Customs Law

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Customs Lawsecond edition

Damon V. PikePresident, The Pike Law Firm, P.C.,

Adjunct Professor of Law,Emory University, Atlanta

Lawrence M. FriedmanPartner, Barnes, Richardson & Colburn,

Adjunct Professor of Law,Center for International Law,

John Marshall Law School, Chicago

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2017Carolina Academic Press, LLCAll Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-1-61163-726-7eISBN 978-1-5310-0826-0LCCN 2015955450

Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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Contents

List of Primary Cases xvAbout the Authors xixAcknowledgments xxi

Chapter 1 · The Evolution of Customs Law and Litigation 3Crowell v. M’Fadon, 12 U.S. 94 (1814) 3Elliot v. Startwout, 35 U.S. 137 (1836) 5Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 880 F.2d 401(Fed. Cir. 1989) 11Protecting Our Borders — This Is CBP 20

Chapter 2 · The Entry Process 25A. The Entry 25

United States v. Legg, 105 F. 930 (CCA 1901) 27B. The Parties 291. The Importer of Record 29

Top Form Brassiere Mfg. Co. v. United States, 342 F. Supp. 1167 (Cust. Ct. 1972) 29

2. Customs Brokers 33National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Ass’n of America v.

United States, 731 F. Supp. 1076 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990) 34§ 1641. Customs Brokers 37

3. Surety 41Sioux Honey Ass’n v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 672 F.3d 1041 (Fed. Cir. 2012) 41

C. Entry Documentation 471. Invoices 492. Surety Bonds 50

Hera Shipping, Inc. v. Carnes, 10 Ct. Int’l Trade 493 (1986) 52National Fisheries Institute, Inc. v. U.S. Bureau of Customs

and Border Protection, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1270 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2009) 55

United States, Plaintiff- Cross-Appellant v. American Home Assurance Company, Defendant- Appellant, 789 F.3d 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2015) 66

Chapter 3 · Tariff Classification Under the Harmonized System 79A. Generally 79B. The Harmonized System and U.S. Law 801. Generally 80

Cummins Inc. v. United States, 29 Ct. Int’l Trade 525 (2005) 80Cummins Inc. v. United States, 454 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2006) 83

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2. Explanatory Notes 84Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. United States, 561 F.3d 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2009) 84

C. The Classification of Imported Merchandise 861. General Rules of Interpretation 86General Rules of Interpretation, Harmonized Tariff Schedule 86Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation 88Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d 771 (Fed. Cir. 2010) 88

Telebrands Corporation v. United States, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1277 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2012) 92

2. Eo Nomine Classifications, Relative Specificity, Combinations and Retail Sets 98 Len- Ron Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. United States, 334 F.3d 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2003) 98

Bauer Nike Hockey USA, Inc. v. United States, 393 F.3d 1246 (Fed. Cir. 2004) 105

Riddell, Inc. v. United States, 754 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2014) 109The Pillsbury Co. v. United States, 431 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2005) 115Dell Products LP v. United States, 642 F.3d 1055 (Fed. Cir. 2011) 118

3. Classification by Use 122Automatic Plastic Molding, Inc. v. United States, 26 Ct. Int’l Trade 1201 (2002) 122

Aromont USA, Inc. v. United States, 671 F.3d 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2012) 129

Clarendon Marketing, Inc. v. United States, 144 F.3d 1464 (Fed. Cir. 1998) 134

4. Ejusdem Generis and Noscitur A Sociis 139Avenues in Leather, Inc. v. United States, 178 F.3d 1241 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 139

Jewelpak Corp. v. United States, 97 F. Supp. 2d 1192 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2000) 143

5. Common and Commercial Meaning 148Alexandria International, Inc. v. United States, 13 C.I.T. 689 (1989) 148

Timber Products, Co. v. United States, 515 F.3d 1213 (Fed. Cir. 2008) 154

Airflow Technology, Inc. v. United States, 524 F.3d 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2008) 161

6. The Classification of Parts 165United States v. Willoughby Camera Stores, Inc.,21 C.C.P.A. 322 (1933) 165

United States v. Pompeo, 43 C.C.P.A. 9 (1955) 170Bauerhin Technologies Limited Partnership v. United States, 110 F.3d 774 (Fed. Cir. 1997) 174

Chapter 4 · Customs Valuation 181A. WTO Valuation Code 1811. Transaction Value 1822. Circumstances of Sale 183

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B. Customs Valuation in the United States 1831. Transaction Value 184a. Bona Fide Sales for Export 184

Nissho Iwai American Corp. v. United States, 982 F.2d 505 (Fed. Cir. 1992) 188

General Notice (T.D. 96- 87), Determining Transaction Value in Multi- Tiered Transactions 194

b. Transaction Value For Related Parties 196HQ H029658, December 8, 2009 199HQ H186055, January 15, 2015 208HQ H125118, September 12, 2014 214

c. Total Payment 218Generra Sportswear Co. v. United States, 905 F.2d 377 (Fed. Cir. 1990) 218

d. Additions 222HQ 548257, March 19, 2003 223Monarch Luggage Co., Inc. v. United States, 13 Ct. Int’l Trade 523 (1989) 228

Texas Apparel Co. v. United States, 12 Ct. Int’l Trade 1002 (1988), aff ’d 883 F.2d 66 (Fed. Cir. 1989) 231

Calculating the Value of an Assist 236HQ H044163, January 13, 2009 237HQ H024566, October 15, 2008 241

e. Deductions 245HQ 547074, September 17, 1999 246

2. Transaction Value of Identical Merchandise 2503. Transaction Value of Similar Merchandise 2504. Deductive Value 2515. Computed Value 251HQ H242984, February 19, 2014 252

6. Fall- Back Method 255HQ H019710, December 18, 2009 255

7. Miscellaneous Valuation Issues 259a. Defective Merchandise 259

Saab Cars USA v. United States, 434 F.3d 1359 (2006) 259b. Exclusive Distribution Rights Fees 264HQ H242894, December 4, 2013 264

c. Foreign Inland Freight 272Appendix 275

Chapter 5 · Country of Origin and Marking 307A. History 307B. Rules of Origin 3081. Non- Preferential/Substantial Transformation 309

Texas Instruments v. United States, 69 C.C.P.A. 151 (1982) 309HQ H112725, October 6, 2010 316

2. NAFTA 320HQ H008509, August 2, 2007 321Bestfoods v. United States, 165 F.3d 1671 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 325

3. Textiles and Apparel 330

CONTENTS vii

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HQ 967172, July 13, 2004 3334. Government Procurement 335

Xerox Corporation, Plaintiff, v. United States, Defendant, 753 F. Supp. 2d 1355 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2011) 335

C. Marking Laws 345United States v. Friedlaender & Co. Inc., 27 C.C.P.A. 297 (1940) 346

D. Exceptions to Marking Laws 3531. Ultimate Purchaser 353

National Hand Tool Corp. v. United States, 16 Ct. Int’l Trade 308 (1992) 353

2. “J- List” 3573. Other Exceptions 357HQ H073916, November 4, 2009 358

E. Method and Manner of Marking 363HQ 563275, September 7, 2005 363

F. Marking of Containers 367HQ H190655, July 14, 2014 367

G. Enforcement of Marking Laws 3721. Redelivery 3722. Liquidated Damages 3733. Marking Duties 373

Pentax Corp. v. Robison, 125 F.3d 1457 (Fed. Cir. 1997) 373

Chapter 6 · Duty Reduction Opportunities 381A. Duty Drawback 3811. Unused Merchandise Drawback 381

718 Fifth Avenue Corp. v. United States, 14 Ct. Int’l Trade 403 (1990) 381

2. Substitution and Drawback 386International Light Metals v. United States, 194 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 386

Texport Oil Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1291 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 3963. NAFTA and Duty Drawback 402 DRA- 4-RR:CR:DR 229268 CK 402Merck & Co., Inc. v. United States, 499 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2007) 406Nufarm America’s, Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2008) 414

4. Drawback Claim Formalities 417Delphi Petroleum, Inc. v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 2d 1348 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2009) 417

B. U.S. Goods Returned after Assembly under HTSUS Heading 9802 423United States v. Haggar Apparel Co., 526 U.S. 380 (1999) 423DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 361 F.3d 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2004) 427

C. U.S. Goods Returned When Not Advanced in Value or Improved in Condition under HTSUS Heading 9801 433HQ 559496, December 1, 1995 433HQ 557771, May 26, 1994 434

D. Generalized System of Preferences 436 Dal- Tile Corp. v. United States, 28 Ct. Int’l Trade 358 (2004) 436

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E. Foreign Trade Zones 442Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 884 F.2d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1989) 442

Citgo Petroleum Corporation v. The United States Foreign- Trade Zones Board, 83 F.3d 397 (Fed. Cir. 1996) 445

HQ H017624, September 28, 2007 450

Chapter 7 · NAFTA and Preferential Duty Agreements 455A. Generally 455B. Constitutionality 456

Made in the USA Foundation v. United States, 242 F.3d 1300 (11th Cir. 2001) 456

C. Duty Reduction and Claim Formalities1 4681. Originating Goods 468a. Preference Criterion A: Wholly Obtained or Produced 469b. Preference Criterion B: Tariff Shift, Tariff Shift and RVC 470c. Preference Criterion C: Made Exclusively of Originating Material 471d. Preference Criterion D: No Tariff Shift Possible and Pass RVC 471e. Other Considerations 472

2. Claim Formalities 4733. Verification and Enforcement 4744. Conclusion 475

Corrpro Companies, Inc. v. United States, 433 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2006) 476

Ford Motor Company v. United States, 715 F.3d 906 (Fed. Cir. 2013) 480

D. Verification and Recordkeeping 492United States v. Ford Motor Company, 516 F. Supp. 2d 770 (W.D. Tex. 2007) 492

Chapter 8 · Customs Rulings 505U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Informed Compliance Publication,

U.S. Customs and Border Protection Rulings Program (2009) 505

Chapter 9 · Liquidation and Protests 531A. Finality of Liquidation 531

United States v. Cherry Hill Textiles, Inc., 112 F.3d 1550 (Fed. Cir. 1997) 531

B. Posting at Customhouse v. Courtesy Notice 539Goldhofer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH & Co. v. United States, 885 F.2d 858 (Fed. Cir. 1989) 539

C. Liquidation by Operation of Law 543United States v. Cherry Hill Textiles, Inc., 112 F.3d 1550 (Fed. Cir. 1997) 543

D. Protestable Events 547Swisher International, Inc. v. United States, 205 F.3d 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2000) 547

E. Timeliness of Protest 556Netchem, Inc. v. United States, 961 F. Supp. 2d 1336 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2014) 556

F. Specificity of Protest 563

CONTENTS ix

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Saab Cars USA, Inc. v. United States, 434 F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2001) 563G. Accelerated Disposition 569

Hitachi Home Electronics (America), Inc. v. United States, 661 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2011) 569

Chapter 10 · Penalties and Enforcement 585A. Reasonable Care and the Burden of Proof 585

United States v. Optrex America, Inc., 560 F. Supp 2d 1326 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2008) 586

United States v. Golden Ship Trading Co., 25 Ct. Int’l Trade 40 (2001) 593United States v. Hitachi America, Ltd. and Hitachi, Ltd., 172 F.3d 1319 (Fed. Cir. 1999) 599

B. Administrative Procedure for Civil Penalties 603United States, v. Nitek Electronics, Inc., 844 F. Supp. 2d 1298 (Ct. Int’l Trade) 610

United States, v. Trek Leather, Inc., and Harish Shadadpuri, 767 F.3d 1288 (2014) 618

C. The Penalty Amount and Mitigation 628Customs Regulations, Guidelines for the Imposition and Mitigation of Penalties for Violations of 19 U.S.C. § 1592 628

D. Prior Disclosure 639United States v. Ford Motor Co., 29 Ct. Int’l Trade 793 (2005) 639United States v. Ford Motor Co., 463 F.3d 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2006) 642

Chapter 11 · Customs Litigation 645A. Jurisdiction 6451. “(a)” v. “(i)” Jurisdiction 647

United States Shoe Corporation v. United States, 907 F. Supp. 408 (1995) 648

2. Declaratory Judgment and “Ancillary Jurisdiction” 667Heartland By- Products, Inc. v. United States, 424 F.3d 1244 (Fed. Cir. 2005) 667

3. Commencing an Action under 1581(a) 675Pollak Import- Export Corp. v. United States, 52 F.3d 303 (Fed. Cir. 1995) 675

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 442 F.3d 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2006) 679

B. Standard of Review 6871. De Novo Review 6872. Chevron/Haggar/Mead Deference 687

United States v. Mead, 533 U.S. 218 (2001) 687C. Burdens and Presumptions 696

Jarvis Clark Company v. United States, 733 F.2d 873 (Fed. Cir. 1984) 696Goodman Manufacturing, L.P. v. United States, 69 F.3d 505 (Fed. Cir. 1995) 701

Universal Electronics, Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d 488 (Fed. Cir. 1997) 703

D. Unique Aspects of Customs Litigation 7091. Res Judicata and Stare Decisis 709

United States v. Stone & Downer Co., 274 U.S. 225 (1927) 709

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Schott Optical Glass, Inc. v. United States, 750 F.2d 62 (Fed. Cir. 1984) 713

2. The Test Case and Suspension Process 716Generra Sportswear, Inc. v. United States, 16 C.I.T. 313 (1992) 717Eastalco Aluminum Co. v. United States, 995 F.2d 201 (1993) 721

3. Three- Judge Panels 724Aectra Refining and Marketing Inc. v. United States, 545 F. Supp. 2d 1354 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2008) 724

4. Hearings Outside of New York 725Turbon Products, Inc. v. United States, 16 C.I.T. 95 (1992) 725

Chapter 12 · Customs’ Role in Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights 727A. Trademarks 728

Bourjois & Co., Inc. v. Katzel, 260 U.S. 689 (1923) 728Prestonettes, Inc. v. Coty, 264 U.S. 359 (1924) 729Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 877 F.2d 101 (D.C. Cir. 1989) 731Societe Des Produits Nestle, S.A. v. Casa Helvetia, Inc., 982 F.2d 633 (1st Cir. 1992) 741

Customs Directive No. 2310- 008A, Trademark and Tradename Protection 751

B. Copyrights 759Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’Anza Research International Inc., 523 U.S. 135 (1988) 759

Supap Kirtsaeng, dba Bluechristine99, Petitioner v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013) 768

C. Patents 802Customs Directive No. 2310- 006A, Exclusion Orders 802Corning Gilbert Inc. v. United States, 896 F. Supp. 2d 1281 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2013) 804

Chapter 13 · Border Searches and the Fourth Amendment 819United States of America v. Nzelo Chinedu Okafor, 285 F.3d 842

(9th Cir. 2002) 819United States of America v. Hilario Alfaro-Moncada, 607 F.3d 720

(11th Cir. 2010) 821United States of America v. Michael Timothy Arnold, 523 F.3d 941

(9th Cir. 2008) 829U.S. Customs and Border Protection Directive No. 3340-049 834

Chapter 14 · Art, Antiquities, and Cultural Property 843A. Art and Customs Law 843N232035, September 11, 2012 844N096755, March 26, 2010 844T.D. Downing Co. v. United States, United States Customs Court, First Division, 321 F. Supp. 1036 (Cust. Ct. 1971) 846

B. Antiques and Antiquities 850HQ 951876, March 23, 1993 850HQ 966030, January 28, 2003 851

C. Antiquities and Cultural Property 855Special Rules for Protected Cultural Property 855

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Ancient Coin Collectors GUILD v. U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security et al., 698 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2012) 862

United States of America v. An Antique Platter of Gold, known as a Gold Phiale Mesomphalos c. 400 B.C., 184 F.3d 131 (2nd Cir. 1999) 872

Chapter 15 · Other Government Agency Laws and Regulations 881A. U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) 8811. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (“APHIS”) 8812. The Lacey Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 3371– 3378) 8823. Food Safety and Inspection Service (“FSIS”) 883

B. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) 8831. Food Facility Registration 8842. Operational and Administrative System for Import Support (“OASIS”) 884

3. Selected Excerpts from Statutes and Regulations Enforced by FDA 884Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 884Egg Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. § 1031 et seq.) 886Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Food and Drugs 886

C. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”) 8881. Statutes and Regulations 8882. Licenses and Registration 8883. Selected Excerpts from Statutes and Regulations Enforced by ATF 889National Firearms Act 889Arms Export Control Act of 1976 890Gun Control Act of 1968 891

D. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (“TTB”) 8921. Basic Permit Requirements 892Alcohol Importers 892Tobacco Importers 892

2. Selected Excerpts from Statutes and Regulations Enforced by TTB 892Code of Federal Regulations Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 892

E. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) 8931. Primary Statutes and Regulations Enforced by the EPA 8932. Categories of Imports Regulated by the EPA 8933. Selected Excerpts from Statutes and Regulations Enforced by EPA 894Clean Air Act 894Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 895Toxic Substances Control Act 896Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 898

F. National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (“NTHSA”) 9001. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (“FMVSS”) 900Specific Regulatory Requirements 900

2. The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 900G. Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) 9051. Basic FCC Importation Requirements 9052. Selected Excerpts from Statutes and Regulations Enforced by FCC 906

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H. Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”) 9091. Consumer Product Safety Act (“CPSA”) — 15 U.S.C. §§ 2051–2089 909

2. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (“CPSIA”) 910I. Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) 915

Index 919

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List of Primary Cases

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718 Fifth Avenue Corp. v. United States, 14 Ct. Int’l Trade 403 (1990), 381

Aectra Refining and Marketing Inc. v.United States, 545 F. Supp. 2d 1354(Ct. Int’l Trade 2008), 724

Airflow Technology, Inc. v. United States, 524 F.3d 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2008), 161

Alexandria International, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 13 C.I.T. 689 (1989), 148

American Home Assurance Company, Defendant- Appellant, United States, Plaintiff- Cross-Appellant v., 789 F.3d1313 (Fed. Cir. 2015), 66

Ancient Coin Collectors GUILD v. U.S.Customs and Border Protection, De-partment of Homeland Security et al.,698 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2012), 862

An Antique Platter of Gold, known as aGold Phiale Mesomphalos c. 400 B.C., United States of America v., 184 F.3d131 (2nd Cir. 1999), 872

Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. UnitedStates, 561 F.3d 1308 (Fed. Cir.2009), 84

Aromont USA, Inc. v. United States, 671F.3d 1310 (Fed. Cir. 2012), 129

Automatic Plastic Molding, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 26 Ct. Int’l Trade 1201(2002), 122

Avenues in Leather, Inc. v. United States,178 F.3d 1241 (Fed. Cir. 1999), 139

Bauer Nike Hockey USA, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 393 F.3d 1246 (Fed. Cir.2004), 105

Bauerhin Technologies Limited Partner-ship v. United States, 110 F.3d 774(Fed. Cir. 1997), 174

Bestfoods v. United States, 165 F.3d 1671(Fed. Cir. 1999), 325

Bourjois & Co., Inc. v. Katzel, 260 U.S.689 (1923), 728

Cherry Hill Textiles, Inc., United States v.,112 F.3d 1550 (Fed. Cir. 1997), 531,543

Citgo Petroleum Corporation v. The UnitedStates Foreign- Trade Zones Board, 83F.3d 397 (Fed. Cir. 1996), 445

Clarendon Marketing, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 144 F.3d 1464 (Fed. Cir.1998), 134

Corning Gilbert Inc. v. United States, 896F. Supp. 2d 1281 (Ct. Int’l Trade2013), 804

Corrpro Companies, Inc. v. United States,433 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2006), 476

Crowell v. M’Fadon, 12 U.S. 94 (1814), 3Cummins Inc. v. United States, 29 Ct.Int’l Trade 525 (2005), 80

Cummins Inc. v. United States, 454 F.3d1361 (Fed. Cir. 2006), 83

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 361 F.3d 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2004), 427

DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. United States, 442 F.3d 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2006), 679

Dal- Tile Corp. v. United States, 28 Ct.Int’l Trade 358 (2004), 436

Dell Products LP v. United States, 642F.3d 1055 (Fed. Cir. 2011), 118

Delphi Petroleum, Inc. v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 2d 1348 (Ct. Int’l Trade2009), 417

Elliot v. Startwout, 35 U.S. 137 (1836), 5Eastalco Aluminum Co. v. United States, 995 F.2d 201 (1993), 721

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xvi LIST OF PRIMARY CASES

Ford Motor Co., United States v., 29 Ct.Int’l Trade 793 (2005), 639

Ford Motor Co., United States v., 463 F.3d1286 (Fed. Cir. 2006), 642

Ford Motor Company, United States v.,516 F. Supp. 2d 770 (W.D. Tex.2007), 492

Ford Motor Company v. United States,715 F.3d 906 (Fed. Cir. 2013), 480

Friedlaender & Co. Inc., United States v.27 C.C.P.A. 297 (1940), 346

Generra Sportswear Co. v. United States, 905 F.2d 377 (Fed. Cir. 1990), 218

Generra Sportswear, Inc. v. United States, 16 C.I.T. 313 (1992), 717

Golden Ship Trading Co., United States v.,25 Ct. Int’l Trade 40 (2001), 593

Goldhofer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH & Co. v.United States, 885 F.2d 858 (Fed. Cir.1989), 539

Goodman Manufacturing, L.P. v. UnitedStates, 69 F.3d 505 (Fed. Cir. 1995),701

Haggar Apparel Co., United States v., 526U.S. 380 (1999), 423

Heartland By- Products, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 424 F.3d 1244 (Fed. Cir.2005), 667

Hera Shipping, Inc. v. Carnes, 10 Ct. Int’lTrade 493 (1986), 52

Hilario Alfaro-Moncada, United States ofAmerica v., 607 F.3d 720 (11th Cir.2010), 821

Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc. v.United States, 607 F.3d 771 (Fed. Cir.2010), 88

Hitachi America, Ltd. and Hitachi, Ltd., United States v., 172 F.3d 1319 (Fed.Cir. 1999), 599

Hitachi Home Electronics (America), Inc.v. United States, 661 F.3d 1343 (Fed.Cir. 2011), 569

International Light Metals v. UnitedStates, 194 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir.1999), 386

Jarvis Clark Company v. United States, 733 F.2d 873 (Fed. Cir. 1984), 696

Jewelpak Corp. v. United States, 97 F.Supp. 2d 1192 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2000),143

Legg, United States v., 105 F. 930 (CCA1901), 27

Len- Ron Manufacturing Co., Inc. v.United States, 334 F.3d 1304 (Fed.Cir. 2003), 98

Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 877 F.2d101 (D.C. Cir. 1989), 731

Made in the USA Foundation v. UnitedStates, 242 F.3d 1300 (11th Cir.2001), 456

Mead, United States v., 533 U.S. 218(2001), 687

Merck & Co., Inc. v. United States, 499F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2007), 406

Michael Timothy Arnold, United States ofAmerica v., 523 F.3d 941 (9th Cir.2008), 829

Monarch Luggage Co., Inc. v. UnitedStates, 13 Ct. Int’l Trade 523 (1989),228

National Customs Brokers and ForwardersAss’n of America v. United States, 731F. Supp. 1076 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990),34

National Fisheries Institute, Inc. v. U.S.Bureau of Customs and Border Pro-tection, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1270 (Ct.Int’l Trade 2009), 55

National Hand Tool Corp. v. UnitedStates, 16 Ct. Int’l Trade 308 (1992),353

Netchem, Inc. v. United States, 961 F.Supp. 2d 1336 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2014),556

Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 884 F.2d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1989), 442

Nissho Iwai American Corp. v. UnitedStates, 982 F.2d 505 (Fed. Cir. 1992),188

Nitek Electronics, Inc., United States, v.,844 F. Supp. 2d 1298 (Ct. Int’lTrade), 610

Nufarm America’s, Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2008), 414

Nzelo Chinedu Okafor, United States ofAmerica v., 285 F.3d 842 (9th Cir.2002), 819

Optrex America, Inc., United States v.,560 F. Supp 2d 1326 (Ct. Int’l Trade2008), 586

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Pentax Corp. v. Robison, 125 F.3d 1457(Fed. Cir. 1997), 373

The Pillsbury Co. v. United States, 431F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2005), 115

Pollak Import- Export Corp. v. UnitedStates, 52 F.3d 303 (Fed. Cir. 1995),675

Pompeo, United States v., 43 C.C.P.A. 9(1955), 170

Prestonettes, Inc. v. Coty, 264 U.S. 359(1924), 729

Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’AnzaResearch International Inc., 523 U.S.135 (1988), 759

Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 880F.2d 401(Fed. Cir. 1989), 11

Riddell, Inc. v. United States, 754 F.3d1375 (Fed. Cir. 2014), 109

Saab Cars USA, Inc. v. United States, 434F.3d 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2001), 563

Saab Cars USA v. United States, 434 F.3d1359 (2006), 259

Schott Optical Glass, Inc. v. United States, 750 F.2d 62 (Fed. Cir. 1984), 713

Sioux Honey Ass’n v. Hartford Fire Ins.Co., 672 F.3d 1041 (Fed. Cir. 2012),41

Societe Des Produits Nestle, S.A. v. CasaHelvetia, Inc., 982 F.2d 633 (1st Cir.1992), 741

Stone & Downer Co., United States v., 274U.S. 225 (1927), 709

Supap Kirtsaeng, dba Bluechristine99, Pe-titioner v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013), 768

Swisher International, Inc. v. UnitedStates, 205 F.3d 1358 (Fed. Cir.2000), 547

T.D. Downing Co. v. United States, United States Customs Court, FirstDivision, 321 F. Supp. 1036 (Cust.Ct. 1971), 846

Telebrands Corporation v. United States,865 F. Supp. 2d 1277 (Ct. Int’l Trade2012), 92

Texas Apparel Co. v. United States, 12 Ct.Int’l Trade 1002 (1988), aff ’d 883F.2d 66 (Fed. Cir. 1989), 231

Texas Instruments v. United States, 69C.C.P.A. 151 (1982), 309

Texport Oil Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d1291 (Fed. Cir. 1999), 396

Timber Products, Co. v. United States, 515F.3d 1213 (Fed. Cir. 2008), 154

Top Form Brassiere Mfg. Co. v. UnitedStates, 342 F. Supp. 1167 (Cust. Ct.1972), 29

Trek Leather, Inc., and Harish Shadad-puri, United States, v., 767 F.3d 1288(2014), 618

Turbon Products, Inc. v. United States, 16C.I.T. 95 (1992), 725

United States Shoe Corporation v. UnitedStates, 907 F. Supp. 408 (1995), 648

United States v., See Party NameUniversal Electronics, Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d 488 (Fed. Cir. 1997), 703

Willoughby Camera Stores, Inc., UnitedStates v., 21 C.C.P.A. 322 (1933), 165

Xerox Corporation, Plaintiff, v. UnitedStates, Defendant, 753 F. Supp. 2d1355 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2011), 335

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About the Authors

Damon V. Pike is President of The Pike Law Firm. P.C., a boutique law firm head-quartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which specializes in customs and international trade con-sulting and litigation. The firm helps multinational companies navigate the complex rulesgoverning the cross-border movement of goods and services, with the goal of minimiz-ing duty, VAT, and excise tax payments, while maximizing corporate trade complianceto eliminate the risk of costly and time-consuming audits, investigations, and penaltycases. Prior to launching his own firm in 2006, Damon spent 13 years with Deloitte & Toucheand led the firm’s U.S. customs consulting practice. He also served as a law clerk to theHonorable R. Kenton Musgrave at the U.S. Court of International Trade from 1989-1990.Damon is an Adjunct Professor of Law at Emory University in Atlanta and is a former Chairof the Customs Law Committee of the American Bar Association’s Section of Interna-tional Law. He graduated with honors from Duke University in 1984 and received hislaw degree from Wake Forest University. Damon lives in Jupiter, Florida.

Lawrence Friedman is a partner in the law firm of Barnes, Richardson & Colburn,which has served the needs of importers and exporters since 1919. Larry started his ca-reer as a law clerk to the Honorable Dominick L. DiCarlo of the U.S. Court of Inter-national Trade and is an Adjunct Professor of Law at the Center for International Lawat the John Marshall Law School in Chicago. He is President of the Customs and In-ternational Trade Bar Association and is a past Chair of the Customs Law Committeeof the Section of International Law of the American Bar Association. In his practice, Larryassists companies in establishing legally compliant import and export processes andlitigates customs matters before the U.S. Court of International Trade and the U.S.Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Larry lives in Chicago with his understand-ing wife and son. He also covers customs and trade related legal developments on hisblog at www.customslawblog.com.

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Acknowledgments

This book is the culmination of a team effort by the co-authors and many people whoprovided help and support. Those people include our research assistants from EmoryLaw School and the John Marshall Law School: Amy Jensen, Jessica Oldani, and AaronGotlib. Jang Hwan “Jay” Cho, an associate at The Pike Law Firm, deserves special thanksfor his efforts. We are also grateful for the contributions of our firms, clients, friends, andfamily, all of whom provided more support than they may realize. We want to speciallyacknowledge the invaluable contribution of Judge Leo M. Gordon of the U.S. Court ofInternational Trade. Judge Gordon, who served as Clerk of the Court when both authorswere law clerks there, provided inspiration and guidance throughout the drafting of thisbook and our respective careers.

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