czar nicholas ii czar (ruler) of russia weak leader overthrown in 1917 … russian revolution
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Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II
Czar (ruler) of Russia
Weak leader
Overthrown in 1917 … Russian Revolution
The “Hessian Hussie”The “Hessian Hussie”
•Czarina Alexandra•Wife of Nicholas II•Rumored to have affair with Rasputin•Born in Germany
RASPUTINRASPUTIN
RevolutionRevolution
March 1917March 1917 Provisional government under Provisional government under
Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky ““Democratic”Democratic” Continued to prosecute the warContinued to prosecute the war Continuing the war doomed this Continuing the war doomed this
governmentgovernment
Road to Russian Road to Russian RevolutionRevolution
Causeway to CommunismCauseway to Communism
It all started when …It all started when … Autocratic rulers weakened RussiaAutocratic rulers weakened Russia
– Paul I (assassinated)Paul I (assassinated)– Alexander I (despot … death … Alexander I (despot … death …
Decembrist Revolt)Decembrist Revolt)– Nicholas I (dictator … Autocracy, Nicholas I (dictator … Autocracy,
Orthodoxy, etc.)Orthodoxy, etc.)
Alexander II (r. 1855 – 1881)Alexander II (r. 1855 – 1881)
Son of Nicholas ISon of Nicholas I Traveled as a youth visited 30 Traveled as a youth visited 30
regions of Russiaregions of Russia Had government experienceHad government experience Liked autocracy and bureaucracy of Liked autocracy and bureaucracy of
Nicholas INicholas I
Emancipation of Serfs Emancipation of Serfs (1861)(1861)
Two reasonsTwo reasons– Crimean War demonstrated lack of Crimean War demonstrated lack of
technology. Emancipation would result technology. Emancipation would result in industrial labor force and movement in industrial labor force and movement toward industry and tech.toward industry and tech.
– Fear of peasant revoltFear of peasant revolt
Czar Nichols II (r. 1894 – Czar Nichols II (r. 1894 – 1917)1917)
Last Czar of RussiaLast Czar of Russia
Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War
1904 … “a little victorious war to 1904 … “a little victorious war to stem the tide of revolution would be stem the tide of revolution would be most welcome”most welcome”
Japan struck first … destroyed Japan struck first … destroyed ENTIRE Russian fleetENTIRE Russian fleet
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Russian Navy
Revolution (1905)Revolution (1905) Bloody Sunday Bloody Sunday - January 22, 1905- January 22, 1905
– Workers, carrying petition to the czar, Workers, carrying petition to the czar, were shot by soldiers in St. Petersburgwere shot by soldiers in St. Petersburg
– Over 300 unarmed workers were killedOver 300 unarmed workers were killed– Strikes shutdown RRs, telegraph system, Strikes shutdown RRs, telegraph system,
government officesgovernment offices– Councils of workers called Councils of workers called SOVIETSSOVIETS
sprang up in cities to direct rebellionsprang up in cities to direct rebellion
Nicholas II relented and allowed Nicholas II relented and allowed reformreform
Constitution … Duma (legislative Constitution … Duma (legislative body)body)
Duma, little power … 1906, 1907, Duma, little power … 1906, 1907, they were dismissed by the czar they were dismissed by the czar when they asked for reform when they asked for reform measuresmeasures
Emblem of the
Russian Duma …
100th Anniversar
y
REAL Revolution, 1917REAL Revolution, 1917 The February Revolution (March 1917) was The February Revolution (March 1917) was
a spontaneous popular revolution focused a spontaneous popular revolution focused around St Petersburg. around St Petersburg.
In the chaos, members of the Duma In the chaos, members of the Duma assumed control of the country, forming assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. the Russian Provisional Government.
The army leadership felt they did not have The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution and the means to suppress the revolution and Czar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Czar of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, the last Czar of Russia, abdicated, effectively leaving the Russia, abdicated, effectively leaving the Provisional Government in powerProvisional Government in power
Provisional government … Alexander Provisional government … Alexander KerenskyKerensky– Representative government with Representative government with
Legislature and executive branchLegislature and executive branch– Continued the war … bad moveContinued the war … bad move
During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies and many strikes. The Provisional Government chose to remain in the war, whereas the policy of the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions was to abandon the war effort.
Peace, Land, Peace, Land, Bread!!!Bread!!!
Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks
November 1917November 1917– Government war policy VERY unpopularGovernment war policy VERY unpopular– Peasants starvingPeasants starving– Demand for landDemand for land
Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and Moscow Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and Moscow soviets were controlled by Bolshevikssoviets were controlled by Bolsheviks
Red Guard … workers’ militia … Red Guard … workers’ militia … eventually became the Red Armyeventually became the Red Army
Lenin and the BolsheviksLenin and the Bolsheviks
BolsheviksBolsheviks – Russian Communists – Russian Communists Nikoli Vladamir Nikoli Vladamir LeninLenin (LENIN) was (LENIN) was
leader of the Bolsheviksleader of the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks took over after Russian Bolsheviks took over after Russian
Revolution Oct (1917)Revolution Oct (1917)
Bolsheviks took government Bolsheviks took government buildings by forcebuildings by force
All ministers were arrested (Kerensky All ministers were arrested (Kerensky escaped)escaped)
Communist dictatorship under LeninCommunist dictatorship under Lenin
Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk
Beginning of 1918 Russia dropped Beginning of 1918 Russia dropped out of the warout of the war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave Germany Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave Germany huge area of Russian territoryhuge area of Russian territory
Result of the Russian Revolution was Result of the Russian Revolution was that Russia quit and now Germany that Russia quit and now Germany could fully mobilize against the Alliescould fully mobilize against the Allies
Four-year civil war within Russia to Four-year civil war within Russia to consolidate power and murder all consolidate power and murder all oppositionopposition
1922 … USSR – Union of Soviet 1922 … USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSocialist Republics
Battle of BELLEAU WOOD
• One of the first major battles USA (AEF) participated in…June 1918
• Brigade of U.S. Marine Corps, part of AEF under General Pershing
• Defeated Germans after battling on rocky ground in heavy brush
•Great victory for USA / allies
•French were very impressed
•Renamed area “Wood of the Marine Brigade”
Argonne Forest
• Sept – Nov 1918• Largest battle for USA• 1.2 million men (American)
mobilized for the fight• It was the final battle of the war• AEF led by General Pershing fought
brilliantly
Sgt. Alvin York
• Greatest war hero for USA• Single-handedly captured 130
Germans during Argonne campaign
Armistice
• Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting
• Armistice ending WW I was signed on November 11, 1918• 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month• 11 … 11 … 11, 1918• Railroad car in Compiegne, France