Current and Near Future Long Current and Near Future Long Baseline ExperimentsBaseline Experiments

StStééphane Tphane T’’JampensJampensCEA SaclayCEA Saclay

DSM/DAPNIA/SPPDSM/DAPNIA/SPP

22

OutlineOutline

Current Experiment:Current Experiment:K2K (latest results)K2K (latest results)

Near Future:Near Future:MINOSMINOSOPERAOPERAICARUSICARUS

33

IntroductionIntroduction

Primary goal of these first generation long Primary goal of these first generation long baseline projects:baseline projects:

Confirm and verify the nature of oscillations Confirm and verify the nature of oscillations observed in the atmospheric dataobserved in the atmospheric dataProvide more precise measurements of the Provide more precise measurements of the corresponding oscillation parameterscorresponding oscillation parameters

K2K and MINOS: mainly K2K and MINOS: mainly ννµµ disappearance disappearance OPERA/ICARUS: mainly OPERA/ICARUS: mainly ννττ appearanceappearance

44

K2K: KEK to KAMIOKAK2K: KEK to KAMIOKA

55

The K2K ExperimentThe K2K Experiment

66

Neutrino OscillationNeutrino Oscillation

ν

222

µµ E.L1.27∆msin.θ2sin1)νν(P −=→

Fixed flight length (250km)

Suppression in the number of events

Distortion of the neutrino energy spectrum

2θ=1

77

88

Accumulated POT (Protons On Target)Accumulated POT (Protons On Target)

Jan 99 Jan 00 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04

pro

ton

s/p

uls

e(×

10

12)

Acc

um

ula

ted

PO

T(×

10

18)

K2K-I K2K-II

8.9×1019 POT for Analysis

99

Near DetectorsNear Detectors

1KT water 1KT water CherenkovCherenkov detector: detector: fiducialfiducial: 25 ton H: 25 ton H22O O Fine Grained Detector (FGD):Fine Grained Detector (FGD):

ScintillatingScintillating--fiber fiber tackertacker with water target (with water target (SciFiSciFi) 5.9 ton H) 5.9 ton H22OOLeadLead--glass calorimeter (LG) before 2002glass calorimeter (LG) before 2002ScintillatorScintillator bar detector (bar detector (SciBarSciBar) after 2003 9.4 ton CH) after 2003 9.4 ton CHMuonMuon range detector (MRD) range detector (MRD) 700 ton Fe700 ton Fe

Fine Grained Detector

1KT Water Cherenkov Detector

1010

Expected No. of Expected No. of ννµµ Interactions at Interactions at Far Site (SK)Far Site (SK)

Measurement by 1KT used as normalizationMeasurement by 1KT used as normalizationSame detector technology as SK Same detector technology as SK most of the systematic most of the systematic uncertainties are canceleduncertainties are canceled

Neutrino flux ratio Neutrino flux ratio FluxFluxfarfar/Flux/Fluxnearnear calculated by MC calculated by MC validated by Pion Monitor measurementsvalidated by Pion Monitor measurements

Expected: 150.9 +11.6-10.0

(if no oscillation)

1111

Tdiff(µs)

K2K-1+2 Jun1999 - Feb2004

Tdiff(µs)

1

10

10 2

10 3

10 4

-400 -200 0 200 400

0

5

10

15

-4 -2 0 2 4

Number of Events @SKNumber of Events @SK

(BG: 1.6 events within ±500µs2.4×10-3 events in 1.5µs)

TSKTspill

GPS

SKTOF=0.83msec

Observed: 108 eventsAnalysis Time Window

±500µsec

±5µsec

TDIFF. (µs)

-0.2<TSK-Tspill-TOF<1.3µsec

Expected: 150.9 +11.6-10.0

(if no oscillation)

All events:108 events(1Rµ: 56)

1212

Neutrino Energy ReconstructionNeutrino Energy Reconstruction

1313

Near Detector Energy Spectrum Near Detector Energy Spectrum MeasurementMeasurement

4 event categories:4 event categories:1KT: P1KT: Pµµ<1.5 <1.5 GeV/cGeV/c

fully contained 1fully contained 1--ring ring µµ--like samplelike sample

FGD: PFGD: Pµµ>1 >1 GeV/cGeV/c1 track1 track2 track QE (2 track QE (∆θ∆θ≤≤2525°°))2 track 2 track nonQEnonQE ((∆θ∆θ≥≥3030°°))

SciFi 2 track sample

1414

χχ22--fitting Methodfitting Method((ppµµ,,θθµµ) ) φφ(E(Eνν), ), nonQEnonQE/QE/QE

1kt DATA: Pµ vs θµ Distribution

0

20

40

60

80

100

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Pµ (MeV/c)

θ µ (d

eg.)

integreted

QE(MC) nonQE(MC)Eν

0-0.5 GeV

0.5-0.75 GeV

0.75-1.0 GeV

1.0-1.5 GeV

and so on

(8bins x 2)

DATA (1KT)

Pµ(MeV/c)

θ µ(d

eg)

Also (pµ,θµ) for FGD 1-track,2-track QE and 2-track nonQE

1515

Fit Result of Neutrino Flux Fit Result of Neutrino Flux at KEK Siteat KEK Site

PRELIMINARY

χ2 = 638.1 / 609 dofnonQE/QE=1.02

1616

Oscillation Analysis @SKOscillation Analysis @SK

Ltotal=Lnorm x Lshape x Lsyst

Normalization term:(all SK events: 108)

Shape term:(1Rµ SK events: 56)

Systematic term:

Lnorm = Poisson(Nobs,Nexp(∆m2,sin22θ,f))

Lshape =

Product of Gaussians (flux, nonQE/QE, efficiency, syst. parameters)

,∆m2,sin22θ,f)P(E reci

N

1i

1Rµ

=∏

Maximum Likelihood Method:

56108

1717

10-4

10-3

10-2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3sin2(2θ)

∆m2 [e

V2 ]

14.4%

Input: ∆m2=2.7300E-03, sin2(2θ)=1.0000

Best fit values:Best fit values:sinsin2222θ = θ = 1.531.53∆∆mm2 2 [eV[eV22] ] = = 2.122.12××1010--33

Best fit values in the physical region:Best fit values in the physical region:sinsin2222θ = θ = 1.001.00∆∆mm2 2 [eV[eV22] ] = = 2.732.73××1010--33

ResultsResults

sin22θ=1.53 can occur by statistical fluctuation of 14.4%

A toy MC

sin22θ

∆m

2

1.00

2.73

14.4%

PRELIMINARY

1.53

1818

Results: Norm & EResults: Norm & Eνν SpectrumSpectrum(in physical region)(in physical region)

Eνrec

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Entries 56

[GeV]

even

ts/0

.2[G

eV]

Best Fit(KS prob: 52%)

No Oscillation(KS prob: 0.11%)

150.9150.9NullNull--oscillationoscillation

104.8104.8Best Fit:Best Fit:

108108Observation:Observation:

Number of eventsNumber of events

Null Oscillation Probability is less than 10-4 (3.9σ)

PRELIMINARY

(normalized by area)

1919

Allowed Region Allowed Region ((shape+normshape+norm))K2K-I & K2K-II

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1sin2(2θ)

∆m2

[eV

2 ]

68%90%99%

∆m2=1.7~3.5x10-3 eV2

@sin22θ=1 (@90%CL)

PRELIMINARY

2020

K2K ConclusionK2K Conclusion

Both the number of observed neutrino Both the number of observed neutrino events and the observed energy spectrum events and the observed energy spectrum at SK are consistent with neutrino at SK are consistent with neutrino oscillation.oscillation.With 8.9x10With 8.9x101919 POT, K2K has confirmed POT, K2K has confirmed neutrino oscillation at a 3.9neutrino oscillation at a 3.9σσ level. level.

∆∆mm22=1.7~3.5x10=1.7~3.5x10--33 eVeV22 @sin@sin2222θθ=1 =1 (@90%CL)(@90%CL)

PRELIMINARY

2121

MINOS: FERMILAB to SOUDANMINOS: FERMILAB to SOUDAN

2222

MINOS Physics GoalsMINOS Physics GoalsDemonstrate oscillation behaviorDemonstrate oscillation behavior

Confirm flavor oscillations describe dataConfirm flavor oscillations describe dataProvide high statistics discrimination against Provide high statistics discrimination against alternative models (decoherence, alternative models (decoherence, νν decay, etc.)decay, etc.)

Provide measurement of Provide measurement of ∆∆mm222323

~10% accuracy~10% accuracy

Search for subSearch for sub--dominant dominant ννµµ ννee oscillationsoscillationsMINOS is the first large deep underground MINOS is the first large deep underground detector with a Bdetector with a B--fieldfield

Direct measurement of Direct measurement of νν vsvs νν oscillations from oscillations from atmospheric neutrino eventsatmospheric neutrino events

_

2323

Far Detector: 5400 tons

Near Detector: 980 tons

Det. 2

The MINOS ExperimentThe MINOS Experiment

Two Detector NeutrinoOscillation Experiment(Start 2005)

2424

The NuMI BeamThe NuMI Beam

120 GeV protons120 GeV protons1.9 second cycle time1.9 second cycle timeSingle turn extraction (8.7 Single turn extraction (8.7 µµs)s)2.52.5--4x104x101313 protons/pulseprotons/pulse0.3 MW on target ! 0.3 MW on target ! (Graphite target) (Graphite target)

Initial intensityInitial intensity: 2.5x10: 2.5x102020

protons/yearprotons/year

2525

Tunable BeamTunable BeamBy moving the horns and target, different energy spectra are available using the NuMI beam line. The energy can be tuned depending on the specific oscillation parameters expected/observed

νµ CC Events/year (2.5x1020 POT/year):

LE ME HE1600 4300 9250

Start with LE beam

2626

MINOS Far DetectorMINOS Far Detector

2 sections, each 15m long5.4kt total mass8m Octagonal TrackingCalorimeter485 layers of

2.54cm steel plane1cm thick, 4.1cm wide solid scintillator strips with WLS fiber readout

Magnet coil provides <B> ≈ 1.5T

2727

Far Detector: fully operationalFar Detector: fully operational(since July 2003)(since July 2003)

2828

Beamline and Near Detector ProgressBeamline and Near Detector Progress

Primary BeamlinePrimary BeamlineMajor magnets all in placeMajor magnets all in placeInstalling instrumentationInstalling instrumentation

Secondary BeamlineSecondary BeamlineInstalling horns and preparing Installing horns and preparing to pulse to pulse HadronHadron Absorber almost Absorber almost complete (2kton)complete (2kton)

Near Detector in May

Near DetectorNear DetectorFewer than 60 planes to go, Fewer than 60 planes to go, installing 2installing 2--3 planes/day 3 planes/day

First Horn being Installed

2929

MINOS Physics SensitivityMINOS Physics Sensitivity

Oscillated/unoscillated ratio of number of νµ CC events in the far detector versus observed ν energy

MINOS 90% and 99% CL allowedoscillation parameter space

∆m2=2.5x10-3 eV2,Sin22θ=1

3030

ννee AppearanceAppearance

∆m2=0.0025 eV2

MINOS sensitivities based onvarying numbers of protons on target

3131

MINOS: conclusionMINOS: conclusion

NuMI beam installation progressing well !NuMI beam installation progressing well !Expect first protons on target December 2004 !Expect first protons on target December 2004 !

MINOS near detector currently being MINOS near detector currently being installed/commissioned at installed/commissioned at FermilabFermilabMINOS Far detector taking physics data MINOS Far detector taking physics data since midsince mid--20032003

Atmospheric Atmospheric ννs already being seens already being seen

First beam physics data expected in 2005 First beam physics data expected in 2005

3232

CNGS: CERN to GRAN SASSOCNGS: CERN to GRAN SASSO

3333

The CNGS Beam LineThe CNGS Beam LineSPS: 400 GeV proton beam <Eν>~17 GeVContamination: 2.1% νµ, 0.8% νe, <0.05% νe

4.5x1019 POT/year, 200 days/year

Far Detectors (L=732 km):OPERA: Observe τ Decay Topology (Emulsion)ICARUS: Observe τ Decay Kinematically (LAr TPC)

_ _

3434

The OPERA DetectorThe OPERA Detectorµ spectrometer:

Magnetized Iron Dipoles (1.6T)Drift tubes and RPCs

ν target and τ decay detector:Sequence of 31 “modules” consisting of:- “wall” of lead/emulsion “bricks”- two planes of orthogonal scintillator strips

(target tracker)

Target mass: 1.77 ktons

Brick: • 56 lead plates• 57 emulsion foils

206,336 bricks

8.3kg

10 X0

3535

µ spectrometer:• Magnet SM1 completed in June 04• Magnet SM2 completed in March 05• Commissioning: May 05• Drift tubes installed in spring 05

Target:• Target tracker: construction in progress (8/week) • Emulsion & lead: mass production started in April 03• Bricks installation: September 05 to September 06 (2 bricks/minute)

Status of ConstructionStatus of Construction

3636

ννµµ ννττ//ννee SensitivitySensitivity

0.70.716.416.410.510.56.66.61.8 1.8 ktonsktonsfiducialfiducial

BKGDBKGDsignalsignal(3.0x 10(3.0x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(2.(2.44 x 10x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(1.(1.99 x 10x 10--33))

ννµµ ννττ

∆∆mm2 2 [eV[eV22 ]]

full mixing, 5 years run @ 4.5 x1019 pot / year

θθ1313SinSin2222θθ1313

<<7.17.1ºº<0.06<0.06

νµ νe:

(@ ∆m223=2.5x10-3, sin22θ23=1)

Limit @90% CL

3737

ICARUS: T3000+Muon SpectrometerICARUS: T3000+Muon Spectrometer

3838

Electronic Bubble ChamberElectronic Bubble Chamber

Real Events

3939

T600 Detector: Cosmic Ray DataT600 Detector: Cosmic Ray Data

More than 27,000 More than 27,000 triggers collected during triggers collected during technical run on surface technical run on surface (summer 2001)(summer 2001)

Michel Electron Spectrum:(3000 events analyzed and fully reconstructed in 3D)

It has been demonstratedIt has been demonstratedthat drift distances amounting that drift distances amounting up to several meters are feasibleup to several meters are feasible

Installation in LNGS approved: summer 04

4040

ννµµ ννττ//ννee SensitivitySensitivity

0.70.717.217.211.911.94.9 4.9 2.35 2.35 ktonsktonsactiveactive

BKGDBKGDsignalsignal(3.0x 10(3.0x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(2.(2.55 x 10x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(1.6 x 10(1.6 x 10--33))

ννµµ ννττ

∆∆mm2 2 [eV[eV22 ]]

full mixing, 5 years run @ 4.5 x1019 pot / year

θθ1313SinSin2222θθ1313

<<66ºº<0.04<0.04

νµ νe:

(@ ∆m223=2.5x10-3, sin22θ23=1)

ICARUS

Limit @90% CL

4141

Conclusion: OPERA/ICARUSConclusion: OPERA/ICARUS

CNGS project on schedule and should start in CNGS project on schedule and should start in mid 2006mid 2006OPERA:OPERA:

Construction and installation at LNGS is progressing Construction and installation at LNGS is progressing wellwellMass production startedMass production started

ICARUS: ICARUS: Technique validated with the T600 prototypeTechnique validated with the T600 prototypeInstallation of T600 at LNGS approvedInstallation of T600 at LNGS approvedBroad physics program: proton decay search, Broad physics program: proton decay search, atmospheric, solar and supernova atmospheric, solar and supernova ννss

4242

ConclusionConclusionK2K has confirmed neutrino oscillation at a 3.9K2K has confirmed neutrino oscillation at a 3.9σσlevel. level.

∆m2=1.7~3.5x10-3 eV2 @sin22θ=1 (@90%CL)

MINOS will be a definitive test for atmospheric MINOS will be a definitive test for atmospheric ννoscillations oscillations Precision oscillation parametersPrecision oscillation parametersCNGS/OPERA/ICARUS will be a definitive test for CNGS/OPERA/ICARUS will be a definitive test for ννµµ

ννττ oscillations oscillations ττ appearanceappearance

Stay tuned for precision oscillation measurements !Stay tuned for precision oscillation measurements !

Want to know more: follow the WG1 parallel session !Want to know more: follow the WG1 parallel session !

4343

BACKUPBACKUP

4444

Results: Norm & EResults: Norm & Eνν SpectrumSpectrum(in unphysical region)(in unphysical region)

Spectrum Shape

Best Fit

No Oscillation

150.9150.9NullNull--oscillationoscillation109.9109.9Best Fit:Best Fit:

108108Observation:Observation:

Number of eventsNumber of events

PRELIMINARY

(normalized by area)

4545

A hint of K2K forward A hint of K2K forward µµ deficit.deficit.

SciBarnon-QE Events

K2K observed forward K2K observed forward µµ deficitdeficit..A source is nonA source is non--QE events.QE events.For CCFor CC--11ππ,,

Suppression of ~Suppression of ~qq22/0.1[GeV/0.1[GeV22] ] at at qq22<0.1[GeV<0.1[GeV22] may exist] may exist..

For CCFor CC--coherent coherent ππ,,The coherent The coherent π π may not exist.may not exist.

We do not identify which process causesWe do not identify which process causesthe effect. The MC CCthe effect. The MC CC--11ππ (coherent (coherent ππ))

model is corrected model is corrected phenomenologicallyphenomenologically..

Oscillation analysis is Oscillation analysis is insensitiveinsensitive to theto thechoice.choice.

q2rec

(Data-MC)/MC

DATACC 1πCC coherent-π

Preliminary

q2rec (GeV/c)2

q2rec (GeV/c)2

4646

ννµµ ννττ//ννee SensitivitySensitivity

0.70.7 (1.06)(1.06)16.416.4 (24.6)(24.6)10.510.5 (15.8)(15.8)6.6 6.6 (10)(10)1.8 1.8 ktonsktonsfiducialfiducial

BKGDBKGDsignalsignal(3.0x 10(3.0x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(2.(2.44 x 10x 10--33 ))

signalsignal(1.(1.99 x 10x 10--33))

ννµµ ννττ

∆∆mm2 2 [eV[eV22 ]]

full mixing, 5 years run @ 4.5 x1019 pot / year

θθ1313SinSin2222θθ1313

<<7.17.1ºº<6.4<6.4ºº

<0.06<0.06<0.05 (beam x1.5)<0.05 (beam x1.5)

νµ νe:

(@ ∆m223=2.5x10-3, sin22θ23=1)

With CNGS beam upgrade (x1.5)