ-isØ P\-߃°v Bh-iy-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ e`n-°p∂p F∂pd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-emWv `£y-kp-c£

4 `£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-®mepw `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ignbptam?n C¥y-bnse `£y-h-kvXp-°fpsS Bh-iy-I-X, `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS D¬]m-Z\w Ch

Is≠Øn C¥y `£y-kzbw]cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-®n-´pt≠m F∂p Is≠-ØpI

n `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®vhnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn Ipdn-∏p- X-øm-dm-°pI.

4 `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p apºv tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ÿnXn F¥m-bn-cp-∂p?

196

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

$ C¥y≥ Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øn\v kºZvhyh-ÿ-bnepw `£y-kp-c-£-bnepw D≈ ]¶v

$ lcn-X-hn-πhw$ [hfhnπhw$ \oe-hn-πhw

$ BtKm-f-hXv°-c-Whpw C¥ybnse I¿j-Icpw

kmaq-lnI]-cn-Wm-a-߃$ A[zm-\hpw Adn-hns‚ hnIm-khpw$ A[zm\w a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ hln® ]¶v

n I¿j-I\p `qan Ah-Im-i-ambn e`n-®-t∏mƒ Im¿jn-I-cw-KØp h∂ am‰-߃ GhF∂v N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw d^-d≥kn-eq-sSbpw Is≠-Øp-∂p.

C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ LSIw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.4 Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e kºZvhyh-ÿ-bnepw `£y-kp-c-£-bnepw hln-°p∂ ]s¶¥v?n lcn-X-hn-π-h-Øns‚ t\´-ßfpw tIm´-ßfpw N¿® sNøp-∂p.n [h-f-hn-πhw C¥y-bpsS kºZvhyh-ÿsb Fßs\ klm-bn-®p-sh∂v Is≠-Øp-

∂p.n \oe hnπhw C¥y≥ kºZvLS-\-bn¬ \¬Inb DtØ-P\w FX-amXw F∂v ÿnXn-

hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p Is≠-Øp∂p.

n BtKm-f-hXv°-cWw I¿j-I-scbpw Irjn-sbbpw Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂v A`n-ap-J-Øn-eqsSbpw d^-d≥kn-eq-sSbpw Is≠-Øp-∂p.

$ a\pjyNcn-X-Øn¬ A[zm\w Adn-hn-s\bpw Adnhv A[zm-\sØbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\v FX-amXw klm-bI-c-ambn?$ a\pjyhnIm-k-L-´-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmb XobpsS D]-tbmKw, Irjn, NI-Øn-

s‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Øw Ch ]n∂o-Sp≈ am\-h-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Fßs\ Imc-W-ambn F∂vDZm-l-cWklnXw hy‡-a-m°p-∂p.

$ B[p-\n-I-tem-IsØ kmt¶-Xn-I-h-f¿®, Adnhpw A[zm-\-hpw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]-cysØ FX-amXw kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.

197

S3.P

19 (c) kmam\y-imkvX hnZym- ymkw

kmwK-Xyw

imkvX-Øns‚ ssIsbm-∏n-√mØ Hcp taJ-ebpw B[p-\nI temI-Øn-

√. imkvX-Øns‚ NI-hmfw A\p-\n-anjw hnI-kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

kmaqlnIhnI-k-\-Øns‚ i‡-amb D]m-[n-bmWv imkvXw. imkvX-˛-

km-t¶-XnI cwKsØ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ ]ptcm-

K-Xn-bpsS kqN-I-am-Wv. B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øns‚ hnIk\ Bh-iy-߃

t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw kaqlw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ ]cn--l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,

imkvX-]-T\w IqSntb Xocq. aen-\o-I-cWw, amen\y\n¿am¿P-\w, tcmK-

ß-fpsS hym]-\w, tcmK NnIn’, Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, ÿe-

˛-P-e hn\n-tbm-Kw, ]IrXnhn`-htim-jWw, kpÿnc hnI-k\w XpS-

ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v hcpw Xe-ap-dsb k÷-cm-

°p-hm≥ bYm¿Y imkvX-t_m-[-ap≈ A[ym-]Ikaq-l-Øn\p amXta

Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Snse ]iv\-ß-sfbpw ]Xn-`m-k-ß-s-fbpw

\nco-£n-°p-hm-\pw, hni-I-e\w sNøp-hm-\pw, \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hm\pw ]iv\]cn-l-c-Ww km[y-am°p-hm\pw, imkvXobcoXn Ah-ew-

_n-°p-hm\pw ss]adn hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]m]vX-cm-t°-≠-Xp≠v. CXpw A[ym-

]IhnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ imkvX-]T\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p.

AtXm-sSm∏wXs∂ imkvXo-b-a-t\m-`m-h-ßfpw aqey--ßfpw Ip´n-I-fn¬

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Dt±-iy-߃

B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øn¬ imkvX-Øns‚ ]k-‡nbpw ]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-

®-dn™v ^e-]Z-ambn imkvXm-[ym-]\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p Xmsg \¬In-

bn-cn-°p∂ Dt±-iy-߃ A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ssIh-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ ss]adn ¢mp-I-fnse F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-fnepw imkvX km£-cX

ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ A\p- -h-߃ \¬Ip-

∂-Xn-\p≈ sshZKv[yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

(imkvXmi-b-߃, ]Inbm tijn-Iƒ, ]tbm-K-ta-J-e, imkvXob

aqey-ßfpw at\m`mh-ß-fpw, imkvX k¿Km-fl-IX F∂o afi-e-

߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv imkvX km£-cX)

$ imkvXobcoXn Ah-ew-_n®p \nXy Pohn-X-Ønse ]iv\-߃ hni-

I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw, e-]-Z-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-Isf

k÷-cm-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ \qX\ imkvXm-i-b-߃ B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-I-fn-te°p hn\n-

abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ t_m[\sshZKv[yw B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ Xs‚ kaq-l-Ønse ]iv\-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw CS-s]-Sp-∂-

Xn\pw imkvXo-b-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, kzbw k÷-am-°p-∂-

Xn\pw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°v hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw.

$ bp.]n Xe-Ønse kvIqƒ imkvX-]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ, D≈-S-°w, hn\n-ab X¥-߃, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃, aqey-

\n¿Wbw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®p ka-K-amb [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-\v.

$ hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ¢mpap-dn-bn¬

ka¿Y-ambn D]tbmKn°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ kvIqƒ imkvX-]-T\ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ø-d, hnhn[

imkvX]-T-\-X-¥-߃ F∂nh-bpsS anI-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.

$ D≈-S-°-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-c-W-ambn G‰hpw A\p-tbm-

Py-amb ]T-\-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw.

$ hnhn[ imkvX-]-T\ ]cn-t]m-jW D]m-[n-Isf°pdn-®p≈ [mcW

cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ah hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, hn\n-abw sNøp-

∂-Xn-\pw.

198

$ hnZym-e-b-Øn-epw, ¢mnepw imkvX-]-T-\w an-I-hp-‰-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

]T-\m-¥-co-£w, krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

$ Xs‚ kaq-l-Øn¬ imkvX-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-W-Øn\pw hf¿®-

bv°pap≈ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw.

$ imkvX-]-T-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج F¥v? Fßs\? F∂p Xncn-®-

dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-ج kt¶-X-ß--sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW

cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw.

S3.P

19 (c) kmam\y-imkvX hnZym- ymkw

BsI kvtIm¿ : 20 (\nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج amXw)

BsI ska-ÿ kabw : 50 aWn-°q¿

Hcm-gvN-bnse kabw : 2 aWn-°q¿

D≈-S°w

bqWn‰v ˛ 1

imkvXw ˛ kz`m-h-hpw, coXnbpw (20 aWn-°q¿)

1.1. imkvXØns‚ kz`mhw

$ imkvXw Iao-IrX hn⁄m-\-am-Wv.

$ imkvXw hn⁄m\w B¿Pn°phm-\p≈ \nc-¥-c-amb At\z-j-W-

amWv

$ imkvXw Is≠-Ø-emWv

$ imkvXw ]iv\]cn-l-c-W-am-Wv

$ imkvXw \nc-¥-c-am-‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-amWv

$ imkvXw km¿h-euIn-IamWv

$ imkvX-Øn\v Hcp kmaq-ln-I-X-e-ap≠v

$ imkvX-Øn\v DZvK-YnX kz`mhap≠v (Iem-Im-bn-Iw, hnhn[ hnj-

b-߃ F∂nh)

$ imkvX-Øn\v Inbm-fl-I-ap-Jhpw \io-I-cWapJhpap≠v

$ imkvX-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw \nb-X-amb Ncn-X-]-

›m-Ø-e-ap≠v (D¬∏-Øn, hf¿®, hnIm-kw)

$ \nc-h[n imkvX-⁄-cpsS ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øn-s‚bpw Is≠-Ø-ep-I-

fp-sSbpw ^e-amWv C∂sØ imkvX-km-t¶-XnI cwKsØ ]ptcm-

K-Xn.

1.2 imkvX-Øns‚ coXn

$ imkvX-Øns‚ ]Inb

$ ]iv\w à ]cn-I-ev]\ cq]o-I-cn-°¬ à ]cn-l-c-W-coXn àBkq-

XWw à \n¿hlWw à \nK-a-\-cq-]o-I-cWw à dnt∏m¿´nwKv

$ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v imkvX-Øns‚ coXn

Ah-ew-_n-°¬

bqWn‰v ˛ 2

imkvX]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛ kao-]-\hpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw (30 aWn-

°q¿)

2.1 imkvX]T\ e£y-߃

imkvX-km-£-cX

˛ imkvXm-i-b߃ t\Sm≥

˛ ]InbmtijnIƒ hnI-kn-°¬

˛ imkvXw ]tbm-Kn-°m≥

˛ imkvXob aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw cq]o-I-cn-°¬

˛ imkvX k¿Km-fl-IX (Designing skill) hnI-kn-∏n-°¬

2.2 Ip´n-bpsS ]IrXw ˛ imkvX-¢mn\v

$ At\z-j-Wm-fl-IX

$ ]cn-I-ev]\ cq]o-Icn°m-\p≈ Ignhv

$ thdn´ Nn¥

$ Pn⁄mk

$ k¿Km-fl-IX (Designing skill)

$ ]iv\ ]cn-l-cW tijn

199

$ hna¿i-\mflI Nn¥

$ tNmZy-߃ Db¿Øm-\p≈ Ignhv

$ ]co-£n®v sXfnhp tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ XmXv]cyhpw Ignhpw

$ Bibhn\n-abtijn

$ sF.kn.‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ XmXv]cyw

2.3. imkvX ]T-\m-¥-co£w

`uXnIw :

$ imkvX-aq-e, em_v, sse_-dn, Science kit, bulletin board, tNmZy-s∏-

´n, kvIqƒ ]®-°-dn-tØm- w, Huj-[-tØm- w, kb≥kv ¢_v, ayqkn-

bw, AtIz-dn-bw, sl¿t_-dn-bw.

sshIm-cnIw :

$ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb ¢mv, tNmZy-߃ Db¿Øm≥ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂

A¥-co£w, Teacher -Pupil, Pupil-Pupil, Pupil - material interaction

2.4 imkvX ]T-\-X-¥-߃, coXn-Iƒ$ imkvXo-b-coXn Dƒt®¿∂ ]T\X¥-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ Adnhp\n¿amW ]In-bbv°v Du∂¬ \¬I-Ww.

N¿®, kwL N¿®, skan-\m¿, t]mP-IvSv, \nco-£Ww, kwhm-Zw,

Assk≥sa‚ v, Iznkv, tiJ-c-W-߃, ]m\¬ N¿®, kntºm-knbw,

]co-£-Ww, ^o¬UvSn-∏v, k¿th, Zn\m-N-c-W-߃

$ Is≠-ج ]T-\w, At\z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\w, \qX-\-amb coXn-Iƒ

2.5 imkvX ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃

$ h¿Ko-I-cWw à ]Ir-Xn-Z-Øw, a\p-jy-\n¿anXw

$ Ip´n kzbw \n¿an-°p-∂Xv, Ip´nbpw So®dpw \n¿an-°p-∂Xv

$ Low cost, Zero cost$ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏v, \n¿am-Ww, D]-tbmKw

2.6 kvIqƒ imkvX-]m-Ty-]-≤Xn khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ ]In-bm-_-‘nXw

$ ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnXw

$ inip-tI-µnXw

$ ]cn-kc _‘nXw

$ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

$ NmIn-Im-tcm-lW coXn

$ ]ptcmK-a-\m-flIw

$ hna¿i-\m-fl-INn¥ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

$ kmaqlnI⁄m\\n¿an-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-Xw

200

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 ˛ imkvXw ˛ kz`m-hhpw coXnbpw (20 aWn-°q¿)1.1. imkvX-Øns‚ kz-`m-hw

$ imkvXw Iao-Ir-X-hn-⁄m-\-am-Wv.

$ imkvXw-˛hn⁄m\am¿÷n-°m-\p≈ \nc-¥-c-ambAt\-z-jWamWv.

$ imkvXw Is≠-Ø-em-Wv.

$ imkvXw \n-c-¥cam‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Wv.

$ imkvX-Øns‚ km¿∆-eu-InIX

$ imkvX-Øn\v Hcp kmaq-lnIXe-ap-≠v.

$ imkvX-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw hn-Im-k-Øn\pw\nbXamb Ncn-X-]-›m-Øeap-≠v.

$ \nc-h[n imkvX-⁄≥amcpsS ITn-\m-[-zm-\Øns‚bpw Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-tSbpw ^e-amWv C∂sØimkvX ˛ kmt¶-XnIcwKsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn.

$ imkvX-Øn\p DZvK-YnXkz-`m-h-ap-≠v.

$ imkvXØn\v Inbm-flIapJhpw \io-I-cWapJhpap≠v.

1.2. imkvX-Øns‚ coXn$ imkvXØns‚ ]Inb

˛ ]iv\w ˛ ]cn-I-ev]\ cq]o-I-cn-°¬ ˛ ]cn-l-c-W-coXn˛ Bkq-XWw ˛ \n¿h-lWw ˛ \nK-a\cq]o--I-cWw ˛dnt∏m¿´nwKv

n temIsØ am‰n-a-dn® I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃, imkvX-⁄≥am-cpsS PohnXtcJ ˛ (d^-d≥kv ICT) s]mss^¬ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. ˛ Kq∏p ]h¿Ø\w

p imkvX-Ønse ][m\ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fn¬ F]-Im-c-amWv imkvX-Øns‚ coXn]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?

Ah-X-cWw ˛ N¿®

p \mw C∂v A\p-`-hn-°p∂ `uXnIkuI-c-y-߃ a\p-j-y-cm-in°v e`-y-am-b-sXßs\ ?

p imkvXw At\-z-j-W-amWv, Is≠-Ø-emWv ˛ Cu ]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

p imkvX-I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ kzm¿∞em-`-Øn-\mbn Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb Ht´sdkµ¿`-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

s]mXpN¿®-bn-eqsS imkvX-Øns‚ kz-`m-hsØ kw_-‘n® kq£vamwi߃tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ˛ _p°vse‰v Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

n imkvX]mTy-]-≤-Xn, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ F∂nh hni-I-e\w sNbvXv imkvX-Øns‚kz-`mhw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ GsXms° kµ¿`-߃/]h¿Ø-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn°mwF∂p Is≠-Øp-I.

s]mss^¬, imkvX-Øns‚ kz-`mhw ˛ _p°vse‰v F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Ømhp∂XmWv.

p imkvX-sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw [mc-W-I-fmWv imkvXm-≤ym-]-I¿°p≠m-tI-≠Xv?

$ \mw km[m-cW Ign-°p∂ Sn≥^pUn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp cmk-hkvXp tcmK-tl-Xp-hm-sW∂p kwi-bn-°p-∂p. CXv Fßs\ ÿnco-I-cn°mw? Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬imkvX-Øns‚ coXn GXp hn[w ]mh¿Øn-I-am-Ip∂p F∂p hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

]h¿Ø\tijw N¿®$ \n߃ sNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmaq-l-nI]-k‡n F¥mWv?$ ]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn IS-∂p-t]mb L´-߃ GsXms°?$ imkvX-Øns‚ coXn-bn-eqsS imkvX-]-T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Fs¥ms°

i≤n-°-Ww?n \mw C∂p t\cn-Sp∂ ][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fn¬ H∂mWv Du¿÷ ]Xn-k-‘n. CXp

adn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mtbm-KnIam¿§ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI.

p Du¿÷ kwc-£-W-sØ kw_-‘n®v Ah-t_m[w krjvSn°p-∂-Xn\v Gs‰-Sp-°m-hp∂]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ Fs¥√mw?

S3.P

19 (c). kmam\y-imkvX hnZym- ymkw - bqWn‰v hni-Zmw-i-߃

201

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

$ \nX-y-Po-hn-X-Ønse ]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ imkvX-Øns‚ coXn Fßs\

]tbmP\s∏-Sp-Ømw?n 6, 7 ¢mnse imkvX-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-Ønse GsX-¶nepw Hcp bqWn-‰ns‚ ka-K-hni-

Ie\w ˛ kwL-]-h¿Ø\wkqN-I-߃

n Cu bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ t\Sp∂ imkvXm-i-b-߃, ]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ F∂nh

Is≠-Øp-I.n GsX-¶nepw imkvXm-i-b-߃ ]tbm-Kn-°phm≥ kµ¿`tam \n¿t±-itam ]mT`mK-

Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´pt≠m? GsXms°?n Cu bqWn-‰nse A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ape-y-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw

Is≠-Øp-I.n imkvX]T-\-Øn-eqsS imkvX-k¿Km-fl-IX hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]kvXmh\

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.n imkvX]mT]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ hyXykvXXe-ß-fn¬ imkvX-]-T-\-e-£y-߃ Fßs\

]Xn-^-en-°p∂p?

n Ip´n-I-fpsS ]Ir-X-Øn¬ imkvX-¢m-n¬ ]tX-y-I-ambn ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂khntij-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms°?

$ \nX-y-Po-hnX-Ønse ]iv\-]-cn-l-cWØn\v imkvXØ-ns‚coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬.

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 imkvX]mT-y-]-≤Xn ˛ kao-]-\hpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw (30 aWn-°q¿)2.1. imkvX]-T\ e£-y-߃

imkvX-km-£-cX ssIh-cn-°¬

$ imkvXm-i-b-߃ t\-S¬$ ]Inbmtijn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°¬$ imkvXw ]tbm-Kn-°¬$ imkvXobape-y-ßfpw at\m-`mh-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°¬$ imkvXk¿Km-fl-IX hnI-kn-∏n-°¬.

2.2. Ip´n-bpsS ]IrXw ˛ imkvX-¢m-n\v$ At\-z-j-Wm-fl-IX$ ]cn-Iev]\ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv.

$ thdn´ Nn¥$ Pn⁄mk$ k¿Km-fl-I-X$ ]iv\-]-cn-l-cWtijn$ hna¿i\m-fl-INn¥$ tNmZ-y-߃ Db¿Øm-\p≈ Ign-hv.

$ ]co-£n®p t\m°m-\p≈ Ignhv$ ]co-£n®v sXfnhp tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ Xm¬]-cyhpw Ignhpw$ Bibhn\n-abtijn$ sF..kn.‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xm¬]-cyw

202

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

2.3. imkvX]-T\m¥-co£w`uXnIw$ imkvXem_v, sse_dn, kb≥kvIn‰v, _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv,

tNmZ-y-s∏´n, kvIqƒ]®-°-dn-tØm´w, kb≥kv ¢_v, ayqknbw,AtI-z-dnbw, sl¿t_-dnbw

sshIm-cnIw$ P\m-[n-]-X-y-]-c-amb ¢mv˛tNmZ-y-߃ Db¿Øm≥ ]tNmZn∏n-

°p-∂ A¥-co£w, A[-ym-]-I≥ ˛ ]Tn-Xmhv ˛ ]T\kmaKnCh XΩn-ep≈ kwh-Zn-°¬.

2.4. imkvX]-T\coXn-Iƒ$ imkvXobcoXn Dƒt®¿∂ ]T-\-X-¥-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww$ Adnhp \n¿ΩmW]In-bbv°v Du∂¬ \¬IWw$ N¿®, kwL-N¿®, skan-\m¿, t]mPIvSv, \nco-£Ww, kwhmZw,

Assk≥sa‚ v, Iznkv, tiJ-c-W-߃, ]m\¬ N¿®, kntºm-knbw, ]co£Ww, ^o¬UvSn∏v, k¿th, Zn\mN-c-W-߃,

imkvX-]-T\]cn-t]m-jtWm]m-[n-Iƒ$ Is≠-ج]T\w, At\-z-j-Wm-fl-I-]-T\w, \qX-\-amb coXnIƒ

2.5. imkvX]-Tt\m]-I-c-W-߃$ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ (]Ir-Xn-ZØw, a\p-j-y-\n¿Ωn-Xw)

$ Ip´n- k-zbw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv

$ Ip´nbpw So®dpw tN¿∂p \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ Low cost, Zero cost

$ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v$ \n¿ΩmWw$ D]t-bmKw

n anI® imkvX-¢m-p-I-fpsS hoUntbm ¢n∏nwKpI-fp-sS ]Z¿i\w ˛ N¿®p anI® imkvX¢m¥-co£w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Fs¥√mw `uXnI kml-N-c-y-߃

Hcp-°-Ww?.

p imkvX-¢m-ns‚ ^e-]m]vXn AXns‚ A¥-co-£sØ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu]kvXmh-\-tbmSp ]Xn-I-cn-°p-I.

n kb≥kvIn‰v, _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv F∂nh hnI-kn-∏n-°p-ICh hnebn-cp-Øen\p hnt[-b-am-°mw

p imkvX-¢m-ns‚ `uXn-Ihpw, sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb A¥-co£w imkvX-]-T-\sØFßs\ kzm-[o-\n-°p∂p F∂p hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

n ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Xbmdm-°¬ ˛ hy-X-ykvX D≈-S°taJ-e-Iƒ sNdp-kw-L-߃°mbn hn -Pn®p \¬Ip-∂p. Hmtcm kwLhpw D≈-S°taJ-e-Iƒ hn\n-abw sNøm≥G‰hpw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-X-¥-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. ]T\ ]h¿Ø\ ]mt°PvXøm-dm-°p-∂p. ˛ sN°venÃp]-tbm-Kn®p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.

n So®¿ FU-yq-t°-‰¿ sN°v enÃv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ˛ ¢mn¬ sN°v enÃns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.]T-\-]-h¿Ø\]mt°Pv hne-bn-cp-Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

n ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿ΩmWinev]-ime :˛n bqWn-‰p-Iƒ hni-I-e\w ˛ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ enÃp sNø¬ ˛ h¿-§o-I-cn-°¬ ˛ kma-

Kn-Iƒ Is≠-ج, tiJ-cn-°¬ ˛ \n¿ΩmWcoXn Xncp-am-\n-°¬ ˛\n¿Ωn°¬ ˛ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°¬

n ]T-t\m-]-I-cWw ˛ \n¿ΩmWcoXn ˛ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Bibw ˛ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn -Ip-dn∏p Xøm-dm-°¬

]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw, Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

203

2.6. imkvX]mTy-]-≤Xn khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ ]Inbm_-‘nXw

$ ]-h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnXw

$ inip-tIµnXw

$ ]cn-k-c-_-‘nXw

$ NmIn-Im-tcm-lW-coXn

$ hna¿i\m-flINn¥ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

$ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-flIw

$ PohnXss\]pWn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

$ kmaq-lnI⁄m\\n¿ΩnXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTnXw

D≈-S°w hn\n-abw

n ]cn-ÿnXn]iv\-߃ aqew (DZm:˛ hcƒ®, aÆn-Sn-°¬, kk-y-tcm-K-߃, hb¬ \nI-

ج) kao-]-]-tZ-isØ apJ-y-hn-f-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\£aX Ipd-bp-∂pt≠m?

t]mPIvSv ˛ \n¿h-lWw, Ah-X-cWw, hne-bn-cp-ج

N¿® ˛ kqN-I-߃

pCu ]T-\-coXnbpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?

n imkvX-]m-T-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ NmIn-Im-tcm-lWcoXn kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne DZm-l-c-

W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

n k¿§m-fl-IkrjvSn-Iƒ (Creativity Album) Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.

hnjbw:˛ "]cn-ÿnXn]iv\-ßfpw a\p-j-y\pw'

(Im¿´q¨/]kvXm-h\/ktµiw/NnXw/apZm-hm-Iyw F∂nßs\ hy-X-ykvX C\-߃)

Ah-X-c-Ww, B¬_w hniI-e\w

pCu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-¬ hna¿i\-m-flINn¥ ]Xn-^-en-°p∂ Dev]-∂-߃ Gh?

pCXn-eqsS B¿÷n-°p∂ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ Gh?

pimkvX-]-T\¢mp-Iƒ Fßs\ Bbn-cn-°-Ww?. khntij-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms°?

Intb-‰n-hn‰nB¬_w hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

204

bqWn‰v ˛ 3

]cn-k-c-]-T\ ]mTy-]-≤Xn

bqWn‰v ˛ 1 ˛ imkvXw ˛ kz`m-hhpw coXnbpw

1.1. imkvX-Øns‚ kz-`m-hw

1.2. imkvXØns‚ coXn

bqWn‰v ˛ 2

imkvX]mT-y-]-≤Xn ˛ k-ao-]-\hpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw

2.1. imkvX-]T\e£-y-߃

2.2. Ip´n-bpsS ]IrXw ˛ imkvX-¢m-n\v

2.3. imkvX-]T\m¥-co£w

2.4. imkvX-]T\ coXn-Iƒ

2.5. imkvX-]-T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃

2.6. imkvX]mT-y-]-≤Xn khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

bqWn-‰p-Iƒhne-bn-cp-ج C\-߃

S3.P19 (C) kmam-\y-imkvX hnZym-`ymkw hne-bn-cp-ج C\-߃

1.1 imkvX-Øns‚ kz-`mhw ˛ _p°pe‰v

1.2 bqWn‰v sSÃv.

2.3 kb≥kvIn‰v, _p≈-‰n≥ t_m¿Uv.

2.4 ]T-\-]-h¿Ø\]mt°Pv

2.5 ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃, Write up.

2.6 k¿Km-flI∏Xn∏v (Creativity album)

bqWn‰v sSÃv