cultural care diversity and universality theory

8/7/2019 CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND UNIVERSALITY THEORY

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CULTURAL CARE DIVERSITY AND

UNIVERSALITY THEORYMADELEINE M. LEININGER

ST. LUKES COLLEGE OF NURSING

TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA



MADELEINE

LEININGER

� Born in Sutton, Nebraska July 13,

1925

�

Received her Basic NursingEducation from St. Anthonys School

of Nursing in 1948

� Received her Bachelor of Science

from Mount St. Scholastica College

in 1950

� Received her Master of Science in

Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing

from The Catholic University of

America in 1954� Received her Ph.D. in Cultural and

Social Anthropology from the

University of Washington in 1965



MADELEINE

LEININGER

� Dr. Leininger is the founder of

Transcultural Nursing

� She is a f ellow in the AmericanAcademy of Nursing

� She was named a Living

Legend by the American

Academy of Nursing in 1998

� She is Prof essor Emeritus in the

College of Nursing, Wayne

State University and AdjunctProf essor at the University of

Nebraska Medical Center,

College of Nursing, Omaha



A substantive area of study and practice focused oncomparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs and

practices of individuals or groups of similar or

diff erent cultures with the goal of providing culture-

specific and universal nursing care practices inpromoting health or well-being or to help people to

face unfavorable human conditions, illness or death

in culturally meaningf ul ways.

DEFINITION OF

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING



The study of nursing care beliefs, values andpractices as cognitively perceived and known

by a designated culture through their direct

experience, beliefs and value system.

DEFINITION OF ETHNONURSING



NURSINGPARADIGM



Humans are believed to be caring and to be capable of

being concerned about the needs, well-being andsurvival of others.

Human care is universal, that is, seen in all cultures.

Humans are universally caring beings who survive in adiversity of cultures through their ability to provide

the universality of care in a variety of ways according

to diff ering cultures, needs and settings.

HUMAN BEINGS



Defined as a state of well-being that is culturallydefined, valued and practiced, and which

ref lects the ability of individuals (or groups) to

perform their daily role activities in culturally

expressed, beneficial and patterned lif eways.

HEALTH



Society or environment are not terms that are

defined by Leininger but she instead speaks of

worldview, social structure and environmental

context.

The concept of culture is closely related to

society or environment and is considered as a

central theme in her theory.

ENVIRONMENT



Prof essional nursing care is defined as formal and

cognitively learned prof essional care knowledge andpractice skills, obtained through educational

institutions, that are expected to provide assistive,

supportive, enabling or facilitative acts to or for

another individual or group in order to improve a

human health condition (or well-being), disability,

lif eway or to work with dying clients.

NURSING



Culturally congruent (nursing) care is defined as

those cognitively based assistive, supportive,

facilitative or enabling acts or decisions that

are tailor-made to fit with individual, group or

institutional cultural values, beliefs andlif eways in order to provide or support

meaningf ul, beneficial and satisf ying health

care or well-being services.

NURSING



Leininger contends that emically derived careknowledge is essential to establish nursings

epistemological (the branch of philosophy that

studies the nature of knowledge, in particular its

foundations, scope, and validity)and ontological (themost general branch of metaphysics, concerned with

the nature of being)base for practice.




Leininger built her theory of transculturalnursing on the premise that the peoples of

each culture can not only know and define the

ways in which they experience and perceive

their nursing care world but also relate these

experiences and perceptions to their general

health beliefs and practices.




Leininger presented assumptions that supporther prediction that diff erent cultures

perceive, know, and practice care in diff erent

ways, yet there are some commonalities

about care among all cultures of the world.

She ref ers to the commonalities as universality

and to the diff erences as diversity.




Culture is the learned, shared and transmitted

knowledge of values, beliefs, norms andf

lif eways of a particular group that guides an

individual or group in their thinking, decisions

and actions in patterned ways .




Subculture is closely related to culture and

ref ers to a group that deviates in certain areas

from the dominant culture in values, beliefs,

norms, moral codes and ways of living with

some distinctive f eatures of its own.




Culture care is defined as the subjectively and

objectively learned and transmitted values,

beliefs and patterned lif eways that assist,

support, facilitate or enable another individual

or group to maintain well-being and health, toimprove the human condition and lif eway or

to deal with illness, handicaps or death.




Culture Care Diversity indicates the variabilities

and/or diff erences in meanings, patterns,

values, lif eways or symbols of care within or

between collectives that are related to

assistive, supportive or enabling human careexpressions.




Culture Care Universality indicates the

common, similar, or dominant uniform care

meanings, patterns, values, lif eways or

symbols that are manif est among many

cultures and ref lect assistive, supportive,facilitative or enabling ways to help people.




Worldview is the way in which people look at

the world, o r at the universe, and form a

picture or value stance about the world and

their lives.




Cultural and social structure dimensions are defined as

involving the dynamic patterns and f eatures orinterrelated structural and organizational factors of a

particular culture which includes religious, kinship,

political, economic, educational, technologic and

cultural values, ethnoshistorical factors and howthese factors may be interrelated and f unction to

inf luence human behavior in diff erent environmental

contexts.




Environmental context is the totality of an

event, situation or particular experiences that

give meaning to human expressions,

interpretations and social interactions in

particular physical, ecological, sociopolitical,and/or cultural setting.




Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events,

instances and experiences of individuals,groups, cultures and institutions that are

primarily people-centered (ethno) and which

describe, explain, and interpret humanlif eways within particular cultural contexts

over short or long periods of time.




Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally learnedand transmitted, indigenous (or traditional), folk

(home-based) knowledge and skills used to provide

assistive, supportive enabling or facilitative acts

toward or for another individual, group or institutionwith evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or

improve a human lif eway, health condition (or well-

being) or to deal with handicaps and death

situations.




Prof essional care systems are defined as

formally taught, learned and transmitted

prof essional care, health, illness, wellness and

related knowledge and practice skills that

prevail in prof essional institutions, usuallywith multidisciplinary personnel to serve

consumers.




Care as a noun is defined as those abstract and

concrete phenomena related to assisting,

supporting, or enabling experiences or

behaviors toward or for others with evident or

anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve ahuman condition or lif eway.




Care a s a gerund is defined as actions and

activities directed toward assisting, supporting

or enabling another individual or group with

evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or

improve a human condition or lif eway or toface death.




Culture care preservation, also known as

maintenance, includes those assistive,

supportive, facilitative or enabling

prof essional actions and decisions that help

people of a particular culture to retain and/orpreserve relevant care values so that they can

maintain their well-being, recover from illness

or face handicaps and/or death.




Culture care accommodation, also known as

negotiation, includes those assistive,

supporting, facilitative or enabling creative

prof essional actions and decisions that help

people of a designated culture adapt to ornegotiate with others for a beneficial or

satisf ying health outcome with proff esional

care providers.




Culture care repatterning, also known as restructuring,

includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative orenabling prof essional actions and decisions that help

clients eorder, change or greatly modif y their

lif eways for new, diff erent and beneficial health care

patterns while respecting clients cultural values andbeliefs and providing a lif eway more beneficial or

healthier than before the changes were co-

established with the clients.




Education is an ornament in

prosperity and a ref uge in

adversity.

Aristotle(384 BC 322 BC)

Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher

of Alexander the Great

Think about this



George, Julia B., 2008, NursingTheories: The Base for

Prof essional Nursing Practice.

Fif th Edition. Prentice Hall

REFERENCE

cultural care diversity and universality theory

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