1

Cyclone Sagar Impact and Needs Assessment Report

Save the Children International, Food Security Cluster Hargeisa

And

Somaliland National Disaster Preparedness and Food Reserve

Authority (NADFOR)

June-July 2018

i

Animals killed in one of the villages in Lughaya district. Sheep and goats are the most affected animals. Picture 2: A valley left

after the floodwater has eroded soil. The Cyclone has destroyed approximately 60% of the vegetation.

Cyclone Sagar Impact and Needs Summary of figures

376, 425 The number of domesticated animals (goats, sheep,

camel, cattle and donkeys) killed by the Cyclone

367,365 The number of goats and sheep the cyclone has killed. Goats

and sheep are most affected livestock

6,860 The number of camels reportedly killed by the Cyclone

500 The number of cattle the Cyclone has killed.

1, 700 The number of transport animal (Donkeys) killed

by the Cyclone

600

The number of framers shallow wells in one way or another

rendered inaccessible (filled with soil and need to be renovated)

3,000 The number of houses destroyed by the Cyclone, the

assessment team captured

9,000 The number of small and medium-sized farm tools lost to

floods or buried deep under the sand hips and are

inaccessible

5, 100 The number of farmers affected by the Cyclone and need

immediate assistance of seeds, fertilizers, insecticides,

farm tools an equipment and cash

1,720 The number of water pumps that are out of services and

5,160 liner meters of water-pipes destroyed

400 The number of irrigation canals floodwater has

destroyed

11,000

The number of fishing nets partially destroyed or have been

swept deep sea by the Cyclone

70

The number of cold chains that need to renovated or

replaced

300 USD The average food debt of the affected households. 30% of the

households have food debt of less than or equal to 100 USD.

6 The average number of persons per household in the

affected areas. Three of these are adults.

168,000 The number of persons in need of urgent food, shelter

(blankets, clothes and mosquito nets) assistance.

1,013 Total number of shops, canteens, fast food hotels,

groceries and petrol stations destroyed by the cyclone

10 Sri-lank fishing boats destroyed

Acknowledgment

This impact and needs assessment was conducted with the pro-active support of the members of Food

Security Cluster in Somaliland led by World International, Somaliland National Disaster Preparedness and

Food Reserve Authority (NADFOR) and UNOCHA Hargeysa Office. Save the Children International led

the assessment with Food Security Cluster and World Vision International co-leading.

To start with, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to NADFOR team lead by Faisal Sheikh for

their active role in the formulation meetings and support during the fieldwork.

Secondly, I would like to thank Mustafa Ahmed from UNOCHA and Thomas Lay from Save the Children

International for their helpful presence during the call and formulation discussions of the assessment .In

addition to that I would like to thanks Food Security Cluster partners who have participated this

assessment including SCI ,WVI ,NRC,IFRC,DRC, Islamic Relief ,Action Aid , Care International and

PENHA ,

Lastly, my expression of gratitude to Mr. Mohamed Nagueyeh Amin from World Vision International and

also who is Food Security Cluster V. Coordinator for his technical and coordination support.

Thank you all.

Executive Summary

The current emergency situation of the people in the Northwest of Somaliland is an end product of a

sequence of events ending with the Cyclone that was preceded by a series of droughts and ban on livestock

export from Somalia by the government of Saudi Arabia. The uncertainty surrounding how the Karan and

Deyr rains in September and October repectively will perform hit the nail on the head that we have to

act now!

We may not be able to do much later.

In the past four years, Somaliland has faced severe droughts, most of the times accompanied by strong

and dry winds, that has hardened the earth and deepened the water levels. That phenomena reduced

vegetation leading to nearly empty rangeland thus affecting livestock keeping and farming across the

country.

Losing an average of 75%1 of their animals in every drought season and insufficent access to water and

food in the rural areas have been pushing pastoralist to adopt semi-nomadic or permanent residence in

rural outskirts of urban areas. The ablest2 (which is also the smallest proportion of the population)

households adopted an agro-pastoral lifestyle living near rural and semi-urban towns keeping mainly goats

and sheep and growing cereals and vegatables in small-scale farms still relying on unreliable rainfall. The

majority have been moving to settle in less populated rural settlements widely separated by rough roads

and terrains with limited access to basic services such as food, safe drinking water, health care services,

and education for their children.

Across the assessment areas, community elders have commonly mentioned that the trend is active.

Before the Gu season, a few were still in rural areas keeping small herds of goats and camel or goats and

sheep in far apart pastoral areas roaming around in search of scarce pasture and water under the scorching

sun and strong dry winds. They survived on hope of making to the next raining season that mostly turns

out grossly disappointing.

In most of the times, restocking has dominated among the livelihood regeneration activities by

humanitarian organizations and wellwishers to support drought-affected families.

As per the community leaders, the lower cost of res-stocking compared to camel and cattle, their calving

pattern (twice a year) and availability of pasture and water that favor goats and sheep has led to more

goats and sheep than camel and cattle restocked at any time.

1 Based on the observation of the local community as well as triangulation of the impact on livestock of the most recent

droughts. 2 Based on the observation of trends by the community leaders

Desperation and disappointment followed a rainy season that was to bring back hope, ease recovery from

the impact of prolonged drought and competition over scarce water and pasture among pastoralists and

farmers in Somaliland when an unprecedented tropical cyclone (Sagar) hit the Northwestern region of

Somaliland causing severe destruction, death and displacement. The cyclone with a wind speed of up to

102kms per hour, according to the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System, formed in the Gulf of

Aden between Yemen and Somalia leaving behind and entire years’ worth of rain of between 150 to 200

mm (FAO-Somalia Water and Land Information Management-SWALIM).

Floodwater moving downstream towards the sea and the strong wind swept clean approximately 85% of

plantations, uprooted and carried away 65% of the vegetation including remnants of drought-tolerant trees

(locally known as Qurac- Acacia-tortilas and Kulan- Balanitis orbicularis) that browsers rely on, eroded tones

of topsoil forming valleys and trenches in their positions.

The strong wind unroofed buildings, grounded semi-permanent shelter structures and destroyed roads

linking urban and rural areas sabotaging delivery of humanitarian aid.

According to National Disaster Preparedness and Food Reserve Authority (NADFOR), the cyclone has

killed 53 persons. From the food security and shelter impact and needs assessment that was conducted

in June, the cyclone killed 376,425 animals majority of them being goats and sheep, affected over 6,150

(combination of irrigated and rain-fed) farms of plantations and displaced at least 1,500 households. In

addition to that, the cyclone has in one way or another rendered useless 500 farmers’ shallow wells

(e.g. filled with eroded sand), rendering 1,720 water pumps out of operation, destroying 5,160 liner-meter

of water pipes and 11,000 fishing nets. Tone of cyclone-eroded topsoil moved to the sea and potentially

pushed fish population deep sea thus reducing harvest for fishermen that are heavily incapacitated by

insufficient access to efficient conventional fishing tools.

“I have never seen such a disaster. The cyclone has killed our livelihood sources, our farmers have to start

from scratch and invest a lot. Most of our livestock keepers will now move to rural towns with their five

or six weak goats and sheep that survived. Now we are more of an IDP contrary to our expectation of

making good out of the Gu season”, said Omar Bille from Arawayn.

Impact assessments discussion participants across the assessed areas projected worst living conditions the

rest of the year.

Fatuma Ahmed Jama, a mother of 5 children from Abdulqadir delivered her baby boy 24 hours before the

cyclone hit her village. Her house collapsed to the ground but her children survived

There was hardly any disaster preparedness and mitigation process in place beside the alert. In addition

to that, there was a short period left after the alert causing panic among the residents.

Twenty eight thousand households (approximately 168, 000 persons) only in the areas covered by the

assessment with 46% of them headed by women have been affected and are in urgent need of food, shelter

and non-food items. Triangulation of household food security indicators (Household Dietary Diversity

score of 2, Coping Strategy Score of 29 and Household Hunger Score of 2.2) accompanied by huge

household food debt of about 300 USD illustrates moderate but worsening hunger with households having

the least diversified meals of cereals (rice and maize flour) and some oil.

More households are relying on

credit and humanitarian assistance

than cash. An on-and-off casual

labor, selling of firewood and

monthly remittances are the main

sources of household cash.

Support in access to basic needs

(food and shelter) followed by

start-up capital and restocking

form the three main support

needs of the affected community.

Farmers, pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and entrepreneurs have unanimously stated that they need four years

of good raining seasons for their livelihood sources to acquire pre-cyclone status.

Major Observations

1. Beside the recent Cyclone that has killed thousands of animals, environmental factors by persistent

drought and human encroachment on rangelands have been negatively affecting the livestock

population.

2. Rainfed agriculture is the widely practiced form of farming where farmers grow nearly same crops in

small-scale plantations. Farmers grow cereals: maize and sorghum, and cash-crops, such as

Watermelon, Cow Pea, Tomatoes, Onion, Papaya Lemon and Mango (the latter two and not much),

3. Men dominate medium and large-scale entrepreneurship while more women than men are in fast

food hotels and “Qat” (Miraa) businesses which form a small proportion of the market economy,

4. Rural settlements are far from urban areas and connectivity is very poor leading to reduced access

to health, education, and water services that are better in major towns such as Borama and Gebilay.

The population of the rural settlements is increasing.

5. A small proportion of the coastal community (approximately 10%) does fishing, a relatively reliable

sources of income if properly invested in. Access to fish meat and products can contribute to reduced

malnutrition rates in the rural areas as animal productivity diminishes during drought.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Cash Community

Help

Credit Humanitarian

Aid

Own

Production

Comparison of Current to Previous

Methods of Access to Food

Before Now

6. Small-scale salt miners in Barislee and Toqoshe have reported low demand for their product as

imported salt dominates the market. Supporting the growth of such entrepreneurship by regulating

salt importation to improve market access for local producers can be a major breakthrough to

reducing household poverty and improving access to food as more jobs can created for the youths

and eventually contributing to economic growth.

7. Charcoal burning is a growing alternative source of income to many households that have lost animals,

farms and shops. This can worsen the already degraded environment leading to the loss of more

trees.

8. Access to food through credit purchase and seeking of humanitarian assistance have stood out as the

two main methods of accessing food in all the assessed areas. Un-secured credit purchase has the

potential of killing the already ailing business activities in the rural areas. Pastoralist or agro-pastoral

household used animals and farm produce to guarantee their credits. The fact that the cyclone has

killed 80% of both animals and farms means reduced creditworthiness among creditors.

9. Harvesting of rainwater has not been given due consideration. Construction of dams within the

environment of the numerous valleys can provide a magnificent contribution to access of water during

the dry seasons.

10. The assistance provided so far is not sufficient and there is more to do. One round of food (Sugar,

sorghum and some vegetable oil) and non-food items assistance has so far been provided by the

humanitarian organizations cooperate bodies and governments such as Djibouti and UAE. Eighty five

percent (85%) of the households have received such assistance between one and two times.

Recommendations

Short-term interventions

1. Humanitarian agencies and other well-wishers to continue provision of food and shelter assistance or

improving access to food through cash transfer to take the community through the lean period until

when body condition and productivity of livestock improves, crops mature and household access to

cash improves. Provision of unconditional cash transfer within the lean period can support both

households and small-scale enterprises as more households will have access to food and stock turnover

can increase. Currently, reduced household purchasing power is forcing more households to move to

un-secured credit purchase. Support in access to food should cover farmers, casual laborers, semi-

nomad pastoralist and fishing communities. No community is stronger or weaker than the other is.

However, close working relationship with the local leaders can help identify the neediest members of

the communities.

2. Financial support to reconstruct the destroyed small-scale enterprise (canteens, grocery shops and fast

food hotels or teashops) and providing start-up capital to more potential entrepreneurs to venture into

new lines of lines of business to create diversified and self-sustaining markets is of utmost importance.

3. Construction of permanent or semi-permanent shelter to be provided to the displaced persons. Some

of the displaced households live in Fardho Lagu Xidh, Geerisa, Sheed Dheer, Xog Faras, Cadaada, Daray

Casho, Duray Qurusan, Xeego, Batalaale, Biyolay, El Gerdi, Xedho, Abdi Gedi, Arawayn, Ali Haydh,

Hayayaabo and Abdi Qadir.

4. Re-construction or replacement of destroyed fishing equipment (fishing nets, cold chains, boats), salt

mining “boreholes” and agricultural tools and equipment, irrigation canals and shallow wells in the

affected areas is to be implemented. Most of the farmers have expressed strong willing to start from

scratch but they have no access to quality seeds, farm tools and equipment, fertilizers and insecticides.

More so, they need leveling, terracing and puddling drainage systems and irrigation support. Along with

the coastal areas, reports have emerged that more households have turned to fishing as a source of

livelihood.

5. Rehabilitate blocked and destroyed roads to provide access and delivery of humanitarian assistance and

market accessibility.

6. Restocking of animals is crucial to pastoralists. Following the big loss the local economy has experienced;

animals should be bought from within Somaliland.

7. There is a public health concern posed by the carcasses. Thousands of animal carcasses that have not

been properly disposed of is posing a serious environmental hazard of air pollution and contamination

of water in affected areas. The spread of diarrheal infection is high possible through contamination of

public water and food. Some communities have reported overwhelmed by the number of carcasses. If

left uncollected, a huge number of wild animals can be attracted to the dead bodies and can attack the

community killing children and aged persons. It is recommended that we integrate it into the Hygiene

and Sanitation efforts.

Long-term interventions

1. Current markets heavily rely on livestock productivity and rainfed agriculture. Diversification of business

lines, investment in irrigation farming, fishing and creating cottage industries have to take shape in the

future to enable the market be better resistant to drought impact of reduced cash flow. Hypothetically

and as per the community elders, the population of the pastoralist is on a decreasing trend leading to a

population growth mostly in rural villages, where access to services is severely scarce. With no durable

livelihood sources, such households keep on seeking humanitarian assistance, support from relatives,

thus becoming less and less resilient. Investment in irrigation farming, establishing and supporting the

growth of cottage industries (skills-based), salt mining and fishing are some of the more reliable and

better drought resistant livelihood sources that need urgent attention if we are to reduce household

poverty through durable solutions.

2. In collaboration with the Somaliland government, harvesting rainwater by constructing dams

downstream within valleys can promote both conserving the environment by reducing soil erosion and

reserving water for use during the dry season.

3. Reforestation in rural settlements and areas needs action if possible, by replanting deep-rooted plants

such as Acacia and Kulan can help reducing soil erosion by providing soil stability. In some affected areas,

such as Casho Cado community members have complained about wind erosion with a huge impact. The

area around the settlement and its environment has no vegetation and Hagaa winds create sand dunes

that sabotage access, cause destruction and death of animals.

4. Both the humanitarian and cooperate organizations are encouraged to work with the government of

Somaliland and capacitate NADFOR to be able to properly manage national disasters such as drought,

deforestation, soil erosion and floods. NADFOR and the ministry of agriculture should be linked directly

to international weather forecast organizations and entities for capacity building and inter-organizational

relationship that can help a lot in the transfer of knowledge and skills related to disasters. It has become

clear there are other annual disasters that cause severe damage such as the Sand Dunes menace in

coastal areas and communal land policy restricting pastoralist movement. Such disasters need to be

closely monitored and mitigated to reduce their impact.

Background information

On 16 May, UK Meteorology department issued warning of a severe weather developing in the Gulf of

Aden headed to the Gulf of Aden Coastal areas due to Cyclone Sagar. The advisory warned of likely

impact on coastal areas in Somaliland and Puntland.

The UK Government through its meteorology department forecasted the tropical Cyclone to develop at

the Eastern end of the Gulf of Aden in the following 24 hours. Three days later as was predicted, the

Cyclone made landfall in North-Western Somaliland, parts of Djibouti, Ethiopia and Puntland. In

Somaliland’s Awdal region, the cyclone caused severe damage leading to the death of about 53 individuals,

killing a large number of animals and destroyed a vast area of vegetation and plantations.

Following the disaster, Food Security Cluster partners under the coordination of World Vision (cluster

lead), UNOCHA and NADFOR conducted a rapid assessment to inform a lifesaving immediate response

in the affected areas. A crucial finding of the assessment was that Sagar cyclone with heavy rainfall, flash

floods hit in coastal districts particularly Lughaya, Baki, Zeila, Berbera, Borama, and North of Gabiley

worsening the conditions of communities that were already in IPC4.

In addition to that, the assessment report stated that the cyclone resulted destruction of shelter and

displacement, destruction of community assets and public infrastructure. Furthermore, the impact of heavy

rains and flood flash blocked accessibility to affected areas, particularly Lughaya, thus limiting delivery

assistance.

Amid the ongoing humanitarian and cooperate response, humanitarian organizations in Hargeysa together

with NADFOR and the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) agreed to

conduct an in-depth post-disaster impact and needs assessment. This assessment was to document the

depth of the impact of the cyclone, mainly, on the food security and livelihoods and shelter of the affected

community thus strategically inform recovery and reconstruction efforts by the various stakeholders.

Methodology and Design

The assessment utilized mixed methods of data collection in three dependent levels of data gathering,

household food and shelter access survey, focus group discussion concentrating on the impact on

livelihood sources and shelter and field observation.

Using post-disaster secondary data gathered from NADFOR, local agencies that visited the affected and

for impact assessment purpose, assessment team categorized affected areas into most, moderately and

least hit areas. Consequently, using purposive sampling was used to select 106 representative areas from

Lughaya, Baki, Borama, Zeila, Berbera, Lasqorey and North of Gabiley. Access and assessment time bound

were the two main considered during the selection of the communities covered.

Within the sample communities, field assessors employed systematic sampling to select ten (10)

households and interviewed an adult. In addition to that, the assessment team visited some of the damaged

assets and infrastructure to get an understanding of the extent of damage.

To support the capturing of area-specific damage to the livelihood sources impact assessors conducted a

focus group discussion (FGD) of approximately 10 adults per community (totaling to 491). Sixty-two

percent of the FGD participants were men.

For the household survey, data from 784 respondents with an average age of 44 years has been received

with 54% of them been male has been received.

Sectoral Analysis

Pastoralism and Agro-pastoralism

Households keeping small herds of goats and sheep dominate the remnants of once popular pastoral

lifestyle. With poor body condition of 75% of their herds plunging market value of animals and most of

the lactating animals killed in the cyclone, the pastoral and agro-pastoralist families are facing a worsening

insufficient access to food following their reduced purchasing power. For instance, in Qulunjeed area,

there are about 1 to 2 goats supplied in a market that used to be full of 20-30 goats in a day. On average

between 2 and 10 animals are currently supplied. Animal productivity has also tremendously reduced.

With the few available informal animal health facilities destroyed by the cyclone, animal diseases can

skyrocket if no immediate action such as establishing animal treatment centers in semi-urban areas and

improving access to animal treatment through mobile teams. Pastoralists have mentioned running nose,

diarrhea, and partial blindness, “dropping” neck and shivering as some of the signs they have observed with

their animals. During the field assessment, some field enumerators came across an animal health mobile

team World Vision.

Farming and Fishing

The cyclone caused an average of 85% damaged of plantations and farmers are recollecting again for

another plantation period counting on the Karan and Deyr rains. Across the agricultural areas, farmers

have complained of lack of access to seeds, fertilizers, plowing cost, tools, and equipment. They cannot

afford on their own following the huge losses they have encountered. Capacity building on disaster

management, food and cash assistance to take them through the lean period are also on the list of needs

farmers have insisted.

Destruction of farmlands has been reported in many areas where hectares of plantations have been turned

into valleys. In Hayadaabo, community respondents have stated about 240 hectares of farmland has been

turned into a valley. Mr. Rashid a farmer from Daray Macaane has five of his fifty orange trees remaining.

In Arawareen, 1000 meters of farm pipes have been destroyed. Similarly, in Celi about 200 meters of farm

pipes and 100 in Arawayn have also been uprooted.

In addition to that, farmers have reported some foreign pests, which have affected the crops. However,

there was no mention of a specific pest or characteristics of observed crop attacks.

Fishing is practiced in small-scale level in the affected areas and it’s practiced by the coastal community.

Some fishing activities have been reported in Seylac, Batalaale, Lawya’ado, Elgerdi and Bulahaar.

In total, 250 small boats, 70 cold chains, 11000 fishing nets and kits and 180 fishing gears have been

destroyed or swept deep sea.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is one of the least invested areas among the rural and semi-urban communities. Across

the assessed areas, approximately 10% of the community are in entrepreneurship such as small canteens

and shops selling fast moving foods such as sugar, flour, rice and clothes which are overcrowded and

should be diversified.

In assessed areas, in total 1013 small-scale business units have been reported to have been destroyed by

the cyclone. Of these 413 are canteens and shops, 500 teashops and fast food hotels and 100 groceries

and petrol stations.

Supply of milk and animal meat has gone down tremendously while the prices of the little that is supplied

have been reported to have increased. According to the local communities, the supply of animals (mainly

goats and sheep) in the local market has reduced by approximately 90%. Locals have projected animal

export to reduce by 80% and they expect the majority of the businesspersons to move to other areas to

buy animals, which will lead to a 70% reduction in local income.

Essential food commodities such as sugar, flour, rice have been observed to be re-introduced especially

in areas around the border towns with Ethiopia and Djibouti. Astonishingly the supply of Qad has been

shown to stand out of all the commodities throughout the disaster period. Double the number of men

entrepreneurs are women entrepreneurs.

Shelter and None-food Items

The cyclone worsened the shelter access condition of a condition that has been struggling with insufficient

access to shelter limited and non-food items. According to the household respondents, the cyclone has

damaged 74% of the available forms of shelter.

Eighty-four percent (84%) of the assessed households live in Somali hut (buul) followed by 6% living in

corrugated iron sheets. 10% of the assessed population living in an emergency shelter such as old tents or

in the open are in need of immediate shelter assistance. Majority of these are people displaced by the

cyclone. In addition to that, 85% of the floors of the common shelters are earthen, and wood forms the

primary structure of 93% of the common shelters. More so, 62% of the common shelter have no internal

separation.

Household poverty is limiting access to adequate servicing equipment, washing and bathing soap as 74%

of the households have no sufficient serving equipment while 78% of the households have no access to a

250gm of bathing soap per member and more than half (57%) have no access to washing soap. Similarly,

inadequate access to safe water storage containers (Jerri cans 10 to 20 liters) has been reported by 84%

of the households covered by the assessment.

Access to essential items in good condition such as cooking pots, knives, washing basins and Jerri cans has

also been observed to be limited. Cooking pots and knives are the only items where more than half of the

households (58% and 53% respectively) have in good condition while about 60% of the households have

no access to Jerri cans in good condition. Other items such as washing basin (32%) mat (41%), blanket

(41%) and Jerri cans (48%) are scarcely available in good condition.

ommunity Sample Size

Impact Assessment Pannel

Notes

Abdiadir 10 Submitted

Abdigeedi 10 Submitted

Agabar 10 Submitted

Alixaydh 10 Submitted

Asho Cado 9 Submitted

Baki Town 10

Balay 10 Submitted

Bariisle 10 Submitted

Batalaale 10 Submitted

Beeyokulul 10 Submitted

Beyeyo Cadaadeed 10

Biyo Gguure 10 Submitted

Boocda 10 Submitted

Boonn 6 Submitted

Bulahar 10 Submitted

Buqdhada 10

Bus 9 Submitted

Caada 10 Submitted

Cadaad 11 Submitted

Carawareen 10 Submitted

Carawayne 10 Submitted

Ceelahely 11 Submitted

Ceelgerdi 10 Submitted

Ceelsheesh 10 Submitted

Celi 10 Submitted

Celigaro 10

Damasha 10 Submitted

Daray Quruxsan 10 Submitted

Daray Caaso 10 Submitted

Daremacaane 9 Submitted

Dhabicad 11

Elegaal 10 Submitted

Fadhixun 10 Submitted

Farda Laguxidh 10 Submitted

Fuguxo 10 Submitted

Garaaca 10 Submitted

Garbodadar 10

Gargaara 11 Submitted

Gargorey 10 Submitted

Geb 10 Submitted

Habas 10 Submitted

Geersi 9 Submitted

Hadhlay 9

Hadhwanaag 10 Submitted

Hamarta Durdurcad 12

Hamarta Hogeed 10 Submitted

Hangari 10 Submitted

Hayaaabo 11 Submitted

Holka 10

Ilinta 10

Jidhi 10 Submitted

Jirjr 9 Submitted

Karuure 10 Submitted

Kulabaydh 9 Submitted

Lawyacado 10 Submitted

Libaxley 10 Submitted

Mada Dadley 10 Submitted

Oldbaki 10

Osoli 10 Submitted

Other 60

Qabuurata 10

Sardhile 10

Sabawaanaag 10

Saylac 10

Sheeddheer 10 Submitted

Simoodi 10

Teeb 10 Submitted

Tukhoshi 11 Submitted

Tuurka 8

Waraabe Dareere 10

Waraqa Dhigta 10

Xeego 9 Submitted

Xoogfaras 10 Submitted

Xoorey 10

Not Submitted Lughaya

Idacadays

Xalimalay

Kallowle

Qulujeed

Total 784 Household Observations

58 Panel

Notes