cuasicristales 3

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Proc. Natd. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 8 5 , p p . 8376-8380, November 1988 Chemistry Unified structure theory oficosahedral quasicrystals: Evidence from neutron powder diffraction patterns that AlCrFeMnSi, AlCuLiMg, and TiNiFeSi icosahedral quasicrystals a r e twins of cubic crystals containing about 820 o r 1012 atoms i n a primitive unit cube (Al74Mn2lSis/AlsloCuLMg,*,/atomic volume) LINUSPAULING Linus Pauling Institute ofScience a n d Medicine, 4 4 0 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94306 Contributed b y Linus Pauling, July 2 9, 1988 ABSTRACT Aunifiedstructuretheoryoficosahedralquasi- crystals, combinig the twinned-cubic-crystal theory a n d th e Penrose-tiling-six-dimensional-projection theory, i s described. Values o f t h e primitive-cubic lattice constant forseveralquasi- crystals areevaluated from x-ray a n d neutron diffraction data. T h e fact thatthe low-angle diffraction maxima can be indexed withcubic unit cells provides additional support f o r th e twinned- cubic-crystal theory o f icosahedral quasicrystals. Since their discovery ( 1 ) 4 years ago, th e question o f he nature o f t h e so-called icosahedral quasicrystals has r e- mained unresolved. Most o f t h e investigators wh o have studied this matter have concluded that some sort o f ran- domness i n structure h a s resulted i n t h e formation of quasi- crystals with fivefold axes a n d other symmetry elements that give icosahedral symmetry t o thesubstances, down t o atomic levels (2-5). A however, have suggested that icosahedral twinning of conventional crystals could explain a ll of t h e experimental observations. I i n particular, have contended that crystals composed o f very large clusters o f atoms with approximate icosahedral symmetry c an form cubic crystal- lites that b y icosahedral twinning form grains with icosahe- dral point-group symmetry, th e so-called icosahedral qua- sicrystals (6-8). During t h e past 2 years there h a s been widespread agree- ment that many icosahedral quasicrystals contain th e large icosahedral triple-shell complex discovered i n 1952 i n he compound Mg32(Al,Zn)49 b y Bergman, Waugh, a n d Pauling ( 9 , 10). This complex consists o f a central atom (which sometimes i s missing) surrounded b y a n icosahedral shell of 1 2 atoms, a second shell o f 3 2 atoms, a n d a third shell o f 6 0 , 72, 80, o r 9 2 atoms (all retaining icosahedral point-group symmetry). I described t w o n e w structures involving 8 of these clusters i n t h e , - W positions(primitive cubic unit cell), one, f o r the icosahedral quasicrystal Al6Mn (6), with 104- atom clusters i n th e 8 positions, a n d t h e other, f o r t h e icosahedral quasicrystal Al6CuLi3 (7), with two 104-atom clusters a n d s i x 136-atom clusters i n these positions. (These structures a r e described a s th e 820-atom structure a n d t h e 1012-atom structure, although t h e number o f atoms i n t h e unit cube ma y vary somewhat.) Among other investigators w h o have discussed this cluster i n connection with icosahedral quasicrystals a r e Audier e t a l . (11), M a e t a l . (12), Henley an d Elser (13), Elswijk e t a l. (14), a n d V an Smaalen et a l . (15). A l l investigators assume that t h e large icosahedral clusters a r e present i n nearly parallel orientation. T h difference between t h e t w o alternative theories i s that i n t h e twinned-cubic-crystal theory there are, f o r t h e crys- tallites, three translational symmetry operations, s o that t h e cluster-clustervectors include those with components that a r e integral multiples o f th e cubeedge a , whereas in the other theory the vectors have only random magnitudes a n d direc- tions, except f o r those within a cluster. T h e Unified Over t h e past year I have formulated a theory that unifies t he tw o theories about t h e nature of theicosahedral quasicrystals. According t o this unified theory (7), thereare i n t h e quasicrys- tals cluster-cluster vectors o f both kinds: those provided b y t h e translational identity operations of t h e cubic units o f structure, a n d also others that involve certain kinds o f ran- domness. Moreover, t he unified theory, b y invoking t h e cubic crystallites with structures closely similar t o those o f known intermetallic compounds, h a s th e desirable feature o f con- forming t o t h e known principles of structural chemistry. T h e formationof large icosahedral clusters i s expected f o r a n alloy o f t w o o r more metallic elements with different radii, a n d these clusters, probably with a range o f values o f th e number o f atoms i n th e outer shell, c a n b e expected to be present i n t h e molten alloy. I f t he molten alloy were to b e quenched extremely rapidly i t would form a metallic with t he clusters having th e same random orientation a s in th e melt a n d being piled together a s i n t h e melt. With somewhat less rapid quenching the clusters would begin t o form crystallites. These crystallites might in some cases, a s f o r Al6CuLi3, have t h e thermodynamically stable structure. Usually, however, a s f o r Mg32(Al,Zn)49, th e thermodynam- ically stable structure involves sharing t h e atoms i n t h e outer shell between clusters, which requires time, o that instead t h e alloy crystallizes with a metastable structure that involves a n easily assumed arrangement i n which t h e clusters that were present i n t h e liquid pile together i n a crystallographi- cally simple way, such a s cubic close packing o f the clusters, 4 clusters i n a face-centered cube. In fact, n o such 4-cluster quasicrystals have been found; instead, both t he 820-atom a n d th e 1012-atom structure a r e based o n t h e p - W arrange- ment, with th e unit cube containing 8 clusters. T h e reason f o r t h e selection o f t h e P3-W arrangement i s obvious. I t i s that t h e Bergman-Waugh-Pauling triple-shell cluster o f 1 0 4 t o 1 3 6 atoms has icosahedral point-group symmetry a n d accordingly strives t o coordinate 1 2 other clusters about itself a t t h e corners o f a n icosahedron. Each of t h e clusters at 0 0 0 a n d 1 / 2 Y 2 1 /2 i n t h e p - W unit i s ligated i n this w ay t o i t s 1 2 neighbors, at 0 1/4 Y 2 a n d equivalent positions. I have pointed o u t that the pseudo-icosahedral character of these cubic crystallites would cause them to undergo icosa- 8376 T h e publication costs o f this article were defrayed i n part b y page charge payment. This article must therefore b e hereby marked "advertisement" i n accordance with 1 8 U.S.C. §1734 solely t o indicate this fact.

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P r o c . N a t d . A c a d . S c i . USAV o l . 8 5 , p p . 8 3 7 6 - 8 3 8 0 , N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 8C h e m i s t r y

U n i f i e d s t r u c t u r e t h e o r y o f i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s : E v i d e n c ef r o m n e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s t h a t A l C r F e M n S i ,A l C u L i M g , a n d T i N i F e S i i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s a r et w i n s o f c u b i c c r y s t a l s c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 8 2 0 o r 1 0 1 2a t o m s i n a p r i m i t i v e u n i t c u b e

( A l 7 4 M n 2 l S i s / A l s l o C u L M g , * , / a t o m i c v o l u m e )

L I N U S P A U L I N G

L i n u s P a u l i n g I n s t i t u t e o f S ci e n ce a n d M e d i c i n e , 4 4 0 P a g e M i l l R o a d , P a l o A l t o , CA 9 4 3 0 6

C o n t r i b u t e d b y L i n u s P a u l i n g , J u l y 2 9 , 1 9 8 8

ABSTRACT A u n i f i e d s t r u c t u r e t h e o r y o f i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i -c r y s t a l s , c o m b i n i g t h e t w i n n e d - c u b i c - c r y s t a l t h e o r y a n d t h eP e n r o s e - t i l i n g - s i x - d i m e n s i o n a l - p r o j e c t i o n t h e o r y , i s d e s c r i b e d .V a l u e s o f t h e p r i m i t i v e - c u b i c l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t f o r s e v e r a l q u a s i -c r y s t a l s a r e e v a l u a t e d f r o m x - r a y a n d n e u t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a .

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e l o w - a n g l e d i f f r a c t i o n m a x i m a c a n b e i n d e x e dw i t h c u b i c u n i t c e l l s p r o v i d e s a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e t w i n n e d -c u b i c - c r y s t a l t h e o r y o f i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s .

S i n c e t h e i r d i s c o v e r y ( 1 ) 4 y e a r s a g o , t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h en a t u r e o f t h e s o - c a l l e d i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s h a s r e -m a i n e d u n r e s o l v e d . M o s t o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s who h a v e

s t u d i e d t h i s m a t t e r h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t s o m e s o r t o f r a n -d o m n e s s i n s t r u c t u r e h a s r e s u l t e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f q u a s i -c r y s t a l s w i t h f i v e f o l d a x e s a n d o t h e r s y m m e t r y e l e m e n t s t h a tg i v e i c o s a h e d r a l s y m m e t r y t o t h e s u b s t a n c e s , d o w n t o a t o m i cl e v e l s ( 2 - 5 ) . A f e w , h o w e v e r , h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t i c o s a h e d r a lt w i n n i n g o f c o n v e n t i o n a l c r y s t a l s c o u l d e x p l a i n a l l o f t h ee x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . I , i n p a r t i c u l a r , h a v e c o n t e n d e d

t h a t c r y s t a l s c o m p o s e d o f v e r y l a r g e c l u s t e r s o f a t o m s w i t h

a p p r o x i m a t e i c o s a h e d r a l s y m m e t r y c a n f o r m c u b i c c r y s t a l -l i t e s t h a t b y i c o s a h e d r a l t w i n n i n g f o r m g r a i n s w i t h i c o s a h e -d r a l p o i n t - g r o u p s y m m e t r y , t h e s o - c a l l e d i c o s a h e d r a l q u a -s i c r y s t a l s ( 6 - 8 ) .

D u r i n g t h e p a s t 2 y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n w i d e s p r e a d a g r e e -m e n t t h a t m a n y i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s c o n t a i n t h e l a r g ei c o s a h e d r a l t r i p l e - s h e l l c o m p l e x d i s c o v e r e d i n 1 9 5 2 i n t h ec o m p o u n d M g 3 2 ( A l , Z n ) 4 9 b y B e r g m a n , W a u g h , a n d P a u l i n g( 9 , 1 0 ) . T h i s c o m p l e x c o n s i s t s o f a c e n t r a l a t o m ( w h i c hs o m e t i m e s i s m i s s i n g ) s u r r o u n d e d b y a n i c o s a h e d r a l s h e l l o f1 2 a t o m s , a s e c o n d s h e l l o f 3 2 a t o m s , a n d a t h i r d s h e l l o f 6 0 ,7 2 , 8 0 , o r 9 2 a t o m s ( a l l r e t a i n i n g i c o s a h e d r a l p o i n t - g r o u ps y m m e t r y ) . I d e s c r i b e d t w o new s t r u c t u r e s i n v o l v i n g 8 o ft h e s e c l u s t e r s i n t h e , - W p o s i t i o n s ( p r i m i t i v e c u b i c u n i t c e l l ) ,o n e , f o r t h e i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l A l 6 M n ( 6 ) , w i t h 1 0 4 -

a t o m c l u s t e r s i n t h e 8 p o s i t i o n s , a n d t h e o t h e r , f o r t h ei c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l A l 6 C u L i 3 ( 7 ) , w i t h t w o 1 0 4 -a t o m

c l u s t e r s a n d s i x 1 3 6 - a t o m c l u s t e r s i n t h e s e p o s i t i o n s . ( T h e s es t r u c t u r e s a r e d e s c r i b e d a s t h e 8 2 0 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e1 0 1 2 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e , a l t h o u g h t h e n u m b e r o f a t o m s i n t h e u n i tc u b e may v a r y s o m e w h a t . ) A m o n g o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s w ho

h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h i s c l u s t e r i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i c o s a h e d r a lq u a s i c r y s t a l s a r e A u d i e r e t a l . ( 1 1 ) , Ma e t a l . ( 1 2 ) , H e n l e y a n dE l s e r ( 1 3 ) , E l s w i j k e t a l . ( 1 4 ) , a n d V a n S m a a l e n e t a l . ( 1 5 ) . A l li n v e s t i g a t o r s a s s u m e t h a t t h e l a r g e i c o s a h e d r a l c l u s t e r s a r ep r e s e n t i n n e a r l y p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n .

T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o a l t e r n a t i v e t h e o r i e s i s t h a ti n t h e t w i n n e d - c u b i c - c r y s t a l t h e o r y t h e r e a r e , f o r t h e c r y s -t a l l i t e s , t h r e e t r a n s l a t i o n a l s y m m e t r y o p e r a t i o n s , s o t h a t t h ec l u s t e r - c l u s t e r v e c t o r s i n c l u d e t h o s e w i t h c o m p o n e n t s t h a ta r e i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e s o f t h e c u b e e d ge a , w h e r e a s i n t h e o t h e r

t h e o r y t h e v e c t o r s h a v e o n l y r a n d o m m a g n i t u d e s a n d d i r e c -t i o n s , e x c e p t f o r t h o s e w i t h i n a c l u s t e r .

T h e U n i f i e d T h e o r y

O v e r t h e p a s t y e a r I h a v e f o r m u l a t e d a t h e o r y t h a t u n i f i e s t h et w o t h e o r i e s a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s .A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s u n i f i e d t h e o r y ( 7 ) , t h e r e a r e i n t h e q u a s i c r y s -t a l s c l u s t e r - c l u s t e r v e c t o r s o f b o t h k i n d s : t h o s e p r o v i d e d b y

t h e t r a n s l a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y o p e r a t i o n s o f t h e c u b i c u n i t s o fs t r u c t u r e , a n d a l s o o t h e r s t h a t i n v o l v e c e r t a i n k i n d s o f r a n -d o m n e s s . M o r e o v e r , t h e u n i f i e d t h e o r y , b y i n v o k i n g t h e c u b i cc r y s t a l l i t e s w i t h s t r u c t u r e s c l o s e l y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f k n o w ni n t e r m e t a l l i c c o m p o u n d s , h a s t h e d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e o f c o n -f o r m i n g t o t h e k n o w n p r i n c i p l e s o f s t r u c t u r a l c h e m i s t r y .

T h e f o r m a t i o n o f l a r g e i c o s a h e d r a l c l u s t e r s i s e x p e c t e d f o ra n a l l o y o f t w o o r m o r e m e t a l l i c e l e m e n t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t r a d i i ,a n d t h e s e c l u s t e r s , p r o b a b l y w i t h a r a n g e o f v a l u e s o f t h en u m b e r o f a t o m s i n t h e o u t e r s h e l l , c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o b e

p r e s e n t i n t h e m o l t e n a l l o y . I f t h e m o l t e n a l l o y w e r e t o b e

q u e n c h e d e x t r e m e l y r a p i d l y i t w o u l d f o r m a m e t a l l i c g l a s s ,w i t h t h e c l u s t e r s h a v i n g t h e s a m e r a n d o m o r i e n t a t i o n a s i n t h em e l t a n d b e i n g p i l e d t o g e t h e r a s i n t h e m e l t . W i t h s o m e w h a tl e s s r a p i d q u e n c h i n g t h e c l u s t e r s w o u l d b e g i n t o f o r m

c r y s t a l l i t e s . T h e s e c r y s t a l l i t e s m i g h t i n s o m e c a s e s , a s f o rA l 6 C u L i 3 , h a v e t h e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y s t a b l e s t r u c t u r e .U s u a l l y , h o w e v e r , a s f o r M g 3 2 ( A l , Z n ) 4 9 , t h e t h e r m o d y n a m -i c a l l y s t a b l e s t r u c t u r e i n v o l v e s s h a r i n g t h e a t o m s i n t h e o u t e r

s h e l l b e t w e e n c l u s t e r s , w h i c h r e q u i r e s t i m e , s o t h a t i n s t e a dt h e a l l o y c r y s t a l l i z e s w i t h a m e t a s t a b l e s t r u c t u r e t h a t i n v o l v e sa n e a s i l y a s s u m e d a r r a n g e m e n t i n w h i c h t h e c l u s t e r s t h a t

w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e l i q u i d p i l e t o g e t h e r i n a c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i -c a l l y s i m p l e w a y , s u c h a s c u b i c c l o s e p a c k i n g o f t h e c l u s t e r s ,4 c l u s t e r s i n a f a c e - c e n t e r e d c u b e . I n f a c t , n o s u c h 4 - c l u s t e rq u a s i c r y s t a l s h a v e b e e n f o u n d ; i n s t e a d , b o t h t h e 8 2 0 - a t o m

a n d t h e 1 0 1 2 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e a r e b a s e d o n t h e p-W a r r a n g e -m e n t , w i t h t h e u n i t c u b e c o n t a i n i n g 8 c l u s t e r s .

T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e P 3 - W a r r a n g e m e n t i so b v i o u s . I t i s t h a t t h e B e r g m a n - W a u g h - P a u l i n g t r i p l e - s h e l lc l u s t e r o f 1 0 4 t o 1 3 6 a t o m s h a s i c o s a h e d r a l p o i n t - g r o u ps y m m e t r y a n d a c c o r d i n g l y s t r i v e s t o c o o r d i n a t e 1 2 o t h e rc l u s t e r s a b o u t i t s e l f a t t h e c o r n e r s o f a n i c o s a h e d r o n . E a c h o f

t h e c l u s t e r s a t 0 0 0 a n d 1 / 2 Y 2 1 / 2 i n t h e p - W u n i t i s l i g a t e d i n t h i sw a y t o i t s 1 2 n e i g h b o r s , a t 0 1 / 4 Y 2 a n d e q u i v a l e n t p o s i t i o n s .

I h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e p s e u d o - i c o s a h e d r a l c h a r a c t e r o f

t h e s e c u b i c c r y s t a l l i t e s w o u l d c a u s e t h e m t o u n d e r g o i c o s a -

8 3 7 6

T h e p u b l i c a t i o n c o s t s o f t h i s a r t i c l e w e r e d e f r a y e d i n p a r t b y p a g e c h a r g ep a y m e n t . T h i s a r t i c l e m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e h e r e b y m a r k e d " a d v e r t i s e m e n t "

i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 1 8 U . S . C . § 1 7 3 4 s o l e l y t o i n d i c a t e t h i s f a c t .

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 ) 8 3 7 7

h e d r a l t w i n n i n g t o 2 0 o r i e n t a t i o n s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o i d e n t i t yo f o n e t h r e e f o l d a x i s a n d t h r e e p l a n e s o f s y m m e t r y o f e a c h

c r y s t a l l i t e w i t h t h o s e o f t h e i c o s a h e d r a l c l u s t e r ( 6 ) . A f e a t u r eo f t h i s m u l t i p l y t w i n n e d a g g r e g a t e i s t h a t a l l o f t h e i c o s a h e d r a lc l u s t e r s i n a l l o f t h e c r y s t a l l i t e s h a v e n e a r l y t h e s a m e

o r i e n t a t i o n .T h e d i f f r a c t i o n m a x i m a i n s u c h a g r a i n h a v e i n t e n s i t i e s a n d

p o s i t i o n s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h r e e s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r s : t h e s t r u c t u r e

f a c t o r o f t h e c l u s t e r , t h es t r u c t u r e

f a c t o r o f t h e c u b i cc r y s t a l l i t e , a n d t h e s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e i n t e r a c -t i o n o f o ne c r y s t a l l i t e w i t h t h e o t h e r . T h e f i r s t two o f t h e s eca n b e h a n d l e d b y t h e m e t h o d s o f c o n v e n t i o n a l c r y s t a l l o g -r a p h y . T h e s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r o f t h e c u b i c c r y s t a l l e a d s t o Qv e c t o r s i n r e c i p r o c a l space e n d i n g a t o r n e a r t h e l a t t i c ep o i n t s , t h e c l o s e n e s s b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d i n v e r s e l y b y t h e s i z eo f t h e c r y s t a l l i t e s . I h a v e f o u n d t h a t t h e Q v a l u e s f o r manyq u a s i c r y s t a l s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e w e a k p e a k s , ca n b e a c -

c o u n t e d f o r b y a p r i m i t i v e c u b i c u n i t c e l l ; t h i s f a c t s t r o n g l ys u p p o r t s t h e t w i n n e d - c r y s t a l t h e o r y a n d t h e u n i f i e d t h e o r y .

T h e s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r o f t h e c l u s t e r a l s o d e t e r m i n e s t h ei n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e d i f f r a c t i o n m a x i m a , a n d , i f t h e c r y s t a l l i t e sare s m a l l , ca n move t h e m a x i m a a p p r e c i a b l y f r o m t h e l a t t i c ep o i n t s . I t i s l i k e l y , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s e f f e c t i s i n t h e m a i n

c a u s e d b y c r y s t a l l i t e - c r y s t a l l i t e i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e t h i r d s t r u c -

t u r e f a c t o r .T h e t h i r d s t r u c t u r e f a c t o r ca n b e d i s c u s s e d b y c o n s i d e r -

a t i o n o f a t o m - a t o m p a i r v e c t o r s . L e t us c o n s i d e r t h e v e c t o r s

b e t w e e n a n atom i n o n e c r y s t a l l i t e a n d t w o a t o m s i n a c l u s t e ri n a n o t h e r c r y s t a l l i t e . N e i t h e r o f t h e t wo v e c t o r s i s r e l a t e d i na w e l l - d e f i n e d way t o a ny t r a n s l a t i o n a l symmetry o p e r a t i o n ,b u t t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e v e c t o r r e m a i n s t h e same f r o m c l u s t e r t oc l u s t e r , b e c a u s e t h e c l u s t e r s h a v e n e a r l y t h e same o r i e n t a -t i o n . I t h a s b e e n s h o w n b y many gr oups o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s t h a tt h i s t r e a t m e n t l e a d s t o s h a r p d i f f r a c t i o n m a x i m a a t Q v a l u e sr e l a t e d b y t h e g o l d e n n u m b e r r, f o r e x a m p l e , b y L e v i n e a n d

S t e i n h a r d t ( 2 ) , u s i n g P e n r o s e t i l i n g t o i n t r o d u c e t h e r a n d o m -

ness i n t h e v e c t o r s , a n d b y K a l u g i n e t a l . ( 5 ) , u s i n g p r o j e c t i o nf r o m a s i x - d i m e n s i o n a l i c o s a h e d r a l c r y s t a l . I t w a s s h o w n b y

E l s w i j k e t a l . ( 1 4 ) t h a t t h e B e r g m a n - W a u g h - P a u l i n g c l u s t e r

( 7 , 8 ) l e a d s w i t h t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n t o g o o d v a l u e s f o r t h ep o s i t i o n s a n d i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e 3 7 s t r o n g e s t d i f f r a c t i o n m a x -

i m a o f A l 6 C u L i 3 . I p o i n t o u t t h a t t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n a p p l i e s a l s o ,a t l e a s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y , t o a s i n g l e c r y s t a l w i t h 8 c l u s t e r s i n a

c u b i c u n i t . F o r e a c h c l u s t e r i n o n e u n i t t h e r e i s o n l y o n e i na n o t h e r u n i t r e l a t e d t o i t s i m p l y b y t h e t r a n s l a t i o n a l o p e r a -

t i o n s ; f o r t h e o t h e r seven t h e r e are q u a s i r a n d o m d i f f e r e n c e si n t h e v e c t o r l e n g t h s .

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o f some a l l o y s t h e c u b i c m i c r o c r y s t a l s w o u l d b e so s m a l l ( l e s st h a n o n e u n i t o f s t r u c t u r e ) t h a t i t w o u l d b e u n j u s t i f i e d t o c a l lt h e m c r y s t a l s , i n t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e n o t r a n s l a t i o n a l i d e n t i t yo p e r a t i o n s , b u t t h a t t h e i n t e r c l u s t e r i n t e r a c t i o n s t h a t l e a d t o

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e c r y s t a l s a n d t o t h e process o f t w i n n i n g

w o u l d s t i l l o p e r a t e t o a l i g n t h e c l u s t e r s i n t o p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a -t i o n s , g i v i n g r i s e t o a s t r u c t u r e w i t h i c o s a h e d r a l p o i n t - g r o u p

s y m m e t r y o f t h e s o r t c o n s i d e r e d b y many q u a s i c r y s t a li n v e s t i g a t o r s . T h e q u a s i c r y s t a l s t h a t I h a v e s t u d i e d a l l p r o -

v i d e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e p resence o f t w i n n e d c u b i c c r y s t a l l i t e s .A n a l y s e s o f x-ray a n d n e u t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s o f

s e v e r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s s u p p o r t i n g t h e t h e o r y t h a t t w i n n e d

c u b i c c r y s t a l s a re p r e s e n t are d e s c r i b e d i n e a r l i e r p a p e r s ( 6 -

8 ) . A d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .

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Q u e n c h e d A l l o y s

C h r i s t i a n J a n o t ( M a x von L a u e - P a u l L a n g e v i n I n s t i t u t e ,G r e n o b l e , F r a n c e ) k i n d l y s e n t me d e t a i l e d h i g h - r e s o l u t i o nn e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a f o r r a p i d l y q u e n c h e d

A l 7 4 M n 2 1 S i 5 and f o u r o t h e r a l l o y s i n w h i c h some o f t h e Mn

a t o m s a r e r e p l a c e d b y C r a n d F e a t o m s . T h e d a t a c o n s i s t o fi n t e n s i t y c u r v e s f r o m Q ( = 2 X r / d ) = 1 A - ' t o 8 A - ' a n d

c o m p u t e r e v a l u a t i o n s o f m a x i m a f r o m 0 . 6 8 A' t o 6 . 8 A ' 1 .T h e f i v e c u r v e s s h o w m a n y w e a k p e a k s t h a t w e r e i g n o r e d b yt h e c o m p u t e r . T h e p e a k s a p p e a r o n a l l f i v e c u r v e s a t n e a r l yt h e s a m e Q v a l u e , b u t w i t h g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t i n t e n s i t y , b e c a u s e

o f t h e d i f f e r e n t n e u t r o n F f a c t o r s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t m i x t u r e s o fC r , F e , a n d M n .

V a l u e s o f t h e i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e d f o r t h e 1 1 w e a k p e a k sa n d 2 s t r o n g p e a k s w i t h t h e s m a l l e s t v a l u e s o f Q f o r t h eA 1 7 4 M n 2 1 S i 5 c u r v e a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . N e a r l y t h e s a m e

v a l u e s a r e f o u n d f o r t h e o t h e r f o u r c u r v e s . T h e s m a l l e s t c u b i cu n i t o f s t r u c t u r e t h a t a c c o u n t s f o r t h e o b s e r v e d s p a c i n g s h a se d g e a e q u a l t o 2 2 . 9 9 A .

Many m o r e p e a k s , w i t h l a r g e r Q , c a n b e s e e n . T h e y c a n a l lb e f i t t e d , t o w i t h i n t h e e r r o r i n m e a s u r e m e n t , b y t h e s a m e u n i to f s t r u c t u r e .

V a l u e s o f d f o r t h e f i r s t 2 0 p e a k s l i s t e d b y t h e c o m p u t e r a r eg i v e n i n T a b l e 2 . T h e y a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e s a m e c u b i cu n i t , y i e l d i n g 2 3 . 0 1 A f o r a . T h e 3 3 p e a k s w i t h l a r g e r Q v a l u e sa r e a l s o c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h i s u n i t .

T h e s e a l l o y s c a n b e a s s i g n e d t h e 8 2 0 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e , w i t hc o m p l e x e s o f 1 0 4 a t o m s ( 2 0 c o n d e n s e d F r i a u f p o l y h e d r a ) a t

t h e B - W p o s i t i o n s .

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i n t h e h i g h - i n t e n s i t y x - r a y p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f t h ei c o s a h e d r a l p h a s e A 1 5 6 1 C u 1 0 2 L i 3 3 7 . I t i s t o b e e xp e c t e d t h a tt h i s p h a s e w o u l d c o n s i s t o f c u b i c c r y s t a l s w i t h a p r i m i t i v eu n i t c u b e w i t h e d g e n e a r l y t h e s a m e a s f o r A l 6 C u L i 3 ( 7 ) , 2 5 . 7 0A . M e a s u r e m e n t o f 1 4 w e a k p e a k s ( 8 ) w i t h s m a l l Q v a l u e s o n

a p u b l i s h e d x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n c u r v e o f A 1 5 6 1 C U 1 0 2 L i 3 3 7 g a v e

t h e v a l u e a = 2 5 . 6 9 A . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e 1 7 m a x i m a g i v e n

i n r e f . 1 6 , e x t e n d i n g t o Q = 4 . 8 A - ' , c o u l d b e i n d e x e d w i t ht h e s a m e u n i t , a s i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 , l e a d i n g t o t h e a v e r a g e

v a l u e a = 2 5 . 8 1 A .

P u l s e d N e u t r o n P o w d e r D i f f r a c t i o n D a t a

S h e n e t a l . ( 1 6 , 2 1 ) h a v e p u b l i s h e d c u r v e s a n d t a b l e s o f v a l u e so f Q a n d t h e i n t e n s i t y I f o r t h e s t r o n g e r m a x i m a o b t a i n e d b y

p u l s e d n e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n b y f o u r A l C u L i M g a l l o y s .S . J . P o o n k i n d l y s e n t me t h e d a t a , v a l u e s o f I a t i n t e r v a l s o f

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t h e v a l u e I = 1 .t V a l u e s o f d a r e f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s m a d e o n t h e p l o t t e d c u r v e ; t h e

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s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e f o r Q . T h e s e e n t r i e s a r e t a k e n f r o m t a b l e si n r e f . 1 6 ; t h e y a r e f o r t h e s t r o n g e r p e a k s , w h i c h c o m p r i s e

a b o u t 2 5 % o f a l l t h e p e a k s .V a l u e s o f t h e i n t e n s i t y , I , f o r t h e s e p e a k s a r e t h o s e g i v e n

i n r e f . 1 6 . F o r t h e w e a k p e a k s I o b t a i n e d v a l u e s f o r I b y

s u b t r a c t i n g f r o m t h e v a l u e a t Q ( p e a k ) a b a c k g r o u n d v a l u e g o tb y l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n f r o m t h e a d j a c e n t m i n i m a a n d m u l t i -p l y i n g b y a f a c t o r g i v e n b y t h e s t r o n g p e a k s .

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d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f t h e i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l A l 5 5 C u o L i , 5l * 1 0 0 Q t h k l a , A

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I i s t h e i n t e n s i t y , Q i s t h e r e c i p r o c a l l e n g t h 2 i r / d ( i n A - ' ) , w i t h d

t h e i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e , h k I i s t h e s e t o f i n d i c e s , a n d a i s t h e e d g eo f t h e u n i t c u b e ; t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f a i s 2 5 . 8 1 A .* V a l u e s o f f a r e a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t .t V a l u e s o f Q c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e p e a k s a t i n t e r v a l s o f 0 . 0 1 A w h e n I

i s g r e a t e r t h a n f o r t h e t w o a d j a c e n t v a l u e s . S e v e n e x t r e m e l y w e a k

p e a k s , I < 3 0 , h a v e b e e n o m i t t e d a s p r o b a b l e f l u c t u a t i o n s ( 1 0 0 Q =

4 6 , 5 3 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 8 , 7 1 , a n d 1 2 5 ) . V a l u e s o f Q w i t h o n e e x t r a d e c i m a lp l a c e a r e f r o m t a b l e I a i n r e f . 1 6 .

* T h i s p e a k i s n o t i d e n t i f i e d .

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I i s t h e i n t e n s i t y , Q i s t h e r e c i p r o c a l l e n g t h 2 7 r / d ( i n A - 1 ) , w i t h d

t h e i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e , h k I i s t h e s e t o f i n d i c e s , a n d a i s t h e e d g e

o f t h e u n i t c u b e ; t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f a i s 2 5 . 9 1 A .* S e e f o o t n o t e * t o T a b l e 5 .t N o t i n d e x e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e 2 5 . 9 3 - A u n i t ; t h e s e v e r y w e a k p e a k sm a y b e c a u s e d b y a s m a l l a m o u n t o f a p h a s e w i t h c u b e e d g e a b o u t

2 4 . 3 A .

T h e c u r v e s s h o w s h e l v e s a n d i n f l e c t i o n s i n d i c a t i n g o t h e rd i f f r a c t i o n s . I h a v e n o t i n c l u d e d t h e s e u n r e s o l v e d p e a k s i n t h et a b l e s , e x c e p t f o r t h e f e w t h a t a r e g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e s o f r e f . 1 6 .

T h e d a t a f o r s a m p l e SEPD 1 5 9 0 ( T a b l e 8 ) , e x t e n d i n g t o Q= 1 0 A - 1 , s h o w 6 0 p e a k s , 2 0 o f w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d i n T a b l e

8 . T h e 4 0 p e a k s b e y o n d Q = 2 . 9 0 A - ' a r e n o t i n c l u d e d

b e c a u s e t h e d e n s i t y o f v a l u e s o fh 2 + k 2 + 1 2 b e c o m e s s o

g r e a t r e l a t i v e t o t h e u n c e r t a i n t y 0 . 0 0 5 A - ' i n Q a s t o m a k e t h ea s s i g n m e n t o f i n d i c e s u n r e l i a b l e . T h e y h a v e , h o w e v e r , a l lb e e n a s s i g n e d i n d i c e s w i t h a l l o w e d v a l u e s o f h 2 + k 2 + 1 2c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e v a l u e s f o u n d f o r a . T h e t h r e e o t h e r s e t so f n e u t r o n d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a e x t e n d t o Q = 2 5 . 0 0 A - 1 . S a m p l e

SEPD 1 5 9 1 s h o w s 1 6 6 p e a k s ( o f w h i c h 2 5 a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e

7 ) , s a m p l e SEPD 1 5 9 2 s h o w s 1 6 4 p e a k s ( 2 0 i n T a b l e 6 ) , a n d

s a m p l e SEPD 1 5 9 5 s h o w s 1 7 3 p e a k s ( 1 7 i n T a b l e 5 ) .

A S 5 5 C u I O L i 3 5

T a b l e 4 c o n t a i n s v a l u e s o f I a n d Q f o r 1 4 o f t h e s t r o n g e r p e a k s

i n t h e p u l s e d n e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f

A l 5 5 C u O L i 3 5 , f r o m t a b l e I a o f r e f . 1 6 . B e c a u s e o f t h er e pl a c em e n t o f s o m e o f t h e A l a t o m s b y t h e l a r g e r a t o m s o f

L i , t h e l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t c a n b e p r e d i c t e d t o b e s l i g h t l y l a r g e rt h a n t h a t o f A l 6 C u L i 3 , w h i c h i s 2 5 . 7 0 A . F r o m T a b l e 4 i t c a n

b e s e e n t h a t 1 2 o f t h e 1 4 r e p o r t e d s t r o n g p e a k s c a n b e i n de xe d

i n t h i s w a y , l e a d i n g t o t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e 2 5 . 7 9 A f o r a .T a b l e 5 i n c l u d e s 3 p e a k s f r o m T a b l e 4 a n d 1 4 o t h e r s , m a i n l y

w e a k . T h e i r a n a l y s i s l e a d s t o a = 2 5 . 8 1 A , i n g o o d a g r e e m e n t

w i t h t h e T a b l e 4 v a l u e .

A I 5 5 C u 1 O L i 3 O M g 5

A n a l y s i s o f 2 0 p e a k s , m a i n l y w e a k , o n t h e p u l s ed n e u t ro n

p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f A l 5 5 C u O L i 3 0 M g 5 ( T a b l e 6 )g i v e s t h e v a l u e a = 2 5 . 9 1 A .A t a b l e o f Q a n d I v a l u e s f o r t h i s q u a s i c r y s t a l w a s n o t g i v e n

i n r e f . 1 6 .

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I i s t h e i n t e n s i t y , Q i s t h e r e c i p r o c a l l e n g t h 2 I r / d ( i n A - ' ) , w i t h d

t h e i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e , h k I i s t h e s e t o f i n d i c e s , a n d a i s t h e e d g eo f t h e u n i t c u b e . Va l u es f o u n d f o r a a r e 1 4 . 0 2 A a n d 2 5 . 8 3 A . M a x i m a

a r e a s s i g n e d t o o n e c u b e o r t h e o t h e r t o g i v e t h e b e t t e r a g r e e m e n t .

* V a l u e s o f I o b t a i n e d a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t .t V a l u e s g i v e n t o a n a d d i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e a r e f r o m t a b l e I 1 b o f

r e f . 1 6 .t N o t i n d e x e d ; a b r o a d p e a k , p r o b a b l y o v e r l a p o f 1 1 0 o f 1 4 . 0 1 A a n d

2 1 1 o f 2 5 . 8 1 A .§ A s s i g n m e n t u n c e r t a i n ; p o s s i b l y a v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t o f t h e 8 2 0 - a t o m

c u b e , a = 2 4 . 0 1 A .

N o t i n d e x e d .I 1 T h i s p e a k m a y a l s o b e i n de xe d a s 5 3 0 , a = 2 5 . 8 0 A .

* * T h i s p e a k m a y a l s o b e i n d e x e d a s 7 2 1 , a = 2 5 . 7 9 A .

A M 5 1 0 C u 1 2 5 L i 2 3 5 M g 1 3 0

T h e p u l s e d n e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a f o r A 1 5 1 0 C U 1 2 5 -L i 2 3 5 M g 1 3 0 ( T a b l e 7 ) w e r e l a r g e l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a c u b i cu n i t w i t h a = 2 5 . 8 3 A . S e v e r a l l i n e s i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f

a n o t h e r p h a s e , w i t h a = 1 4 . 0 2 A . T h i s p h a s e , p r i m i t i v e c u b i c ,m a y h a v e t h e 1 6 0 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e o f M g 3 2 ( A l , Z n ) 4 9 , b u t w i t h

t h e c l u s t e r s a t 0 0 0 a n d ' / 2 1 / 2 ' / 2 a n t i p a r a l l e l r a t h e r t h a n

p a r a l l e l .

A M 5 1 0 C u 1 2 S M g M S

T h e p u l s e d n e u t r o n p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a f o r A 1 5 1 0 C u 1 2 5 -M g 3 6 5 w e r e a n a l y z e d w i t h t w o p r i m i t i v e c u b i c p h a s e s , w i t h a

= 2 5 . 9 8 A a n d a = 1 4 . 0 7 A ( T a b l e 8 ) . T h e s e c o n d p h a s e

p r o b a b l y h a s t h e p r i m i t i v e 1 6 0 - a t o m s t r u c t u r e .

T i 5 6 N i 2 3 F e . S i N 6

D u n l a p e t a l . ( 1 7 ) h a v e r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f

t h e i c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l T i 5 6 N i 2 3 F e 5 S i 1 6 a n d i t s a n a l y s i si n t e r m s o f t h e c u t - a n d - p r o j e c t i o n m e t h o d f r o m s i x d i m e n -

s i o n s . I m e a s u r e d t h e v a l u e s o f Q f o r t h e f i r s t 3 5 p e a k s o n t h e i r

C h e m i s t r y : P a u l i n g

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 ( 1 9 8 8 )

T a b l e 8 . A n a l y s i s o f 2 0 m a x i m a i n t h e p u l s e d n e u t r o n p o w d e r

d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f t h e r a p i d l y q u e n c h e d a l l o y A 1 5 1 0 C U 1 2 5 M g 3 6 5w i t h t w o c u b i c c r y s t a l s

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I i s t h e i n t e n s i t y , Q i s t h e r e c i p r o c a l l e n g t h 2 i r / d , w i t h d t h ei n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e , h k 1 i s t h e s e t o f i n d i c e s , a n d a i s t h e e d g e l e n g t ho f t h e u n i t c u b e s . M a x i m a are a s s i g n e d t o o n e c u b e or t h e o t h e r to g i v e

t h e b e t t e r a g r e e m e n t . A v e r a g e v a l u e s o f a a r e 1 4 . 0 7 A a n d 25.98 A.

* Va l u e s o f I w e r e o b t a i n e d as d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t .t V a l u e s g i v e n t o a n a d d i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e ar e f r o m t a b l e l b o f

r e f . 1 6 .t N o t i n d e x e d ; a very b r o a d p e a k , w i t h s h e l v e s i n d i c a t i n g f o u rc o m p o n e n t s .

§ A l s o 5 3 0 , 2 5 . 9 8 A .

p u b l i s h e d curve a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e y a l l are c o m p a t i b l e w i t h

a p r i m i t i v e u n i t c u b e w i t h e d g e 2 4 . 2 4 A ( 2 0 ) .

C o n c l u s i o n

T h e v a l u e s o f t h e c u b e e d g e a g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e s , t o g e t h e rw i t h v a l u e s o f t h e a t o m i c v o l u m e o f t h e e l e m e n t s a n d t h e

a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e c h a n g e i n a v e r a g e a t o m i c

v o l u m e w h e n t h e c o m p o u n d s a r e f o r m e d , l e a d t o a p p r o x i -m a t e l y 8 2 0 o r 1 0 1 2 a t o m s i n t h e u n i t c u b e s , s u p p o r t i n g t h et h e o r y o f i c o s a h e d r a l t w i n n i n g o f c u b i c c r y s t a l l i t e s i n t h ei c o s a h e d r a l q u a s i c r y s t a l s .

I t h a n k C h r i s t i a n J a n o t , S . J . P o o n , D o r o t h y M u n r o , Z e l e k

H e r m a n , a n d J e r r y L a t t e r f o r t h e i r h e l p .

1 . S h e c h t m a n , D . , B l e c h , I . , G r a t i a s , D . & C a h n , J . W . ( 1 9 8 4 )P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 3 , 1 9 5 1 - 1 9 5 3 .

2 . L e v i n e , D . & S t e i n h a r d t , P . J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 3 , 2 4 7 7 -

2 4 8 0 .3 . C a h n , J . W . , S h e c h t m a n , D . & G r a t i a s , D . ( 1 9 8 6 ) J . M a t e r .

R e s . 1 , 1 3 - 2 6 .4 . B a k , P . ( 1 9 8 6 ) S c r . M e t a l l . 2 0 , 1 1 9 9 - 1 2 0 4 .5 . K a l u g i n , P . A . , K i t aw , A . Y . & L e v i t o v , L . S . ( 1 9 8 5 ) P i s ' m a

Z h . E k s p . T e o r . F i z . 4 1 , 1 1 9 - 1 2 1 .6 . P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 8 7 ) P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 8 , 3 6 5 - 3 6 8 .7 . P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 8 8 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 , 3 6 6 6 -

3 6 6 9 .8 . P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 8 8 ) P r o c . N a i l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 5 , 4 5 8 7 -

4 5 9 0 .9 . B e r g m a n , G . , W a u g h , J . L . T . & P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 5 2 ) N a t u r e

( L o n d o n ) 1 6 9 , 1 0 5 7 .1 0 . B e r g m a n , G . , W a u g h , J . L . T . & P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 5 7 ) A c t a

C r y s t a l l o g r . 1 0 , 2 5 4 - 2 5 9 .

1 1 . A u d i e r , M . , S a i n f o r t , P . & D u b o s t , B . ( 1 9 8 6 ) P h i l o s . M a g . B 5 4 ,

L 1 0 5 - L 1 1 1 .

1 2 . M a , Y . , S t e r n , E . A . & G a y l e , F . W. ( 1 9 8 7 ) P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 8 ,1 9 5 6 - 1 9 5 9 .

1 3 . H e n l e y , C . L . & E l s e r , V. ( 1 9 8 6 ) P h i l o s . M a g . B 5 3 , 1 5 9 - 1 6 3 .1 4 . E l s w i j k , H . B . , D e H o s s o n , J . T . M . , v a n S m a a l e n , S . & d e

B o e r , J . L . ( 1 9 8 8 ) P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 7 , 4 2 6 1 - 4 2 6 4 .1 5 . v a n S m a a l e n , S . , B r o n s v e l d , P . & d e B o e r , J . L . ( 1 9 8 7 ) S o l i d

S t a t e C o m m u n . 6 3 , 7 5 1 - 7 5 3 .1 6 . S h e n , Y . , P o o n , S . J . D m o w s k i , W. E g a m i , T . & S h i f l e t , G . - J .

( 1 9 8 7 ) P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 5 8 , 1 4 4 0 - 1 4 4 3 .

1 7 . D u n l a p , R . A . , O ' H a n d l e y , R . C . , M c H e n r y , M . E . & C h a t -t e i j e e , R . ( 1 9 8 8 ) P h y s . R e v . B 3 7 , 8 4 8 4 - 8 4 8 7 .

1 8 . P a u l i n g , L . & K a m b , B . ( 1 9 8 6 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 3 ,3 5 6 9 - 3 5 7 1 .

1 9 . P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 8 7 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 8 4 , 4 7 5 4 - 4 7 5 6 .

2 0 . P a u l i n g , L . ( 1 9 8 8 ) P h y s . R e v . B , i n p r e s s .2 1 . S h e n , Y . , D m o w s k i , W . , E g a m i , T . , P o o n , J . & S h i f l e t , G . - J .

( 1 9 8 8 ) P h y s . R e v . B 3 7 , 1 1 4 6 - 1 1 5 2 .

8 3 8 0 C h e m i s t r y : P a u l i n g