cvsu hs 1 final manuscript

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PRODUCTION OF GLUE STICKS FROMUSED PLASTIC MATERIALS

A Research submitted to the faculty of Science High School

Cavite State University Indang, Cavite

In partial Fulfillment on the Requirements for graduation

PATRICIA S. CREENCIAKYSCES CAMILLE B. BAUTISTA

March 2010

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PRODUCTION OF GLUE STICKS FROMUSED PLASTIC MATERIALS

Creencia, Patricia S.Bautista, Kysces Camille B.

A research submitted to the faculty of Science High School, College of Education, Cavite State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for graduation, under the supervision of Mrs Dulce Ramos.

INTRODUCTION

Plastics are indispensable to modern way of life. So it is produced in a very huge

amount and its convenience is undeniable. The considerable growth in plastic use is due

to the beneficial properties of plastics. These include: extreme versatility and ability to be

tailored to meet very specific technical needs; lighter weight than competing materials,

reducing fuel consumption during transportation; extreme durability; resistance to

chemicals, water and impact; good safety and hygiene properties for food packaging;

excellent thermal and electrical insulation properties; and relatively inexpensive to

produce (West, 2001).

Because of the advantages that plastic products offer, its use has increased plastic

waste. Plastic has the property of not decomposing for a long time. This means that if

thrown in landfills it will take thousands of years to decay. The manufacturing of plastic

also consumes water and releases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contributing to

global warming. Plastic being light weight can be transported to long distance easily by

water or air. It is also responsible for the deaths of many animals, fishes and birds. Thus,

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there is a need that plastic products must be recycled and must not end in landfills (Black

Dog Publishing, 2006).

Recycling is the process of turning one products useful part into a new product.

Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the

waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,

reduce energy usage, reduce air (from incineration) and water (from land filling)

pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse

gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern

waste management and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle"

waste hierarchy (Ackerman, 1997).

Plastic recycling saves energy. When new products are manufactured from the

raw material obtained from recycled products, it saves a lot of energy which is consumed

for the production. Recycling plastics helps in preventing global climate change to a great

extent. By minimizing the energy spent on industrial production, recycling also helps in

reducing greenhouse gas emission. Since recycling involves the processing and usage of

the core elements of an old product for the production of new products. Plastic recycling

helps in saving natural resources to a great extent (Ghosh, 2008).

There is a wide range of products made from recycled plastic. This includes

polyethylene bin liners and carrier bags; PVC sewer pipes, flooring and window frames;

building insulation board; video and compact disc cassette cases; fencing and garden

furniture; water butts, garden sheds and composters; seed trays; anoraks and fleeces; fiber

filling for sleeping bags and duvets; and a variety of office accessories

(www.recycledproducts.org.uk).

http://www.recycledproducts.org.uk/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfilling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

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Glue stick is one of the products that could be created by recycling plastic

materials. Glue stick has become popular for many crafts and household repairs. Glue

stick has found its way into hundreds of new and innovative uses around the home, shop

and in industry. It is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly supplied in solid

cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue gun.

The gun uses a continuous-duty heating element to melt the plastic glue, which may be

pushed through the gun by a trigger mechanism, or directly by the user. The glue

squeezed out of the heated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and blister skin. The glue

is tacky when hot, but hardens and stops being sticky in a few seconds—a minute at most

(Keenan, 2000).

This experimental study aimed to recycle plastic materials by transforming them

into glue sticks thereby providing a viable solution to the actual costs paid by our

environmental and by our society for the fleeting convenience of unlimited free, single

use plastic materials.

Statement of the Problem

This study generally aimed to produce glue sticks from used plastic materials.

Specifically, this research answered the following questions:

1. What are the physical/sensory properties of glue sticks from used plastic

materials?

2. What is the percentage yield of glue sticks produced from used plastic

materials?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic

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3. Which among the produced glue sticks will be the most acceptable to

consumers in terms of physical or sensory properties?

4. What is the acceptability of the produced glue sticks from used plastic

materials when compared to the commercial glue sticks?

Objectives of the Study

Generally, the purpose of this study was to produce glue sticks from used plastic

materials.

Specifically, this aimed to:

1. determine the physical/sensory properties of glue sticks from used plastic

materials;

2. determine the percentage yield of glue sticks produced from used plastic

materials;

3. determine the most acceptable to consumers in terms of physical or sensory

properties among the produced glue sticks; and

4. determine the acceptability of the produced glue sticks from used plastic

materials when compared to commercial glue sticks.

Importance of the Study

Several notable benefits would be generated as a result of this study. This study

could help minimize plastic garbage in the community. This study will demonstrate a

successful way to strengthen the capacity to recycle plastic wastes in the community, and

to reduce environmental impacts associated with pollution from new plastics production

and incineration of plastic waste and pressure on limited landfill space. This study could

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also open new employment opportunities for people interested in this line of business by

using the tools, techniques and information that will be obtained in this study. The

entrepreneurs who profit from making crafts may be able to use the produced glue stick

as an alternative to commercial glue sticks. Finally, the results of this study may serve as

reference material to students conducting related studies.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study was limited to the production of glue sticks from used plastic materials

such as plastic cups and plastic bags. Kerosene was used for melting plastic materials.

The study involved six treatments; each replicated three times. The production

process was done in three trials. The most acceptable glue stick was compared to the

commercial glue stick.

The produced glue sticks by treatment were evaluated by thirty (30) selected

craftsmen from the locality of Indang, Cavite who are using glue sticks in their business.

Purposive sampling was employed in selecting the respondents. The respondents were

asked to use the products and answer the prepared score sheet according to their sensory

or physical properties.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted at 134 J. Dimabiling St. Indang, Cavite from October to

November 2009.

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Definition of Terms

General Acceptability refers to the degree of preference for the appearance and

satisfactoriness of glue stick as an adhesive material. General acceptability will be rated

using a four-point rating scale ranging from 4=Highly Acceptable, 3=Acceptable,

2=Slightly acceptable and 1=Not Unacceptable.

Glue stick refers to a short, thin, colorless adhesive stick that is either placed

inside an electronic gun or be heated in a candle to attach objects such as wood, rubber,

metal, paper, ceramics and glass. It is the product made of used plastic materials.

Kerosene is colorless flammable oil distilled from petroleum that will be used to

recycle plastics cups and bags to produce glue sticks.

Odor refers to the scent of the produced glue sticks which will be rated by

panelists using a four-point rating scale ranging from 4= Very Pleasant, 3=Pleasant

2=Slightly Pleasant, and 1=Not Pleasant.

Plastic refers to plastic cups and bags which will be recycled with the aid of

kerosene to produce glue sticks.

Sensory evaluation is a procedure in which panelists evaluate the samples and

decides on the attributes of the product based on the use of senses such as odor, texture,

transparency and stickiness.

Stickiness refers to the adhesiveness of the produced glue sticks which will be

rated by panelists using a four-point rating scale ranging from 4=Very Sticky, 3=Sticky

2=Slightly Sticky, and 1= Not Sticky. The stickiness of the produced glue sticks will be

tested on wood, rubber, metal, paper, ceramics and glass.

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Texture refers to the consistency of surface of the produced glue sticks which

will be rated by panelists using a four-point rating scale ranging from 4=Very Smooth,

3= Smooth, 2=Rough, and 1=Very Rough.

Transparency refers to the lucidity of the produced glue sticks which will be

rated by panelists using a four-point rating scale ranging from 4= Very Transparent,

3=Transparent, 2= Slightly Transparent and 1= Not Transparent.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

General Properties of Plastic

Plastic is the general term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic

polymerization products. They are composed of organic condensation or addition

polymers and may contain other substances to improve performance or reduce costs.

There are many natural polymers generally considered to be "plastics". Plastics can be

formed into many different types of objects, or films, or fibers. Their name is derived

from the malleability, or plasticity, of many of them. The "s" in "plastics" is there to

distinguish between the polymer and the way a material deforms. For example, aluminum

is a ductile material and can undergo "plastic" deformation when the material undergoes

stress from a force and results in a strain of which it will not return. "Plastics" refers to

the polymer material. The word derives from the Greek plastikos, "fit for molding", and

from plastos "molded" (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2001).

Plastics pose a wide variety of useful properties and are relatively inexpensive to

produce. They are lighter than any materials of comparable strength, and unlike metals

and wood, plastics do not rust or rot. Most plastics can be produced in any color. They

can also be manufactured as clear glass, translucent or opaque (Encarta Encyclopedia,

2001).

Plastics have a lower density than that of metals, so plastics are lighter, most

plastics vary in density from 0.9 to 2.2 g/cm3 (0.45 to 1.5 oz/cu.in.) compared to steels

density of 7.85 g/cm3 (5.29 oz/cu.in.). Plastic can also be reinforced with glass and other

fibers to form incredibly strong materials for example, nylon reinforced with glass can

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membrane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_reaction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization

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have tensile strength (resistance of material to being elongated or pulled apart) of op to

165 mega Pascal (24, 000psi).

Plastic have some disadvantages. When burned, some plastics produce poisonous

gas. Although certain plastics are specially designed to withstand temperatures as high as

288 ْ C (550 ْ F), in general, plastic are not used whan high heat resistance is needed.

Because of their molecular stability, plastics do not easily break down simpler

components. As a result, disposal of plastic creates a solid waste problem (Ackerman,

1997).

Uses of Plastic

Whether you are aware of it or not, plastics play an important part in your life.

Plastics' versatility allows it to be used in everything from car parts to doll parts, from

soft drink bottles to the refrigerators they are stored in. From the car you drive to work in

to the television you watch when you get home, plastics help make your life easier and

better. So how is it that plastic has become so widely used? How did plastics become the

material of choice for so many varied applications? The simple answer is that plastics are

the material that can provide the things consumers want and need. Plastics have the

unique capability to be manufactured to meet very specific functional needs for

consumers. So maybe there's another question that's relevant: What do I want?

Regardless of how you answer this question, plastics can probably satisfy your needs. If a

product is made of plastic, there's a reason. And chances are the reason has everything to

do with helping you, the consumer, get what you want. Plastics help make these things

possible. Plastics have the unique capability to be manufactured to meet very specific

functional needs. Plastics help make these things possible (Ackerman, 1997).

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Plastic Recycling

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and

reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different from their

original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles then casting

them as plastic chairs and tables. Before recycling, plastics are sorted according to their

resin identification code. PET, for instance, has a resin code of 1 (West, 2001).

When compared to other materials like glass and metal materials, plastic polymers

require greater processing to be recycled. Plastics have low entropy of mixing, which is

due to the high molecular weight of their large polymer chains. A macromolecule

interacts with its environment along its entire length, so its enthalpy of mixing is large

compared to that of an organic molecule with a similar structure. Heating alone is not

enough to dissolve such a large molecule; because of this, plastics must often be of nearly

identical composition in order to mix efficiently (West, 2001).

When different types of plastics are melted together they tend to phase-separate,

like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural

weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are only useful in

limited applications (West, 2001).

Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other

additives in plastics. The polymer is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers,

and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added

dyes. Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags, allowing

them to be recycled more frequently (West, 2001).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_blend

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_boundaries&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_separation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_weight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_tere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin_identification_code

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recover

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Uses of Glue Sticks

Glue sticks are only designed to glue paper, card and felt together, as glue sticks

are not as strong as some liquid based variants. They can be used for craft and design,

office use and at school. There are now permanent, washable, acid-free, non-toxic,

solvent free, and dyed (e.g. to see where the glue is being applied easier) varieties - glue

sticks can have one or more of these features incorporated into them (Keenan, 2000).

The manufacturers recommend replacing the cap after use, and advise that, due to

small parts (the cap), children under the age of three should not use it, though the glue is

non-toxic so use with children over three is safe (Keenan, 2000).

Related Studies

A study conducted by Mendoza and Papa (2002) tested the use of plastic cups in

the production of adhesive sticks. The treatments were: a control (commercial adhesive

stick and four solutions containing 100 g cut plastic cups and a liter of kerosene (T 1), 125

g cut plastic cups and a liter of kerosene (T2), 150 g cut plastic cups and a liter of

kerosene (T3), and 200 g cut plastic cups and a liter of kerosene (T4). There were

significant differences in the transparency, odor, and texture of adhesive sticks among

treatments. The amount of plastic cups used affected the visibility of adhesive sticks. It

was found out that T1 and T2 can be substituted to commercial adhesive stick in terms of

transparency while T1, T2 and T4 had similar texture with the control. The kerosene added

to the solutions affected the odor of the adhesive sticks. Commercial adhesive stick was

found to be the most pleasant in terms of odor. Overall, the study showed that adhesive

stick produced in T2 can be a good substitute for commercial adhesive stick.

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METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the materials and equipment that were, the methods of

producing glue sticks, gathering of data and statistical analyses.

I. Materials and Equipment

Materials

Used plastic materials (such as Plastic cups and plastic bags)

54 liters of kerosene

Spring balance

Evaluation sheet

Equipment

Molder Double boiler

Charcoal stove Beaker

Kettle Pair of scissors

II. Methods

Collection and Preparation of Materials

A. Collection of Materials

The used plastic materials were collected from different households in Indang

town proper and Carasuchi, Indang, Cavite. Kerosene was bought in a gasoline station in

Indang, Cavite. Beaker and spring balance were borrowed from the CvSU-SHS

laboratory room.

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B. Preparation of materials

The plastics collected were cleaned with water (H2O) then sun-dried. The dried

plastic cups were wiped with a clean piece of cloth and cut into small pieces with the use

of scissors. Thereafter, the cut plastics were weighed in the amount specified in the

experimental treatments and were placed in separate containers.

Production of Glue Sticks

A. Preparation of sample

The production process involved six treatments with each treatment replicated

three times.

The treatments were as follows:

Control treatment (T0) = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick)

Treatment 1 (T1) = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene



Treatment 4 (T4) = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene

Treatment 5 (T5) = 125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene

Treatment6 (T6) = 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene

B. Preparation of glue sticks

Prior to the production of glue sticks, the labeled containers of cut plastic

materials, kerosene and equipment such as double boiler, charcoal stove and molder were

prepared.

A liter of kerosene were combined with cut plastic materials according to the

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specified treatment and melted using a double boiler. The mixture was placed in medium

heat until it totally melts.

Once melted, the liquefied mixture was transferred in a kettle so that it would be

easier to place it in a ¼ in x 5 in molder. Then, the mixture was cooled down overnight

until it sets in completely and takes the shape of the molder. Once cooled, it was removed

from the molder and placed in separate containers for evaluation.

The same procedure was employed for all treatments.

Gathering of Data

1. Yield refers to the percent yield of the glue sticks produced from each

treatment after three production trials. The formula for yield is:

Percent Yield=Total Weight of Glue Sticks produced by TreatmentTotal Volume of Solution by Treatment

x 100

2. Sensory evaluation

Thirty panelists composed of craftsmen evaluated the glue sticks by treatment

with the use of the prepared score sheet (Appendix A) in terms of transparency, odor,

texture, stickiness and general acceptability.

Statistical Analyses

The data collected were analyzed using one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).

Significant results were further subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for mean

comparison.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section discusses the physical/sensory properties of glue sticks from used

plastic materials, the percentage yield of glue sticks produced from used plastic materials,

the most acceptable glue sticks to consumers in terms of physical or sensory properties by

treatment, and the acceptability of the produced glue sticks from used plastic materials

when compared to the commercial glue sticks.

Physical/Sensory Properties of Produced Glue Sticks from Used Plastic Materials by Treatment

Transparency. Highly significant difference existed in the transparency of

produced glue sticks among treatments (Appendix Table 1). The computed F-value of

85.27 was significant at 1% level. Data on Table 1 shows the commercial glue stick was

better than the produced glue sticks in terms of transparency. All of the produced glue

sticks were rated “not transparent” by the evaluators while the control was rated as

“slightly transparent”.

Odor. Highly significant difference was found in the odor of produced glue sticks

among treatments (Appendix Table 2). The computed F-value of 22.16 was significant at

1% level. Data indicated that the produced glue sticks were rated as “unpleasant” by the

evaluators. This was due to the stingy smell of the kerosene used in producing glue

sticks. On the other hand, commercial glue stick was rated with “pleasant” odor by the

evaluators. Hence, data suggest the commercial glue stick was better than the produced

glue sticks in terms of odor.

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Table 1. Transparency of the produced glue sticks by treatment

TREATMENT MEAN SCORE*

INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 2.07a Slightly Transparent T1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.03b Not TransparentT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.02b Not TransparentT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.07b Not TransparentT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene 1.01b Not Transparent

T5 = 125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene

1.02b Not Transparent


1.03b Not Transparent

*Means in the same column containing superscripts with similar alphabet do not differ significantly (P > 0.05)

Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING

1.00 – 1.74 Not Transparent1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Transparent2.50 – 3.24 Transparent3.25 – 4.00 Very Transparent

Table 2. Odor of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 2.68a Pleasant

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T1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.24b UnpleasantT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.16b UnpleasantT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.14b UnpleasantT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene 1.09b Unpleasant


1.14b Unpleasant


1.12b Unpleasant


Scale:

MEAN SCORE ADJECTIVAL RATING

1.00 – 1.74 Unpleasant 1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Pleasant 2.50 – 3.24 Pleasant 3.25 – 4.00 Very Pleasant

Texture. No significant difference existed in terms of texture of produced glue

sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 0.56 was less than the critical value of

2.85 at five percent level (Appendix Table 3). This pointed to the existence of similar

textures among treatments. Table 3 shows that all of the produced glue sticks including

the control were rated by the evaluators as “very smooth”. This suggests that the

produced glue sticks were comparable to commercial glue stick in terms of texture.

Table 3. Texture of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.91a Very SmoothT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 3.37a Very SmoothT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 3.34a Very SmoothT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 3.36a Very SmoothT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene 3.32a Very Smooth


3.31a Very Smooth


3.36a Very Smooth

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Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING

1.00 – 1.74 Not Smooth1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Smooth2.50 – 3.24 Smooth3.25 – 4.00 Very Smooth

Stickiness on wood. Highly significant difference existed in terms stickiness on

wood of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 21.71 was

significant at 1% level. This pointed to the existence of notable difference among

treatments when evaluators tested the stickiness of produced glue sticks on wood. Table 4

shows that commercial glue stick was “very sticky” on wood while produced glue sticks

made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6 ) was rated

“sticky” on wood. Two treatments, T2 (125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene) and T5 (125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene) were rated by

the evaluators as “slightly sticky”. The remaining glue sticks produced from 100 grams of

cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1) and 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1

liter of kerosene (T4) were found “not sticky” on wood by the evaluators. Except for

commercial glue stick (T0), glue sticks made from T6 was the best to use to glue wooden

materials.

Table 4. Stickiness on wood of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.91a Very StickyT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.39c Not Sticky

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T2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.99c Slightly StickyT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 2.91b StickyT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene 1.52c Not Sticky


2.13c Slightly Sticky


3.18c Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING

1.00 – 1.74 Not Sticky 1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Sticky 2.50 – 3.24 Sticky 3.25 – 4.00 Very Sticky

Stickiness on rubber. Highly significant difference was found in terms stickiness

on rubber of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 19.67 was

significant at 1% level (Appendix Table 5). This suggests that there was a considerable

difference in the stickiness of produced glue sticks on rubber when used by evaluators.

Table 5 shows that commercial glue stick was “very sticky” on rubber. Ranked second in

terms of stickiness on rubber were produced glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut

plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6 ) which was rated “sticky” by the evaluators.

Two treatments, glue sticks made from 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene (T2) and glue sticks produced from 125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter

of kerosene (T5) were rated by the evaluators as “slightly sticky”. The remaining glue

sticks produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1) and 100

grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T4) were rated “not sticky” on rubber

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by the evaluators. Apart from commercial glue stick (T0), glue sticks made from T6 was

the best to use to stick rubber materials.

Stickiness on metal. Highly significant difference existed in terms stickiness on

metal of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 57.92 was

significant at 1% level (Appendix Table 6). This implies that there was a striking

difference among treatments when evaluators tested the produced glue sticks on metal

objects. Data on Table 6 shows that commercial glue stick was “very sticky” on metal.

Ranked second were glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene (T6) and glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene (T3) which were rated by the evaluators as “sticky” on metal objects. Glue

sticks produced from 125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T5) were

rated by the evaluators as “slightly sticky”. The remaining glue sticks produced from 100

grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1); 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1

liter of kerosene (T2); and 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T4)

were found “not sticky” on metal by the evaluators. Excluding commercial glue stick

(T0), glue sticks made from T3 and T6 were the most suitable to stick metal objects.

Table 5. Stickiness on rubber of the produced glue sticks by treatment

TREATMENT MEAN SCORE

INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.93a Very StickyT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.20c Not StickyT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.84c Slightly StickyT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 2.81b StickyT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of




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3.04b Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING


Table 6. Stickiness on metal of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.89a Very StickyT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.27c Not StickyT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.52c Not StickyT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 2.88b StickyT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of





2.88b Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING


Stickiness on paper. Appendix Table 7 revealed a high significant difference in

the stickiness on paper of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value

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of 38.86 was significant at 1% level. This shows that there was a remarkable difference

among treatments when evaluators tested the stickiness of produced glue sticks on paper.

As shown in Table 7, commercial glue stick was found “very sticky” on paper while glue

sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6 ) and glue

sticks produced from 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T3) were

rated “sticky” on paper by the evaluators. One treatment, T5 (glue sticks made from 125

grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene) was rated as “slightly sticky” by the

evaluators. The remaining glue sticks produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1

liter of kerosene (T1); 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T2); and 100

grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T4) were found “not sticky” on paper

by the evaluators. Except for commercial glue stick (T0), glue sticks produced from T6

and T3 was the best to use to fasten paper materials.

Table 7. Stickiness on paper of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION






3.01b Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING

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Stickiness on ceramics. Highly significant difference existed in terms stickiness

on ceramics of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 19.14

was significant at 1% level (Appendix Table 8). This implies that there was notable

difference when evaluators tested the produced glue sticks on ceramic materials. Data on

Table 8 shows that commercial glue stick was “very sticky” on ceramic materials.

Ranked second were glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene (T6) and glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene (T3) which were rated by the evaluators as “sticky” on ceramic materials. Glue

sticks produced from 125 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T5) were

rated by the evaluators as “slightly sticky” on ceramic materials. The remaining glue

sticks produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1); 125

grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T2); and 100 grams of cut plastic bottles

and 1 liter of kerosene (T4) were rated by the evaluators as “not sticky” on ceramic

material. Excluding commercial glue stick (T0), glue sticks made from T3 and T6 were

the most suitable to stick ceramic materials.

Stickiness on glass. Highly significant difference was found in terms stickiness

on glass of produced glue sticks among treatments. The computed F-value of 41.09 was

significant at 1% level (Appendix Table 9). This pointed to the existence of marked

difference in the stickiness of produced glue sticks on glass when tested by evaluators.

Table 9 shows that commercial glue stick was “very sticky” on glass. On the other hand,

glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6 ) and

glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T3) were

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rated as “slightly sticky” by the evaluators. The remaining treatments, glue sticks

produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1); glue sticks

made from 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T2); glue sticks 100

grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T4); and glue sticks made from 125

grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T5) were rated by the evaluators as

“not sticky” on glass. Data suggest that only commercial glue stick (T0) was appropriate

to use to stick glass and glass materials.

Table 8. Stickiness on ceramics of the produced glue sticks by treatment


INTERPRETATION






3.22b Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING


Table 9. Stickiness on glass of the produced glue sticks by treatment

TREATMENT MEAN INTERPRETATION

25

SCORE

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.62a Very StickyT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.17c Not StickyT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.48c Not StickyT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.96c Slightly StickyT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of



1.49c Not Sticky


2.29b Slightly Sticky


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING


Percentage Yield of Glue Sticks Produced from Used Plastic Materials

Table 10 shows that except for glue sticks made from 125 grams of cut plastic

cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T2) the percentage yield of all remaining five treatments

were more than 100 percent. Highest yield of 100.42 % was recorded on T1 or glue sticks

produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene followed by 100.23%

yield accounted on glue sticks produced from 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter

of kerosene (T4). The lowest yield among treatments of 99.98% was noted in T2 or glue

sticks produced from 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene.

Table 10. Percentage yield of glue sticks produced from used plastic materials

TREATMENT MEAN WEIGHT OF

MEAN WEIGHTOF PRODUCED

PERCENTAGEYIELD

26

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick)

109.10 109.33 100.21

T1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene

126.30 126.83 100.42


153.50 153.47 99.98


113.60 113.63 100.03


131.40 131.70 100.23


161.20 161.30 100.06


Acceptability of Produced Glue Sticks from Used Plastics Materials

In terms of acceptability of produced glue sticks by treatment, the highest rating

of 3.93 interpreted as “highly acceptable” was recorded on commercial glue sticks.

Ranked second were glue sticks produced from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1

liter of kerosene (T6) rated by the evaluators as “acceptable”. Ranked third in terms of

acceptability were glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene (T3). The lowest ratings in terms of acceptability were recorded on glue sticks

produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1) and glue sticks

made from 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene which were rated by

evaluators as “not acceptable”. Data revealed that except for commercial glue stick (T0),

the most acceptable glue sticks were those produced from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles

27

and 1 liter of kerosene (T3). Hence, glue sticks made from T3 could be substituted to

commercial glue sticks.

Table 11. General acceptability of glue sticks produced from used plastic materials


INTERPRETATION

T0 = Commercial glue stick (Best Buy glue stick) 3.93 Highly AcceptableT1 = 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.32 Not AcceptableT2 = 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 1.82 Slightly AcceptableT3 = 150 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene 2.78 AcceptableT4 = 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of

kerosene 1.53 Not Acceptable


2.06 Slightly Acceptable


3.03 Acceptable


Scale:

MEAN SCORE

ADJECTIVAL RATING

1.00 – 1.74 Not Acceptable 1.75 – 2.49 Slightly Acceptable 2.50 – 3.24 Acceptable 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Acceptable

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

An experimental study was conducted to produce glue sticks from used plastic

materials. Specifically, the study determined the physical/sensory properties of glue

sticks from used plastic materials; determined the percentage yield of glue sticks

produced from used plastic materials; determined the most acceptable to consumers in

terms of physical or sensory properties among the produced glue sticks; and determined

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the acceptability of the produced glue sticks from used plastic materials when compared

to commercial glue sticks.

The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design using six

treatments and control, each replicated three times. Analysis of variance was used to

compare the physical/sensory properties and acceptability of produced glue sticks.

DMRT was employed to compare significant results.

Results showed that commercial glue stick (T0) ranked first in all sensory and

physical properties as rated by the evaluators. In terms of odor and transparency, only the

commercial glue stick was found acceptable. All of the treatments were acceptable in

texture.

Excluding commercial glue stick, glue sticks produced from 150 grams of cut

plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6) ranked highest in terms of smoothness,

stickiness on wood, rubber, metal, paper, ceramics, and glass. The lowest rating in terms

of physical/sensory properties was recorded on glue sticks made from 100 grams of cut

plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1).

Except for glue sticks made from 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of

kerosene (T2) the percentage yield of all remaining five treatments were more than 100

percent. Highest yield of 100.42 % was recorded on T1 or glue sticks produced from 100

grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene while lowest yield of 99.98% was noted

in T2 or glue sticks produced from 125 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene.

In terms of acceptability, glue sticks made from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles

and 1 liter of kerosene (T6) and glue sticks produced from 150 grams of cut plastic cups

and 1 liter of kerosene (T3) were the most acceptable as rated by evaluators. In contrast,

29

glue sticks produced from 100 grams of cut plastic cups and 1 liter of kerosene (T1) and

glue sticks made from 100 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T4) were

“not acceptable”.

Conclusions

Based on the significant findings of the study, the following conclusions were

drawn:

1. Commercial glue stick ranked highest in sensory properties and acceptability.

2. Odor and transparency are the most critical sensory properties that should be

given consideration when producing glue sticks from plastic materials.

3. Glue sticks produced from 150 grams of cut plastic bottles and 1 liter of kerosene

(T6) can be substituted from commercial glue sticks since it passed on almost all

evaluations in terms of sensory characteristics and acceptability.

4. Overall, glue sticks from used plastic materials could be a viable alternative to

glue sticks available in the market.

Recommendations

The findings of the study revealed that the odor and transparency of produced

glue sticks did not pass on the standards of evaluators. Hence, it is recommended to find

ways in improving the smell and transparency of glue sticks. Individuals who wish to

engage in the production of glue sticks from used plastic materials should conduct

research to improve the quality of glue sticks.

Since it was found out that glue sticks produced from 150 grams of cut plastic

bottles and 1 liter of kerosene (T6) can be substituted from commercial glue sticks, it is

30

therefore suggested to interested entrepreneurs to explore the possibility of engaging in

the business of producing glue sticks utilizing the methods and materials used in T6 with

added improvements in odor and transparency. Since the materials are made primarily

from plastic garbage, this could be a good source of income for interested entrepreneurs.

Finally, future research should seek to explore other alternative and enhanced

method in the production of glue sticks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ackerman, F. (1997). Why do we recycle?: Markets, Values, and Public Policy. Island Press. ISBN 15596350245, 9781559635042.

Ghosh, P. (2008). Why is Recycling Important? Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why-is-recycling-important.html on September 2009.

Mendoza, T.J. and D.M. Papa. (2002). Utilization of Plastic Cups to Produce Adhesive Sticks. Research study, Laboratory School College of Education, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite.

Keenan, T. (2000). Hot melt glue product overview. Retrieved from http://www.glu-stix.com on July 2009.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why-is-recycling-important.html

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Black Dog Publishing. (2006). Recycle: a source book. London, UK: Black Dog Publishing. ISBN 1904772366.

West, Larry (2001). Recyclable Plastic: Why are so few food containers made of recyclable plastic? Retrieved from http://environment.about.com/od/reducing waste/a/corn_plastic.htm. on August 2009.

Encarta Encyclopedia. (2001).

www.recycledproducts.org.uk. The Recycled Products Guide (RPG).

Score Sheet

Name (optional): _________________________________ Age: ________Occupation: _____________________________________ Respondent No.: ________

Direction: Kindly evaluate the samples presented to you. Please examine the product’s qualities and put the number on the blank for each item in the table for your judgment.

T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Transparency

Odor

Texture

http://www.recycledproducts.org.uk/

32

Stickiness on Wood

Stickiness on Rubber

Stickiness on Metal

Stickiness on Paper

Stickiness on Ceramics

Stickiness on Glass

General Acceptability

Transparency Odor Texture

4- Very Transparent 4- Very Pleasant 4- Very Smooth3- Transparent 3- Pleasant 3- Smooth2- Slightly Transparent 2- Slightly Pleasant 2- Slightly Smooth1- Not Transparent 1- Unpleasant 1- Not Smooth

Stickiness General Acceptability

4- Very Sticky 4- Highly Acceptable3- Sticky 3- Acceptable2- Slightly Sticky 2- Slightly acceptable1- Not Sticky 1- Not Unacceptable

cvsu hs 1 final manuscript

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