cve202 lecture notes-1 introduction.pdf

Elementary Surveying, 11e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1/19

Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akıntuğ

Middle East Technical UniversityNorthern Cyprus Campus

CVE 202 SURVEYINGCVE 202 SURVEYING

Elementary Surveying, 11e © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.. 2/19

Text Book

Wolf, P. R. and C. D Ghilani, Elementary Surveying, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2008.

OR

Wolf, P. R. and C. D Ghilani, Elementary Surveying, 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2006.


Introduction

Definition of SurveyingTraditionally: Surveying (geomatics) has been defined as the science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the earth’s surface, or of establishing such points.

In more general sense: Surveying is a discipline which encompasses all methods for • measuring and collecting information about the physical earth and

our environment,• processing that information, and• disseminating a variety of resulting products to a wide range of

clients.


Introduction

GeomaticsSurveying ⇒ Geomatics

New term that is now commonly being applied to encompass the areas of practice formerly identified as surveying.

The principal reason cited for making the name change is that

The manner and the scope of practice in surveying have changed dramatically in recent years because of recent technological developments.


Introduction

GeomaticsHistorically surveyors made their measurement using ground-based methods and the transit and tape were their primary instruments.Computations, analyses, and the reports and maps they delivered to their clients were prepared (in hard copy form) through manual process.


Introduction

Table of Surveying, 1728.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopaedia


Introduction

An all-female surveying crew in Idaho, USA, 1918http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying


Introduction

GeomaticsToday, the modern surveyors use

Electronic instruments for automatically measuring distances and angels.

Total Station Laser Scanner


Introduction


Satellite surveying system for quickly obtaining precise positions of widely spaced points, and


Introduction


Modern aerial imaging and associated processing systems for quickly mapping and collecting other forms of data about the earth.


Introduction

GeomaticsIn addition, computer systems are available that can process the measured data and automatically produce maps and other products (in electronic formats) in a very short time.Concurrent with the development of these new data collection and processing technologies, geographic information systems (GISs) have emerged and matured. As a result of these new developments, many feels that the name surveying no longer adequately reflects the expanded and changing role of their profession.


Introduction

Geodetic and Plane SurveysTwo general classification of surveys are

Geodetic survey, and Plane survey.

In Geodetic Surveying, the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the computations on an ellipsoid (curved surface approximating the size and shape of the earth).In Plane Surveying, except for leveling, the reference based for filed work and computations is assumed to be a flat horizontal surface.

For areas of limited size, the vast ellipsoid is actually nearlyflat.


Introduction

Importance of SurveyingSurveying has become indispensable to our modern way of life.The results of today’s surveys are used to

Map the earth above and below sea level,Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land, and at sea,Establish property boundaries of private and public lands,Develop data banks of land-use and natural resources information which aid in managing our environment,Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity, and magnetic fields of the earth, andPrepare charts of our moon and planets.


Introduction

Importance of SurveyingSurveying continues to play an extremely important role in many branches of engineering.For example surveys are required to plan, construct, and maintain

Highways,Railroads,Buildings,Bridges,Dam,Water supply and sewage systems,Pipelines, etc.


Introduction

Surveying SafetySurveyors generally are involved in both field and office work.Sometimes the filed work must be performed in hostile (unfavorable) or dangerous environments, and thus it is very important to be aware of the need to practice safety precautions.Job sides that are either on or near highways.

Wear safety vests (fluorescent orange color),Place signs in advance at the work areas to worn drivers,Assign flaggers to worn drivers.


Introduction

Surveying SafetyProblems related to weather such as:

Overexposure to sun’s rays which can cause:Skin cancer,Sunburns,Heat stroke, andFrostbite.

To help prevent these problemsPlenty of fluids should be drunk,Large-brimmed hats and sunscreen must be worn,On extremely hot days surveying

should commence at dawn, and terminate at midday or early afternoon (USA and Canada).should not be done between 11:00 – 15:00, if it is not necessary.


Introduction

Surveying SafetyProblems related to weather such as (con’t)

Outside work should not be done on extremely cold days, but if it is necessary

Warm clothing should be worn, and Skin areas should not be exposed.

Other hazards that can be encountered during filed survey:

Wild animals,Poisonous snakes,Bees,Spiders,Poison ivy, etc.


Introduction

Surveying SafetySurveyors should be knowledgeable about the type of hazards that can be expected in any local area.To help prevent injury from these sources, protective bootsand clothing should be worn and insect sprays can be used.


Introduction

Surveying SafetySurveyors should be knowledgeable about the type of hazards that can be expected in any local area.To help prevent injury from these sources, protective boots and clothing should be worn and insect sprays can be used.It is essential that surveyors always

exercise caution in their work,know and follow accepted safety standards,carry a first aid kit and cell phone with emergency phone numbers.

cve202 lecture notes-1 introduction.pdf

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