Rights of Children and Migrant Workers in Urban India : Emerging Approaches

from the Field

10 June 2014Murali Krishna

Session D1: Governance and Planning Presentation: 3

India : 40% Urban by 2026

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 20260

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

17.3 18.6 19.923.3

25.727.8

31.232.3

38.2

1.Census of India 2011. ,2. Population Projections for India and states 2001-2026, RGI, GOI, 20063. Urban Health Resource Centre (UHRC)

(535) (433)

(377) (286)

%

million

1983 1987-1988 1999-2000 2007-2008

31.6

32.933.4

35.4

Increasing Proportion of Migrant Population in Urban areas

Migrant Population in Urban India

3

In Percentages

Source : NSSO Report 2007-08

Urban Poor Urban Rural0

10

20

30

40

50

60

48

29

48

Women aged 20-24 years married before age 18

In Percentages

Children in Urban Context : Child Marriage

5Source: DLHS 2007-08 data re-analyzed for urban wealth quartile

Urban Poor Urban Rural0

13

26

39

52

65

55

42

62

Per 1

000

live

birt

hsChildren in Urban Context : Infant Mortality Rate

6NFHS 2005-06- re-analysis of urban data by wealth index quartiles by UHRC

Per 1000 Live Births

HHs defecating in the open

Urban Context : Sanitation and Hygiene

Urban Poor Urban Rural0

20

40

60

80

62

19

66

7

In Percentages

Open Defecation among urban poor equallyprevalent as among rural households

Source: DLHS 2007-08 data re-analyzed for urban wealth quartile

India’s Urbanization : Key Features

• Top Heavy - 53 Million + cities holding 43% of urban Population

• Growing Urban Poor – 200 millions by 2020

• Dominance of Informal Sector– Growth of Contract workers, casualization– Visible Employment Vs Invisible Employer– Absence / Weak Social Protection for workers– Weakening Workers Organizations

• Opportunities for migrants, but precarious employment

Urbanization Context : Andhra Pradesh

• 33% (2.82 million) urban population

• Highest Proportion of Slum Households to Urban Households (36%)

• Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Area (HMDA) has 35% of Andhra Pradesh Urban Population (10 million)

Source : Report on Urbanization in India,

Ministry of Urban Affairs, Government of India, 2011

Type of Settlement

in a city

Urban Poor and Migrant population

Children Vulnerability

Urban Government

Residential Colony

Less urban poor More skilled/professional group migrants

Less Vulnerable High

Notified Slums

More urban poor, Long-term migrants high in number

High VulnerabilityInadequate facilities and investments for children

Medium – Not accessible to all groups and sections

Non-notified Slums

Very High urban poor, both Long-term migrants and Short-term migrants

Very high vulnerability Less – Very little access to government schemes, services benefits.

Squatter Settlements / Shacks

Mostly urban poor, Relatively new migrants, seasonal migrants

Very High vulnerability on all fronts

Almost Nil -Emphasis on slum clearance programmes

Worksite Areas

Near 100 per cent migrants

Extremely Vulnerable Not Present

Hierarchy of Urban Poor / Migrant Settlements in HMDA – Linkages to Child Vulnerability and Urban Governance

HYDERABAD METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AREA(HMDA), INDIA

Protecting Migrant Workers and Children –

Destination Area Approach

Initiatives on Social Protection Programmes : Construction Sector

Issues on Membership for

Social Protection

Workers Membership

Conditions prior to 2011

Workers Membership Conditions from 2011

Membership Eligibility

Core workers in Construction and allied sectors

All workers in the construction sector, brick kiln and Workers of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

Migrant Workers

Not included Intra-state and inter-state migrant workers

Renewal Every year Once in five yearsMembership drives

Labour department and trade unions

Labour, Rural Development, Housing departments involving Trade unions and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)

Membership Fee

Workers Employers with marginal contribution by workers

Enrollment Drives - Place

State and district level

Sub-district level involving employers’ associations, NGOs

Social Benefits to Children prior to 2011

Social Benefits to Children from 2011

No specific schemes and programmes

• Education support programmes • Girl child protection scheme

No social benefits to migrant workers children

• Mobile schools and worksite schools • Education programmes for children

of migrant workers in brick kilns

No systematic collaboration between Labour and education departments

Programme and Financial Convergence between Labour and Education department

No Data Management systems Data Management Systems for Workers, children, Employers and Labour Contractors

Social Protection Programmes for Children of Migrant Workers

Key Results

State Level• Workers membership increased from 0.5 millions 2 millions• Construction Board Cess increased from USD 1.25 billion

to USD 2.25 billion

Reach of Social Protection Programmes at HDMA Level

• 40 per cent of migrant workers in the brick kiln sector • Education programmes for 50 per cent children of migrant

workers in brick kiln sector • Housing, water and sanitation facilities were improved in 40

per cent of brick kilns • Tripartite committees for convergence, workers safety and

delivery of services for children.

July 14, 2012 HYDERABAD

Spreading education in city slumsMobile education van comes as a boon for children of construction workers

Mobile Education Van

News Articles in “The Hindu” Newspaper

28 January 2014Brick kiln workers’ wards take learner’s route                                                                Uniforms and study material distributed to children of brick kiln workers

Protecting Children of Migrant Families : Approaches at Source Area

Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Migration of Families and Children- Base Line Data

• 14% Population migrate

• Migrate four to six months (November to April)

• 70% migrate to urban areas.

• 70% of children are in 6-18 years age group (8,000) migrate with their parents

• 60% of them contribute to family income at destination place.

Strategies Adopted for Protecting Children at Source Place -• Community and Children Empowerment at

Village Level on Child Rights

– Child Protection Committee

– Adolescent Girls Collectives

– Child Clubs in Schools

– Extended Social Protection to migrant families

• Child Specific Plans for the Children of On The Move Families

– Child Migration Prevention Centres (CMPC)

– Support by Kin and relatives (Non-Institutional)

– Open school education programmes for 14-18 years

– Special Training Centres for child labour and drop outs

Key Results

• 80% of children (6500) who were accompanying parents are in schools

• 80% reduction in Child Labour

• 50% reduction in Child Marriages

Emerging Lessons

• Integrated Social Development Plans-Need of the Hour for Million + Cities

• Equity and Social Inclusion for Urban Children through Governance for On the Move Communities

• Planning for Migrants – Critical Way to Reach Urban Poor

• Capacitating Labour department – Enforcement to Social Development

• Reforming Social Protection to Reach Migrants and Children

• Resource Raising and Resource Pooling for Urban poor and children

• Children Interventions at Source Area are Cost Effective

Asian Cities – What Kind of GDP ?

• GDP – Gross Domestic Product

• GDP – Gross Domestic Poor

• GDP – Gross Decently employed People

Delivering Children Rights Crucial in this Journey towards Right GDP

Thank You