Cultural Diffusion from the Byzantine Empire

-redrew the map of Europe -legitimacy

Nationalism- or pride and devotion in one’s nation

Bell ringerWhat feeling did Napoleon

spread through his conquests of Europe?

What two things did the Congress of Vienna do to

rebalance power in Europe after Napoleon?

Where did the Russians get their Orthodox Christianity

from?

A harsh legal law code in Babylon. Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth

All power held by one person

Attacks on Jews in Russia during Russification. The Holocaust

Bell ringer

What are the Progroms? What other event can they be

compared to?

Define Autocracy

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

French Rev TestCorrect your test based on the answers below. The most missed question was number 1!

1. D 7. B 13. D 19. C

2. D 8. A 14. D 20. C

3. A 9. D 15. B

4. B 10. D 16. C

5. D 11. D 17. C

6. D 12. B/D 18. D

What challenge does Diversity pose to Nationalism?

ReviewAfter the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte was given power in France, and quickly conquered most of Europe. Upon his defeat, the Congress of Vienna balanced power in Europe by redrawing the boundary lines

However, Napoleon’s invasions had sparked Nationalism throughout Europe, leading to a number of unification and independence movements.

-Italy-Russia-Germany

Italian Unification

Italy

Italy had not been united since Roman times. In the 1800s it was split between several nations including Austria, France and Sardinia.

Most Italians lacked a national identity, but felt regional pride:Florence- TuscansVenice- VenetiansNaples- Neapolitans

Similar to northerners, southerners, etc. in the USA

Nationalism growsNationalism grows as a result of Napoleon’s invasions and the Congress of Vienna.

Nationalists want to unit Italy because of its geography, common language and common traditions.

Others view unity as a practical economic move, eliminating trade barriers between the regions and creating a single trade system.

Unity Camillo Cavour worked with the French to gain support in overthrowing Austrian rule in Northern Italy.

Shortly after, Giuseppe Garibaldi created a force of 1,000 loyal volunteers to free southern Italy. Garibaldi and his men were known as the Red Shirts and became a symbol of pride for the Italians.

Review

Review

Russian Reform

19th Century RussiaRussia in the 1800’s was the largest, most populous nation in the world.

Russia had grown over the years and included a partially European, partially Asian population

Russia Russia was untouched by the Enlightenment and world revolutions.

Russia was economically underdeveloped. The Czars resisted industrialization fearing it would weaken his absolute power.

There was an outdated social system based on Serfdom. Landowning nobles owned serfs who were bound to the land and subject to the master’s will.

Serfdom and Feudalism are similar. Peasants work the land owned by nobles and are bound to it. Both

live self-sufficient life styles, meaning they take care of

themselves.

Czar Alexander I (1801-1825)

Open to Liberal ideas at the beginning of his reign:1) Eased censorship of the press2) Promoted education3) Proposed freeing the serfs

By the time of Napoleon's invasion in 1812 Alexander had backed off reforms fearing he was losing power.

During the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Alexander supported the conservative agenda.

Czar Nicholas I (1825-1855)

Shortly after taking the throne the Decembrist Revolts started.

Army officers exposed to French Revolution ideals during Napoleon’s invasion led rioters demanding reforms and a constitution

Nicholas refuses

Nicholas cracks downCzar Nicholas I cracked down after the Decembrist Revolts:- Banned books with liberal leanings- Only approved books used in schools and

universities- Liberal and revolutionaries were exiled to Siberia

Over 150,000 Russians are exiled to Siberia

New SloganOrthodoxy Autocracy Nationalism

Russian Orthodox church and the Russian Government

Absolute power of the Czar

Respect Russian traditions and suppress others.

Nicholas used a slogan of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism to express his plans for Russia

He brutally dealt with anyone who dissented (disagreed)

Czar Alexander II (1855-1881)

His father told him, “I am handing you command of the country in a poor state”

Alexander II came to power during the Crimean War. The war highlighted how far behind Russia was compared to the rest of Europe. With few rail lines, little industry and an outdated serf system, Russia was in need of reform.

Crushing defeat in the Crimean War sparked revolts and calls for reform

In 1861 Alexander emancipated the serfs (freed)

ReformsEmancipated the Serfs

-the problem: The serfs were poor and couldn’t afford to buy enough land from their previous masters. Many left for the cities.

Zemstvos-elected assemblies responsible for handling local issues such as road repair, schools and agriculture.

Trial by Jury-created new laws including trial by jury for all Russians.

The Reforms failed to appease the masses. They wanted a Liberal Constitutional government.

People’s WillRadical groups demanded further reform. One group, People’s Will, plotted to kill the Czar.

They had many failed attempts but in March 1881 they successfully killed the czar by bombing his carriage.

Czar Alexander III (1881-1896)

Angry about his father’s murder, Alexander III ruthlessly cracked down on dissent (disagreements): Strict censorship, increased secret police activity and increased exiles of critics to Siberia.

Launched Russification aimed against the other cultures in the Empire.Russian declared official languageRussian Orthodox Church the official ChurchAll others were savagely persecuted.

What does this author think about Czar Alexander III? How do you know?

Pogroms

Russification allowed for the persecution of different religious and cultural groups. The Jews became a large target:-forced to live in specified areas-only limited numbers could be doctors, lawyers, etc.

Violent persecution of the Jews was encouraged. Gangs beat and killed Jews. Looted and burned their homes.

Thousands fled Russia and became refugees- a person who flees their homeland to seek safety elsewhere.

Industrial Developments

Despite his poor social policies, Alexander III did help modernize Russia. With loans from France, the Russians built the Trans-Siberian Railway. And more factories came into existence.

Benefits- Economic growth and increased trade.

Cons- Industrialization brought the same troubles: low wages, long hours, safety concerns and poor living conditions

Trans-Siberian Railway

Czar Nicholas II (1896-1917)

Nicholas II came to the throne with discontent throughout the nation, but he was determined to continue Russian autocracy.

Bloody Sunday:Father Gapon organized workers into a peaceful march to the Winter Palace of Nicholas II. They sang hymns and carried pictures of the Czar.

Despite the peaceful demonstration the Czar fled the palace and left soldiers to guard it. When the marchers arrived before the palace the soldiers opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds.

Future of Russia

• Discontent continues to grow

• By the start of WWI in 1914 Russia is headed for a Revolution (change)

• Czar Nicholas II will be the last Czar of Russia

• A new government will be instituted after a Russian Civil War

ReviewDuring the Age of Absolutism (1600s and 1700s), European monarchies sought to

1) Increase human rights for their citizens2) Centralize political power in their nations3) Develop better relations with Muslim rulers4) Encourage the growth of cooperative farms

ReviewRussia in the 1700s and Japan in the 1800s were similar in that both countries

1)Began the process of modernization after a long period of isolation2)Developed democratic governments after years under absolute monarchies3)Refused to accept western technological ideas4)Adopted socialist economic systems after capitalism had failed.

ReviewA study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments.

1. are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them 2. refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology 3. attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion 4. fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

The German Nation

NationalismPride and devotion to ones nation. Usually between people who share a common history, language and culture.

German nationalism is sparked by Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasions and by the Congress of Vienna.

Congress of ViennaMetternich opposed a unified Germany because it would have unseated a number of German kings. Instead a weak German Confederation was created, and headed by Austria.

A confederation is a political unit where the individual states have more power than the overall government.

Is the US a confederation? Why or why not?

No, because the Federal government trumps the individual states’ powers.

What do you notice about the German Confederation?

Blood and IronAustria and Prussia are the most powerful states

Prussia’s king, William I, appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Chancellor

Bismarck adopts a “Blood and Iron” strategy to promote support. He declares he will use force where necessary to unite the German people and ensure Prussian dominance.

What do you think of when you hear “Blood and iron”?

Bismarck is “the man”

Bismarck will forge Germany into a unified nation. He believed in real politik

Real politik- realistic politics based on a thorough evaluation of the needs of the state.

Bismarck’s first move is to create a strong Prussian Army.

The end…For Bismarck, the end justifies the means. When he was denied funding by the legislature, he simply took money that was set aside for other purposes.

End: A well armed and trained Prussian Army

Means: taking money set aside for other items to create an army

“The ends justify the means”, originally came

from Machiavelli

Bismarck’s army

Bismarck plans to use his army to increase Prussian power and influence. His Army will fight three wars over the next decade (1862-1870). Each battle increases German Unity under a Prussian ruler.

His Army is first put to the test in Schleswig and Holstein.

Schleswig & Holstein1864

Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria to seize the northern provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, an area heavily populated by German people.

A brief war allowed them to “Liberate” Schleswig an Holstein.

Prussia gets SchleswigAustria gets Holstein

Austria 1866 Bismarck invents an excuse to attack Austria. The fighting lasts just 7 weeks, but the superior Prussian army wins.

Bismarck dissolves the Confederation of German States set up by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Bismarck creates a confederation led by Prussia.

What is a confederation?

A group of strong states with a weak central government. The states tend to have more power.

Franco-Prussian War 1870

France was concerned with the Prussian win over Austria. The French openly stressed their concerns and protested when a Prussian prince was selected for the vacant throne of Spain.

Though the situation was tense, neither side wanted to declare war.

The ends justify….Otto Von Bismarck rallied the German people and swayed public opinion against the French by reminding them of Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasions.

Bismarck sparked war by tampering with therecords of a meeting between William I (Prussian King) and a French Ambassador. He made it look like William I had insulted the French.

The French declared war: “On to Berlin!”

German VictoryThe Germans were able to easily defeat the French and soon the French surrendered.

Does the Author support the Germans or the French?

German Expansion

Bismarck claims the French lands of Alsace and Lorraine for the Germans.

This was a humiliating defeat for the French

Kaiser William I

With the victory over France the Germans felt a surge of nationalism and convinced William I to accept the title Kaiser (emperor) in 1871.

This begins the 2nd Reich (empire):

1st Reich- Holy Roman Empire 900-1806

2nd Reich- Kaiser William I (Chancellor Bismarck)

3rd Reich- Adolf Hitler

Limited ReformsUnder Kaiser William I Germany’s constitution set up a 2 house Legislature:

Bundesrat Reichstag

Upper house- members appointed by rulers of the German States

Lower house- elected by universal male suffrage

The Bundesrat could veto the Reichstag’s votes at any time. Therefore, power really just stayed with the Kaiser and his Chancellor.

What’s wrong with this set up? Does it remind you of a similar situation in France?

The Reichstag can always be outvoted. Similar to the Estates General where the 1st and 2nd Estates outvote the 3rd Estate.

Review

Which Prussian leader followed a policy of “Blood and Iron” in order to create a unified Germany?

1. Metternich 2. Bolivar 3. Bismarck 4. Cavour

ReviewWhat was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

1) To regain the strength lost by the Catholic Church in Europe

2) To create a new military plan for European

domination in the Americas

3) To design a military plan to defeat Napoleon

4) To create a balance of power on the European continent

ReviewWho’s views would Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck be most likely to agree with?

a) John Lockeb) Machiavellic) King Louis XVId) Father Miguel Hidalgo