current topics
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Current Topics. Lyman Break Galaxies Dr Elizabeth Stanway ([email protected]). Topic Summary. Star Forming Galaxies and the Lyman- Line Lyman Break Galaxies at z 4 Lyman Break Galaxies at z>7 Reionisation, SFH and Luminosity Functions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Current Topics
Lyman Break Galaxies
Dr Elizabeth Stanway([email protected])
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Topic Summary
• Star Forming Galaxies and the Lyman- Line
• Lyman Break Galaxies at z<4
• Lyman Break Galaxies at z>4
• Lyman Break Galaxies at z>7
• Reionisation, SFH and Luminosity Functions
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
LBGs at z>7
Bunker et al (2009), see also Bouwens+ Oesch+ Castellano+ Wilkins+ etc, etc
(About 20 papers in Sep-Dec 2009)
z’-drop candidates at z~7
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Size Evolution to z>7
• Galaxies at z=7 continue to get smaller
• This scales as size (1+z)-1.12 ± 0.17, consistent with constant comoving sizes
• Most z=7 candidates very compact
(Oesch et al 2010)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The Rest UV spectral Slope
• AGN have spectra described by a power law,
L i.e L
• In the rest-frame ultraviolet, star forming galaxies also show power-law spectra
• The slope of the power law depends on the temperature of the emitting source
• This power law slope can be measured using broadband photometry
z’Y J H
Magnitude gives the flux in J and H => fJ and fH
Know the central wavelengths of J and H => J and H
LJ/LH = fJ/fH (J
z=7 galaxy
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Rest-UV Spectral Slope
• AGN have ≈-1 at all redshifts
• Zero-age, star forming galaxies with normal stellar populations have ≈-2
• Dust or age will make this slope redder (i.e. shallower)
• Within the LBG population the spectral slope is seen to evolve with z => age evolution? Dust evolution?
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Bouwens et al (2010)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Rest-UV slope at z = 7 - 8
• At z~7, candidate galaxies are very blue, particularly faint galaxies
< -3 is very hard to explain with any ‘normal’ (Population II) stellar population
Bouw
ens et al (2010)
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Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Rest-UV slope at z = 7 - 8• Pop III stars are defined as having very low or zero metallicity
• With no metals, they have fewer ways to emit radiation (i.e. cool down)
• They can become hotter, and more massive (supported by radiation pressure)
• Hotter galaxies have bluer spectral slopes
Bouwens et al (2010)
< -3 slopes may indicate that z=7 galaxies have very low metallicity
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Ensemble Properties of LBGs• At z=2-4, you can study individual galaxies in detail• At z=5-6, and more so at z>7, this becomes much
harder• Studying an individual galaxy only tells you about its
immediate environment• By looking about the ensemble properties of galaxies
you can study the universe as a whole => observational cosmology
• By using a common selection method (LBGs), you are comparing like-for-like across cosmic time
=> Insights into galaxy formation, the star formation histoy of the Universe and Reionisation
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Luminosity Functions
z~4z~5
z~6
• The number counts of galaxies changes as a function of luminosity
• This is described by a Schecter function
N(L) dA (L/L*)e-(L/L*) dA
• At low-z this parameterises the galaxy mass distribution
• The function has three important parameters:
– Characteristic luminosity, L* or M* (~26.5 at z=6)
– Faint end slope, – Normalisation, *
(Bouwens et al, 2007)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
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• Number counts are affected by incompleteness and contamination• There is degeneracy in the parameter fitting=> The exact values at high z are still uncertain, but…
– The typical magnitude of the population is decreasing at high z => younger, smaller galaxies
– The faint end slope appears steeper at high z => more faint galaxies compared to bright galaxies
– At any given luminosity there are fewer z~6 galaxies than z~3 galaxies(Bouwens et al, 2007)
Luminosity Functions
z~4
z~5z~6
z~3
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
LF Results at z >7
•At z>7 there are fewer galaxies and we don’t probe the faint end slope
•The Luminosity function is continuing to evolve - there are fewer Lyman Break galaxies as you move to higher redshifts, but the fraction that are faint increases Bouwens et al (2010)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Luminosity Function Implications
• At earlier times, star formation in the Universe is increasingly dominated by small, hard to detect galaxies
• The fraction missed by a magnitude limited survey is increasing
• The more massive galaxies we see at z=3 are increasingly rare at higher z - star formation is occuring in less massive, less mature regions (i.e. lower metallicity? less dusty?)
• A Schecter function still describes the distribution reasonably well out to z=6 - star formation may still be tracing the mass distribution despite the short-lived starbursts
• Models for hierarchical merging suggest that the typical luminosity is evolving to follow the typical galaxy mass at a given redshift
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Cosmic Evolution of Star FormationProperty z=1-3 z=5-6 z>7
Age ~200 Myr ~50 Myr May be younger
Mass few x 1010 M ~109 M No data
Metallicity 0.3-0.5 Z ~0.2 Z May be very low - Pop III
Size (half light radius)
1.5-2 kpc ~1kpc
scales as comoving
~0.5 kpc
M* -21.1 z=5 : -20.7
z=5 : -20.2
-19.9?
Faint end Slope -1.6 may be steeper No data
Dust E(B-V)~0.2 Probably less dusty No data
Star Formation Rate
~30 M/yr ~30 M/yr ~30 M/yr
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The Star Formation History of the Universe
• LBGs are star forming galaxies
• If there was other star formation at the same z it would be detected UNLESS it is extincted
• So LBGs can be used to measure the star formation history of the universe modulo dust extinction
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The Star Formation History of the Universe
• This was first done using LBGs in the mid-1990s using Lyman Break Galaxies at z=3-4 by Piero Madau
• As a result, the Star Formation History of the Universe is usually shown on a diagram known as the ‘Madau Plot’
• Early work showed that star formation peaked around z=1, but it was unclear what happened at higher redshifts
(Steidel et al 1999)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The SFH out to z=6
GOODS extended this work to z=6
(for bright galaxies)
The Star Formation Rate Density out to z=6 shows steep evolution, particularly when only bright galaxies are considered
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Uncertainties in the Madau PlotTo get to star formation rate density you need:
• Number of objects per unit volume
• Star formation rate per object
You have:
• Number of galaxies (Complete sample? Contamination?)
• Rest-UV flux (after dust extinction)
• Redshift selection function (Survey and model dependent)
Uncertainties:
• How much UV flux has been absorbed by dust?
• How much is emitted by galaxies below your selection limit?
• How do star formation rate and rest-UV flux relate?
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The Star Formation History of the Universe
(Bouwens et al, 2007)
The LF has a steep faint end slope at high-z
The fainter you integrate down the Luminosity Function, the more flux you’ll see
Even to faint magnitudes the SFRD is still dropping at high redshift
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
The Star Formation History of the Universe
Significant uncertainty in star formation density
General consensus:
The SFRD is either steady beyond z=2 or declining slowly
It declines rapidly beyond z=6
Metallicity, age and duty cycle are all important parameters Verma et al, 2007
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
But is this a complete picture?
• Until recently most models predicted SF peaking much earlier
• LBGs are selected to be rest-UV bright
• How complete is the picture of the z=3 universe they paint?
• Do they even map out all the star formation?
• What about UV-dark or dusty material?
(Springel & Hernquist, 2003)
Many Models predict SFR should peak at z>6
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Sub-mm and Dust-obscured Galaxies• Rest-UV flux is reprocessed and reemitted in the far-infrared by
dust• At z~2, 25% of the far-infrared luminosity in the universe is seen in
IR-detected DOGs• Luminous sub-mm galaxies are rare but can have SFRs of 100s of
M/yr
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• Numbers of SMGs are known to peak at z=2-3 (the epoch of galaxy mergers)
• At these redshifts, dust obscured galaxies might contribute 50% or more of the cosmic SFRD
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Including Obscured Galaxies in the Madau Plot
• Newer SFH models include feedback from QSOs and gas
• Models tend not to consider dust obscuration
• Predict SFH peaking at z=3-4
• Possible that SMGs could contribute to this picture, particularly at z=1-3
Nagamine et al (2009)
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation
• Lyman break galaxies are star-forming so directly measure the star formation properties of the universe
• At z=7 they are starting to probe a transition known as ‘reionisation’ when the galaxy went from largely neutral to largely ionised
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation and the End of the Dark Ages
• After the Big Bang, the universe cooled and recombined – leaving a neutral universe. At this time, all rest-frame UV light is absorbed by neutral hydrogen the Cosmic Dark Ages
• The IGM in the local universe is highly ionised
• So when and how did the universe reionise? What ended the Dark Ages?
• The WMAP satellite studied the optical depth to the CMB data which suggests that zreion~9-12
•The failure of the LAE Luminosity Function to evolve implies zreion>6
• However, the observation of a Gunn-Peterson trough in the spectra of SDSS z=6 QSOS implies zreion~6.2 (or at least a large neutral fraction)
• Could z~6 starbursts contribute to reionisation?
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from WMAP
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• The CMB has been streaming through the Universe since Recombination
• The mean free path of CMB photons will depend on the distance the radiation travels through a neutral vs ionised medium
• WMAP has measured the CMB power spectrum, constraining cosmological properties
• One of these, , is the optical depth of CMB photons to reionisation
• After five years of data, the best fitting value suggests zreion=10.8 ± 1.4
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from SDSS
• Damping of the spectrum due to Lyman-alpha forest lines rapidly increases with increasing redshift
• This can be seen in the spectra of distant QSOs seen in the SDSS
• Beyond z=6.4 large regions of the spectrum are seen with zero flux
• These are known as ‘Gunn-Peterson troughs’ and indicate that the universe is at least partly neutral beyond z=6
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Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from LAEs
• ‘Gunn-Peterson’ absorption (i.e. due to neutral gas) has broad damping wings
• Therefore if there’s neutral gas surrounding a Lyman-alpha emitter, the line can be suppressed, even though it’s longwards of 1216*(1+z) A
• In a neutral universe you expect to see a smaller number of Lyman-alpha emitters detected
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from LAEs
• ‘Gunn-Peterson’ absorption (i.e. due to neutral gas) has broad damping wings
• Therefore if there’s neutral gas surrounding a Lyman-alpha emitter, the line can be suppressed, even though it’s longwards of 1216*(1+z) A
• In a neutral universe you expect to see a smaller number of Lyman-alpha emitters detected
• There is some evidence for this at z=6.6 Lya Luminosity Function
(Lya LF)
Ouchi+ in prep
~30%
Pure lum. evolution
Pure num. evolution
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from LBGs
• The neutral IGM is ionised by UV-flux
• The dominant source of UV-flux in the universe is star formation
• The effect of UV-flux on the universe depends on – Clumpy IGM– Escape of UV-photons– Temperature of IGM– Cosmology
• Can determine a critical Star Formation Density that will ionise the Universe given some values for these parameters
• By integrating the LBG LF we measure the total UV flux and can compare it with this critical values
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Reionisation - Evidence from LBGs
• Can calculate the ionised fraction of the universe due to contribution of LBG galaxies given certain assumptions
• For reasonable assumptions about a warm IGM, it is possible to fit the data (within errors) and ionise the universe with z=7 LBGs
• BUT LBGs are scarcer at higher redshifts - is this a problem at z~10?
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Oesch et al 2010
Current best fit
=0.087+-0.017
Current Topics: Lyman Break Galaxies - Lecture 5
Lecture Summary• With increasing redshift see:
– Decreasing metallicity– Decreasing dust extinction– Decreasing age– Decreasing mass
• Very blue rest-UV spectra are hinting at changes in the nature of star formation
• LBGs at every redshift are used to characterise evolution in star formation density and the mechanisms and environment for star formation
• This could be critical for understanding the star formation history of the Universe and Reionisation