culture basics, language, religion, & ethnicity. family culture interviews: interview each...
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Culture
Basics, Language, Religion, & Ethnicity
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Family Culture Interviews: Interview each other.
– # of people living in home: Pets?:– size of “nuclear family”:– From where did family originate? – amount of time spent w/ relatives outside of “nuclear”
family (daily? yearly?):– Favorite foods:– Favorite activities:– Known values (education, sports, music, art, etc.)– Customs: (family meals, religious activities, etc.)– Rules (chores, expectations, allowed responses, etc.)– Type of home:– Expected type of career (based on parental expectations):
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Mine: # of people living in home: 4 Pets?: 2 size of “nuclear family”: 5 From where did family originate? Italy-Sicily amount of time spent with relatives outside of
“nuclear” family (daily? yearly?): ~1-2/wk Favorite foods: Fajitas, Oyster-Artichoke
Soup & Crawfish Patties, Sushi Favorite activities: Television, Wii, Reading Known values: Education First Customs: Family/Holiday Meals/Vacations,
Church on Sunday Rules: Do Well in School, Be Respectful,
Curfew, Chores Type of home: Single Family; Suburban Expected type of career: Not Education;
Animation/Computer Graphics
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What is Culture? “way of life” “attitudes, objectives and technical
skills of a people” Human traits acquired through
formal or informal learning process Specialized behavioral patterns,
understandings, adaptations, & social systems that summarized a group’s LEARNED way of life.
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General Cultural Development– Agricultural Revolution:
• Change?
• Religion: hunter vs. farmer
– Religious revolutions:
• Changing societal hierarchies and roles
– Industrial Revolution:
• Technology; Urbanization
– Democratic Revolution:
• Reaction against?
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Geographers Study Language
Single most common variable by which cultural groups are identified
Primary means by which culture passes from one generation to the next
Reinforce the sense of region & place Some 6,000 languages & many more
dialects are spoken today
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Languages — words that cannot be mutually understood Dialects — variant forms of a language that have some
mutual comprehension– Dialect is distinctive enough in vocabulary &
pronunciation to label its speaker Pidgin language — results when different linguistic
groups come into contact– Serves the purposes of commerce– Has a small vocab. derived from the various contact
groups Creole language- when a pidgin becomes the native
tongue of a group & develops in complexity Lingua franca — (Frankish Tongue) language that
spreads over a wide area where it is not the mother tongue– Lang. of communication/commerce
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Kenya Kenya has two official languages: – Swahili and English.
Swahili (Creole language) developed along the coast of East Africa.
English came during the British colonial period.
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isoglosses — borders of individual word usages or pronunciations– Typically cluster
together in “bundles”– Bundles serve as
dividing lines among dialects and languages
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English Dialects in the United States At least three major dialects,
corresponding to major culture regions, developed on the east coast by the time of the American Revolution
– Northern
– Midland
– Southern
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http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html
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Today, many regional words = old-fashioned, but new words display regional variations
Controlled-access divided highway =
– Freeway -- California
– Turnpike &parkway--mainly northeastern and Midwestern words
– Thruway, expressway, & interstate
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English Dialects in the United States Some African-Americans speak their
own form of English — Black English (Ebonics)– Pidgin that developed on early slave
plantations– Many features separate it from standard
speech, for example:• Lack of pronoun differentiation b/w genders
– Often not recognized as a separate linguistic group
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London, England Not all English words are mutually intelligible.
London tube sign– Means?
Tubes & busking = dialect words
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Americans say: Canadians say:
first grade (100%) grade one (88%)
candy bar (80%) chocolate bar (88%)
faucet (91%) tap (74%)
zee (99%) zed (74%) studio apartment (71%) bachelor apartment (61%)
ATM (89%) bank machine (57%)
gutters (91%) eavestroughs (58%)
soda (57%) pop (70%) silverware (83%) cutlery (51%)
restroom (55%) washroom (52%)
http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/Articles/n_american_survey/N_American_Survey.htm
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History of English Old English: 450- 1100 CE
– Old German meets Celt– Norse invasion– Beowulf
Middle English: 1100- 1500 CE– Old German/Celtic meets Old
French (Nordic)– 1066: Normans– Chaucer
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Modern English: 1500- current day Early Modern:
– German/ Celtic/ French (Nordic) meets new words and changes pronunciation (Great vowel shift- shorter sounds)
– Exploration– Shakespeare
Late Modern– Standardized Spelling– Changes in vocabulary
(Industrial Revolution)
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Language families The Indo-European language family
– Largest, most wide-spread family
– Subfamilies—Romance, Slavic, Germanic, Indic, Celtic, and Iranic• Subfamilies divided into individual lang.
– By comparing vocabularies in various lang. one can see the kinship
Mother = Madre = Màthair = Mutter = Mère = Mati = Mataji
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Indo-European diffusion Earliest speakers from southern and southeastern
Turkey (Anatolia) ~ 8 or 9 thousand years ago
– Diffused west and north into Europe Later language diffusion occurred with the spread
of great political empires: Latin, English, & Russian
– Conqueror’s language spread hierarchically
• Spread of Latin with Roman conquests
• Spanish in Latin America
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Other major language families Sino-Tibetan family
– 2nd largest lang. family w/ 403 languages
– Extends through most of China & Southeast Asia
– Mandarin and Cantonese = dialects or languages? Afro-Asiatic family
• Semitic—Tigris/Euphrates valley west across the N. Africa
–Arabic is the most widespread
–Hebrew (was “dead”) is Israel’s off. lang.
• Hamiti--Expansion of Arabic decreased the area & number of speakers
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Searching for the first language
“Ur language” Nostratic—ancestral speech of Middle
East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago– Ancestor to nine modern language families – A 500-word dictionary has been compiled
Contemporary to ↑: Dene-Caucasian– led to Sino-Tibetan, Basque, and Native-
American: Na-Dene
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Environment provides refuge Inhospitable environments offer
protection and isolation– Harder or less likely to be conquered
– Mountains tend to isolate inhabitants
– Linguistic refuge areas• Rugged hill and mountain areas• Excessively cold or dry climates• Impenetrable forests and remote islands• Extensive marshes and swamps
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Examples of linguistic refuge Caucasus Mountains Alps, Himalayas, and
highlands of Mexico are linguistic shatter belts
American Indian tongue Quechua → Andes Mountains of South America
Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico, still has an archaic form of Spanish
Appalachian Mts- historically preserved 17th century English
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Switzerland Switzerland has four
recognized national languages: French, German, Italian, and Romansch.
Romansch, Latin group, is spoken by only 1.1% of the population.
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Facts on Religion
Religion is a great binding force in societies, especially those less dominated by technology
Religions change over time Religions have been adopted across
cultural barriers and lang. boundaries
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Religion's role in society Religion manifests itself in many ways
– Animist-worship of souls of the dead living in natural objects and/or of the forces of nature
– Belief that certain living persons possess capacities granted by a supernatural power
– Belief in a deity or deities In Western, industrialized, urbanized societies
religion has become subordinate to secular culture & government; whereas, in other areas, religion almost completely dictates culture
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Effect on culture
– "good" life has rewards and "bad" behavior risks punishment- controlling individual behavior
– Modes of dress acceptable and foods a person can or cannot eat
– Commercial practices
– Location and structure of houses
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Major World ReligionsMajor World Religions
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Religion Vocab. Inclusive vs. Exclusive
– Inclusive-“Our” way is right for us, but that doesn’t mean everyone else is wrong.
– Exclusive-any who don’t follow “OUR” beliefs is wrong and will be punished in the afterlife.
Sect, Denomination, Cult– Divisions of a religion.– Cult - used negatively, really refers to ANY religion
Syncretism– When 2 aspects blend to create a new idea
Agnostic vs. Atheistic– Agnostic- unsure about “what’s out there”– Atheistic- sure that there isn’t anything “out there.”
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Religion Vocab. Apostate vs. Convert
– Apostate- leaves a religion or religious group
– Convert- joins a religion or a religions group Blasphemy vs. Heresy vs. Dogma vs. Infidel
– Dogma- accepted beliefs and traditions in a religion
– All the others- going against the dogma of a religion Solstice and Equinox
– Mark the change of seasons- important days in many religions, especially early ones
Morals vs. Ethics
– Morals- ideas about right and wrong - from religion
– Ethics- ideas about right and wrong - from society
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Religion Vocab. Fundamentalist vs. Conservative vs. Liberal
– Fundamentalist- interpret every word of their religion literally as absolutely true- no interpretation
– Conservative- allows for a little interpretation, change over time
– Liberal- allows more interpretation, religious writings seen as more symbolic in meaning, rather than literally true
Idol
– Something which is admired excessively or worshipped
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Religion Vocab.
Myth
– Religious stories which are not believed or have been disproved
Avatar
– Physical form of deity that has come to earth to accomplish a specific task
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