cycles of chemical substances in the atmosphere, the sea and the sea-floor
TRANSCRIPT
Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan Vol. 40, pp. 314 to 322, 1984
Cycles of Chemical Substances in the Atmosphere, the Sea and the Sea-Floor*
- -Lecture by the Member Awarded the Oceanographical Society of Japan Prize for 1984--
Shizuo Tsunogai]"
Abstract: Since 1960 when I was a senior student, I have studied natural phenomena observ- ed in the hydrosphere and atmosphere by means of chemical elements. Each of the phenom- ena is, in general, very complicated and so I have attempted to depict the whole picture of material circulation in the marine environment by studying its various aspects at the same time. My chief strategy has been to use natural radio-nuclides as clocks of various phenom- ena, and to use sediment traps for the determination of vertical fluxes in the ocean. The many results I have obtained can be summarized as follows.
1. I have found that several sporadic events control the material exchange through the atmosphere. These include the strong winter monsoon and typhoons that transport sea-salt particles to the Japanese Islands, the Kosa episodes that transport soil dust to the ocean, and storms that result in exchange of sparingly soluble gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide at the air-sea interface. I have also proved quantitatively that the source of aluminosiIicate material in pelagic sediments is air-borne dust.
2. I have proposed a model, Settling model, for the removal of chemical substances from the ocean and found various lines of evidence supporting the model. This model pre- dicts the reversibility in the existing state of insoluble chemical elements in seawater among large settling particles, small suspended particIes and colloidal particles that pass through a membrane filter and explains well their behavior in the ocean. I have first precisely measur- ed calcium and iodine in the ocean and have explained their distributions on the basis of the solution and redox equilibria.
3. Using chemical tracers, I have estimated the vertical eddy diffusion coefficients to be 1.2 cm-~sec -l for the Pacific deep water, 0.5 cm'-' see -~ for the deep Bering Sea water and 3-80 cm "~sec -~ for the Pacific surface water, and have studied the structure of water masses in the western North Pacific and the Sea of Japan. I have also invented and applied a method for the calculation of the age of deep waters using radiocarbon.
4. I have calculated the rates of decomposition of organic matter and the regeneration rates of chemical components in the deep and bottom waters as well as coastal waters by modelling water circuIation and mixing. Particulate fluxes and regeneration rates are larger in the deep waters beneath the more biologically productive surface waters. I have stressed the role of silicate in the marine ecosystem, especially in the succession of phytoplankton species.
5. I have quantitatively studied the migration of chemical elements during the early
* 1984~4fiJ 7 El, E l ~ ' ~ - ~ ~ (~.~ ~.:~k.~5~:-~) ~ . ~ - ~ , t ~ L ~ : k ~ - T K ~ ~041 N ~ $ ~ 3 - 1 - 1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041, Japan.
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diagenesis of bottom sediments especially manganese using chemical and radiochemical tech- niques. Manganese is being activety recycled not only in coastal seas but also in pelagic sediments except in the highly oligotrophic subtropical ocean. This recycling can explain the formation of manganese nodules and enables us to balance the manganese budget in the ocean,
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Fukuda, K. and S. Tsunogai (1975): Pb-210 in precipitation in Japan and its implication for the transport of continental aerosols across the ocean. Tellus, 27, 514-521.
Minagawa, M. and S. Tsunogai (1980): Removal o{ Th-234 from coastal sea, Funka Bay, Japan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 47, 51-64.
Miyake, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1963): Evaporation of iodine from the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 68, 3989-3993.
Miyake, Y. and S. Tsunogai (i965): Chemical composition of oceanic rain. Proc. Intern. Conf. Cloud Phys. Tokyo and Sapporo 1965, 73-78 & Supplement 26.
~ J ~ " N'~ig-~ (1966): ~ 7 ~ 0 3 ~ 9~ : .=o t . , --C. 9 & (EIIA~I~}$$~) , 4, 65-77.
~ ] 0 " 5 (1980): 5-7 ~ :/[~[~#~-~?-i~l~ TM
7J<N~]~gl, 31, 354-361. Nozaki, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1973a) : A simultaneous
determination o{ lead-210 and polonium-210 in sea water. Anal. Chem. Acta, 64, 209-216.
Nozaki, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1973b): Lead-210 in the North Pacific and transport of terrestrial materials through the atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 20, 88-92.
Nozaki, Y., S. Tsunogai and M. Nishimura (1973c): Lead-210 in the Japan Sea. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 29, 251-256.
Nozaki, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1976): Ra-226, Pb-210 and Po-2t0 disequilibria in the western North Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 32, 313-321.
Tanaka, N. and S. Tsunogai (1983a): Behavior o{
~ ' ~ ' ~ b ~ ~ ~ 321
Be-7 in Funka Bay, Japan, with reference to those of insoluble nuclides, Th-234, Po-210 and Pb-210. Geochem. J., 17, 9-17.
Tanaka, N., Y. Takeda and S. Tsunogai (1983b): Biological effect on removal of Th-234, Po-210 and Pb-210 from surface water studied in Funka Bay, Japan. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1783-1790.
Tsunogai, S. (1966): Chemical study of precipita- tion: Concentrations, fall rates and sources of chemical constituents in precipitation and air- borne dust. Thesis for the degree of doctor of science submitted to Tokyo Kyoiku University, pp. 226.
Tsunogai, S. and K. Ikeuchi (1968a): Ammonia in the atmosphere. Geochem. J., 2, 157-166.
Tsunogai, S., M. Nishimura and S. Nakaya (1968b) : Complexometric titration of calcium in the pre- sence of larger amounts of magnesium. Talanta, 15, 385-390.
Tsunogai, S., M. Nishimura and S. Nakaya (1968c): Calcium and magnesium in sea water and the ratio of calcium to chlorinity as a tracer of water-masses. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 24, 153- 159.
Tsunogai, S. and T. Sase (1969): Formation of iodide-iodine in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 489-496.
Tsunogai, S. (1971a): Determination of iodine in sea water by an improved Sugawara's method. Anal. Chim. Acta, 55, 444-447.
Tsunogai, S. (1971b): Iodine in the deep water of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 913-919.
Tsunogai, S. (1971c): Ammonia in the oceanic atmosphere and the cycle of nitrogen compounds through the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Geochem. J., 5, 57-67.
Tsunogai, S. (1971d): Oxidation rate of sulfite in water and its bearings on origin of sulfate in meteoric precipitation. Geochem. J., 5, 175-185.
Tsunogai, S. and T. Henmi (1971e): Iodine in the surface water of the ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc, Japan, 27, 67-72.
Tsunogai, S. and Y. Nozaki (1971f): Lead-210 and polonium-210 in the surface water of the Pacific. Geoehem. J., 5, 165-173.
Tsunogai, S., T. Yamazaki and M. Nishimura (1971g) : Calcium in the Antarctic Ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 27, 191-196.
~ J (1972a): ~ y . k . 0 3 ~ i ~ { ~ { ~ 0 3 . ~ i ~ 0, [~2g~k~-~$$, 28, 145-152.
Tsunogai, S. (1972b): An estimate of the rate of decomposition of organic matter in the deep water of the Pacific. In: Biological Oceano- graphy of the Northern North Pacific Ocean;
dedicated to Dr. S. Motoda, A. Y. Takenouti (chief ed.), Idemitsu Shoten (Tokyo). pp. 517- 533.
Tsunogai, S., O. Saito, K. Yamada and S. Nakaya (1972c): Chemical composition of oceanic aero- sol. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5283-5292.
Tsunogai, S., E. Matsumoto, K. Kido, Y. Nozaki and A. Hattori (1973a): Two discontinuities in the deep water of the western North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 20, 527-536.
Tsunogai, S., H. Yamahata, S. Kudo and O. Saito (1973b): Calcium in the Pacific Ocean. Deep- Sea Res., 20, 717-726.
Tsunogai, S. and K. Fukuda (1974a): Pb-210, Bi-210 and Po-210 in meteoric precipitation and the residence time of tropospheric aerosol. Geochem. J., 8, 141-152.
Tsunogai, S., Y. Nozaki, M. Minagawa and S. Yama- moto (1974b): Behavior of particulate material in the ocean studied by inorganic and radioactive tracers. In: Oceanography of the Bering Sea, ed. by D.W. Hood and E.J. Kelly, Mar. Sci. Occas. Publ., No. 2, Univ. Alaska, pp. 175-189.
Tsunogai, S., Y. Nozaki and M. Minagawa (1974c): Behavior of heavy metals and particulate matters in seawater expected from that of radioactive nuclides. J. Oeeanogr. Soc. Japan, 30, 251-259.
Tsunogai, S. (1975a) : Sea salt particles transported to the land. Tellus, 27, 51-58.
Tsunogai, S., K. Fukuda and S. Nakaya (1975b); A chemical study of snow formation in the winter- monsoon season: The contribution of aerosols and water vapor from the continent. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 53, 203-213.
N ~ (1977a): N ~ - ~ ~ N t t : ~ 9 0 N ~
: ~ ] - I - , No. 4. 22-35. ~ : ~ • ~Jll$~:~ (1977b): # S e e : , : ~ - - : ] I:- ~:-~
- c ~ ; h . z ~ , f L ~ - . ~ , I~ ,~ , 11, i-8.
q@-~ (~ke;~[~ ~ ) , 169-190. Tsunogai, S. (1978b): Application of settling model
to the vertical transport of soluble elements in the ocean. Geochem. J., 12, 81-88.
Tsunogai, S. and M. Minagawa (1978c): Settling model for the removal of insoluble chemical ele- ments in seawater. Geochem. J., 21, 47-56.
Tsunogai, S. and M. Uematsu (1978d): Particulate manganese, iron and aluminum in coastal water, Funka Bay, Japan. Geochem. J., 12, 39-46.
~ - ~ • ~ . ~ , f l • 7b-JIl~ (1978e): ~:~,~ :~ J::
: ] 0 3 ~ _ ~ . f l t X T J ~ g ~ , 29, 182-187. Tsunogai, S. (1979a): Pb-210 and atmospheric res-
322 ~ -~ ~
idence times. In: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 177th National Meeting. Honolulu, Apr. 1979, Div. Environ. Chem., American Chemical Society, 19, No. 1, 389-392.
314-322. Tsunogai, S. and M. Yamada (1979c): Ra-226 in
Bering Sea sediment and its application as a geochronometer. Geochem. J. 13, 231-238.
Tsunogai, S., M. Kusakabe, H. Iizumi, I. Koike and A. Hattori (1979d): Hydrographic features of the deep water of the Bering S e a - - ' T h e Sea of Silica'. Deep-Sea Res., 26, 641-659.
Tsunogai, S., I. Yonemaru and M. Kusakabe (1979e): Post depositional migration of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb and Ba in deep sea sediments. Geochem. J., 13. 239-252.
ft~-~. ~ ( H ~ Z , ~ - : ~ , ) , 18, 217-226. Tsunogai, S. and K. Harada (1980b): Ra-226 and
Pb-210 in the western North Pacific. In: Isotope Marine Chemistry (Miyake Volume), ed. by E. D. Goldberg, Y. Horibe and K. Saruhashi, Uchida Rokakuho (Tokyo), pp. 183-209.
Tsunogai, S. and N. Tanaka (1980c): Flux of ox- ygen across the air-sea interface as determined by the analysis of dissolved components in sea water. Geochem. J., 14, 227-234.
Tsunogai, S. and M. Yamada (1980d): A radioche- mically studied sediment core from the Philip- pine Sea basin indicating no accumulation during the past few hundred thousand years. Geochem. J., 14, 19-26.
Tsunogai, S., M. Uematsu, N. Tanaka, K. Harada E. Tanoue and N. Handa (1980e): A sediment trap experiment in Funka Bay, Japan: "Upward flux" of particulate matter in seawater. Mar. Chem., 9, 321-334.
~ N @ N (1981a): : ; ~ s t z i ~ d Jc iNi~NN~£~ ~g~r ~ ; ~ & % © ~ N . i ~ N f g ~ , 15, 70-76.
Tsunogai, S. and Y. Watanahe (1981h): Ca in the North Pacific water and the effect of organic matter on the Ca-alkalinity relation. Geochem. J., 15, 95-107.
Tsunogai, S. and T. Kondo (1982a): Sporadic trans-
port and deposition of continental aerosols to the Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8870-8874.
Tsunogai, S. and M. Kusakabe (1982b): Migration of manganese [in the deep sea sediment. In: The Dynamic Environment of the Ocean Floor,, ed. by K. A, Fanning and F. T. Manheim, D. C. Heath (Lexington), pp. 257-273.
Tsunogai, S., K. Nakanishi and M. Yamada (1982c): Effect of diagenetically remohilized metals or, the regional difference in manganese nodules. Geochem. J., 16, 199-212.
Tsunogai, S., M. Uematsu, S. Noriki, N. Tanaka and M. Yamada (1982d): Sediment trap experi- ment in the northern North Pacific: Undulation of settling particles. Geochem. J., 16, 129-147.
~ <. ~ [ ~ ] ~ , :~ 286 ~ - - ~ . Tsunogai, S. and Y. \Vatanabe (1983b): Role of
dissolved silicate in the occurrence of phytoplank- ton bloom. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 39, 231- 239.
~ © ~ / 1 ~ , = = - - x t / # - - , No. 16, 3-8,
i ~ k ~ i ~ © ~ _ ~ ( ~ i ~ , ] 1 ~ ) , 1-6. ~ . ~ , 3 ~ : - NJ)II~:TJ • ;~EI~,:Y_ • ~'~~g~:.g~ (1978): }~
164-172. Uematsu, M. and S. Tsunogai (1983): Recycling of
manganese in the coastal sea, Funka Bay, Japan. Mar. Chem., 13, 1-14.
Watanabe, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1984): Adsorption- desorption control of phosphate in anoxic sedi- ment of coastal sea, Funka Bay, Japan. Mar. Chem., 15, in press.
ilim~-~" ~ (1981): i ~ i ~ i ~ ' - [ ~ 9 ~ 9 ~ o3~.~. ~t,i,(b.,~, 15, 53-59.
Yamada, Y., H, I<itaoka and S. Tsunogai (1983): Radiochemical study of sedimentation onto the Japan trench floor. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 1147- 1156.
Yamada, Y. and S. Tsunogai (1984): Post deposi- tional enrichment of uranium in sediment from the Bering Sea. Mar. Geol., 54, 263-276.