currents of change in the northeast and the old northwest
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8. Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest. Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest. Economic Growth Early Manufacturing A New England Textile Town Factories on the Frontier Urban Life Rural Communities Conclusion: The Character of Progress. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
THE AMERICAN PEOPLETHE AMERICAN PEOPLECREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY
Seventh Edition
Chapter
Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwest
8
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Currents of Change in the Northeast Currents of Change in the Northeast and the Old Northwestand the Old Northwest
• Economic Growth• Early Manufacturing• A New England Textile Town• Factories on the Frontier• Urban Life• Rural Communities• Conclusion: The Character of Progress
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Economic GrowthEconomic Growth
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Trans-Atlantic EconomyThe Trans-Atlantic Economy
• Industrial Revolution Began in Britain Initially focused on textiles
• Britain becomes most powerful country• The model for industrialization
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Factors in Economic DevelopmentFactors in Economic Development
• Canal-building in the 1820s and 1830s Erie Canal links New York City to interior
• Railroads Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1928 30,000 miles of track by 1850
• Transportation developments spur migration
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Finding CapitalFinding Capital
• Governments funded early projects Usually state and local Some federal
• Property becomes an exploitable financial asset
• Contract law defined Dartmouth College v. Woodward Sturges v. Crowninshield
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New MentalityA New Mentality
• Entrepreneurial spirit Constant experimentation, change Inventions: harvester, revolver, rubber
• Education Massachusetts uses taxes to pay for schools Horace Mann Education in the service of business
• Concurrently, concern with progress
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
IndustrializationIndustrialization
• Putting-out system• Textiles
Often using child labor Learned from English examples
• Industrialization facilitated by transportation
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Industrialization (cont'd)Industrialization (cont'd)
• Lowell Mills in Waltham, Massachusetts All stages in one operation Becomes a prototype
• Northeast changes, economically
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Environmental ConsequencesEnvironmental Consequences
• Dams, canals change waterways• Wood required in abundance
Clearings as settlements move west• Coal becomes the major power source
Air pollution follows• Some awareness of environmental
problems
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Early ManufacturingEarly Manufacturing
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Changing LifestylesChanging Lifestyles
• Spread of literacy: mass market Magazines McGuffey readers
• Greater availability of goods Clocks, bringing a new work rhythm
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New Hampshire Printing Factory
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
A New England Textile TownA New England Textile Town
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Lowell, MassachusettsLowell, Massachusetts
• Build in the 1920s• Focused on hiring unmarried women
New independence Usually worked prior to marriage Lived in boardinghouses
• Women organized labor, formed unions
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Lowell, Massachusetts (cont'd)Lowell, Massachusetts (cont'd)
• Immigration brings a new labor pool Hard times in Europe, especially Ireland Many Catholics
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Factories on the FrontierFactories on the Frontier
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
CincinnatiCincinnati
• Becomes a major industrial center by 1840• Men have a variety of work experiences
But loss of independence• Women
Many white women employed as “outworkers”• Black women often work in service• Unions formed
Hampered by ready pool of immigrant labor
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Cincinnati and the Ohio River
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban LifeUrban Life
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban LifeUrban Life
• By 1860 1 in 5 Americans live in cities• Cities represent new markets
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Urban Growth in 1820 and 1850
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Process of UrbanizationThe Process of Urbanization
• Commercial Centers Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York Canals change commercial map
• Mill towns Lowell, Trenton, Wilmington
• Transportation hubs Louisville, Cleveland, St. Louis Especially west of the Appalachians
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Class StructureClass Structure
• Concentration of wealth 4% of the population holds 60% of wealth Upward mobility dampens any animosity
• Middle class Desire for white collar work
• Constant supply of new manual laborers
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
African Americans in Philadelphia
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Working ClassWorking Class
• Slums Mobility weakened sense of community
• High rates of family violence Men not always the main or sole support Women more independent
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Middle-Class Life and IdealsMiddle-Class Life and Ideals
• Women’s domestic role changes Their work no longer crucial Housekeepers, not producers
• Men often work in a separate world• Idea of separate spheres
Women ascribed a moral role
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Middle-Class Life and Ideals (cont'd)Middle-Class Life and Ideals (cont'd)
• New ideas of childhood New ideas of discipline Children’s fiction
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Sargent Family, 1800
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Henry Darby, “Reverend John Atwood and His Family,” 1845
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Mounting Urban TensionsMounting Urban Tensions
• Mob violence Often spurred by racial and ethnic animosity Often blacks and Irish compete for jobs
• Skilled workers resent mechanization• Police forces slowly developing
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
The Black UnderclassThe Black Underclass
• Slavery disappearing in North But equality not assured Legally disenfranchised
• Separate, parallel communities• Immigration pushes blacks from many
jobs• Old Northwest
Racism moves west with settlement
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Rural CommunitiesRural Communities
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Farming in the EastFarming in the East
• Many older New England farms abandoned
• Railroads transformed farming, diets• Agriculture increasingly seen as a science
Productivity increased after a long decline
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Preparing for Market
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Frontier FamiliesFrontier Families
• Economic boom• Transportation links interior to coast• Grain producers: Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa• No longer the frontier by 1860• Some capital needed to start a farm
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The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Conclusion:Conclusion:The Character of ProgressThe Character of Progress
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Conclusion:Conclusion:The Character of ProgressThe Character of Progress
• Urbanization• Cycles of expansion and recession• Divergent paths in the North and South
King Cotton and slave labor Industrialization and wage labor
Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh EditionNash • Jeffrey • Howe • Winkler • Davis • Mires • Frederick • Gardina Pestana
Timeline