ORGANISMO QUIMICOS TOXICOS REFERENCIA NOMBRE DEL ARTICULOPseudomonas spp Benceno, antraceno, hidrocarburos, PCB Kapley et al., 1999;

Cybulski et al, 2003a) Osmotolerance and

hydrocarbon degradation by a genetically engineered microbial consortium

b) The Influence of Emulsifiers on Hydrocarbon Biodegradation by Pseudomonadacea and Bacillacea Strains

Alcaligenes spp Hidrocarburos halogenados, alquilbenceno linealsulfonatos, aromáticos policíclicos, bifenilos policlorados

Lal & Khanna, 1996 Degradation of crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans.

Arthrobacter spp El benceno, hidrocarburos, pentaclorofenol,fenoxiacetato, policíclicos aromáticos

Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental Biotechnology

Bacillus spp Compuestos aromáticos, alcanos de cadena larga, fenol, cresol Cybulski et al., 2003 The Influence of Emulsifiers on Hydrocarbon Biodegradation by Pseudomonadacea and Bacillacea Strains

Corynebacterium spp Hidrocarburos halogenados, fenoxiacetatos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyFlavobacterium spp Aromáticos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyAzotobacter spp Aromáticos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyRhodococcus spp El naftaleno, bifenilo Dean-Ross et al.,

2002Utilization of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria isolated from contaminated sediment.

Mycobacterium spp Los hidrocarburos aromáticos, hidrocarburos ramificados, benceno, cicloparafinas Sunggyu, 1995 Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil

Nocardia spp Hidrocarburos Park et al., 1998 Enhancing Solubilization of Sparingly Soluble Organic Compounds by Biosurfactants Produced by Nocardia

erythropolisMethosinus sp Aromáticos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyMethanogens Aromáticos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyMethanogens Hidrocarburos, hidrocarburos policíclicos Jogdand, 1995

Ljah, 1998a) Enviromental Biotechnologyb) Studies on relative

capabilities of bacterial and yeast isolates from tropical soil in degrading crude oil

Methanogens Fenoxiacetato, hidrocarburo halogenado, Diazinón Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental BiotechnologyCandida tropicalis PCB, formaldehído Ljah, 1998 Studies on relative capabilities of

bacterial and yeast isolates from tropical soil in degrading crude oil

Cunniughamela elegans PCB, compuestos aromáticos policíclicos, bifenilos Jogdand, 1995 Enviromental Biotechnology

Shishun

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1995032278

A mixed bacteria culture for biodegrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants includes $i(Achromobacter sp.) and $i(Mycobacterium sp.) which have been grown together and gradually acclimated to utilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a primary food source. The mixed bacteria culture can be utilized for $i(in situ) or $i(ex situ) bioremediation of contaminated soil, or in any of various conventional bioreactors to treat contaminated liquids such as landfill leachates, groundwater or industrial effluents. The bacteria, the nutrients used to sustain growth of the bacteria, and the products of the biodegradation of the polycyclic aromatic or other hydrocarbons are all substantially harmless to the environment. The mixed bacteria can be utilized in the presence of oxygen, or hydrogen peroxide can be used alone or in combination with oxygen as an effective alternative electron acceptor. The mixed bacteria culture of $i(Achromobacter sp.) and $i(Mycobacterium sp.) provides an environmentally safe and affordable means for rapidly and effectively eliminating a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants from the environment.(FR)L'invention se rapporte à une culture bactérienne contenant un mélange de bactéries permettant la biodégradation de substances contaminantes à base d'hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques. Cette culture contient l'$i(Achromobacter sp.) et le $i(Mycobacterium sp.) que l'on a cultivé ensemble et acclimaté graduellement pour qu'elles utilisent les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques comme source alimentaire principale. Cette culture bactérienne peut être utilisée pour la biodécontamination $i(in situ) ou $i(ex situ) de terrains contaminés, ou dans différents types de bioréacteurs classiques pour traiter les liquides contaminés tels que les lixiviats des décharges publiques, les nappes phréatiques ou les effluents industriels. Les bactéries, les substances nutritives utilisées pour entretenir la croissance des bactéries, ainsi que les produits de la biodégradation des hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques ou autres sont tous essentiellement inoffensifs pour l'environnement. Ces bactéries mélangées peuvent être utilisées en présence d'oxygène, ou le peroxyde d'hydrogène peut être utilisé seul ou en combinaison avec l'oxygène comme accepteur d'électrons alternatif efficace. Cette culture mixte d'$i(Achromobacter sp.) et de $i(Mycobacterium sp.) constitue un moyen écologique et peu coûteux permettant d'éliminer rapidement et efficacement toute une variété de substances contaminantes à base d'hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques.

Kaplia

Most bacteria characterized as hydrocarbon degrading are isolated from the terrestrial environment and have very limited or no application under estuarine/hyper-saline conditions. The collective efforts of these hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria help in the preservation of the environment under man-made disasters. However, the process has a long lag phase, since the contaminated ecosystem undergoes a process of natural selection of efficient hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. This paper uses a microbial consortium designed from a library of soil isolates, composed of four members; strain Pseudomonas NCC.DSS6, P. NCC.DSS8, P. NCC.GSS3 and P. putida, which can attack various fractions of crude oil. To extend the capacity of the consortium for degradation of hydrocarbons in marine environments or estuarine conditions the key is the requirement of an osmotolerance function. Hence, in the present study, to provide osmotolerance to these soil isolates, the E.coli pro U operon was subcloned into a broad-host range vector and transferred into the members of the microbial consortium. The non-specific basal expression of the pro U operon, under the control of tac-lac promoter was demonstrated by the ability of the transformed organisms to grow under hyper-saline conditions. The degradation capacity of the engineered consortium was also studied using a designed model petroleum mixture. The study underscores the potential of the osmoregulatory function for degradation of anthropogenic molecules in marine niches. Osmotolerance and hydrocarbon degradation by a genetically engineered microbial consortium. Bioresour. Technol. 67, 241-245. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/223426931_Osmotolerance_and_hydrocarbon_degradation_by_a_genetically_engineered_microbial_consortium._Bioresour._Technol._67_241-245 [accessed Sep 22, 2015].

Ljal

AbstractTwo types of Indian crude oil (Bombay High and Gujarat) were tested for their biodegradability by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 and Alc. odorans P20 degraded Bombay High crude oil by 50% and 45%, while only 29% and 37% of Gujarat crude oil (heavy crude oil) was degraded by these isolates, respectively. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alc. odorans in combination degraded 58% and 40% of Bombay High and Gujarat crude oils, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of by individual cultures. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 degraded more of the alkanes fraction than the aromatics fraction of both crude oils. GC fingerprinting of alkane fraction showed major degradation of heptadecane (C17), octadecane (C18), nonadecane (C19), eicosane (C20), docosane (C22), tricosane (C23) and tetracosane (C24) of crude oil, while the Alc. odorans P20 degraded alkanes and aromatics equally. The asphaltenic component increased in both types of crude oil after biodegradation . The two strains grew very well on n-alkane up to C33 as well as on pristane (branched-chain alkane) but could not grow on cycloalkanes. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus S30 could not grow on pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds except naphthalene but Alc. odorans P20 could grow on anthracene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X98000373

Cybulsky

Leer completo

The purification of crude oil, contaminated water

and soil, is one of the most important problems yet to

be fully resolved. One scientific method that is useful

in pollutant degradation is biotechnology, this method

emphasises the use of microorganisms in roles relating

to industry, mineralization and function of the ecosystem.

The use of emulsifiers is also a familiar method

for the purification of water contaminated with crude

oil.

The literature (Foght & Westlake, 1988; Janiyani

et al., 1993; ebkowska et al., 1997) indicate the high

level of efficiency of the family strains Pseudomonadacea

and Bacillacea in removing crude oil and its

polluted derivatives from water. Strains of Bacillace

are widely spread because of the minimal nutritional

requirements necessary for growth. Such organisms

are found in water, effluent streams, soil and all places,

which are polluted by different fractions of oil. Analogous

situations are encountered when looking at

the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida

strains.

The aim of this research was to test the strains

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus

subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and

Bacillus laterosporus on an individual basis, as well as

Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 8, Nos. 5–6, pp. 503–507, 2003

2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Printed in Great Britain

1353-2561/$ - see front matter

doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00068-9

503

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +48-61-853-64-77.

E-mail addresses: dziurla@put.poznan.pl (E. Dziurla), kaczorek@put.poznan.pl

(E. Kaczorek), olszan@put.poznan.pl (A. Olszanowski).

1 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-86.

2 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-88.

3 Tel.: +48-61-665-36-71.

in a mixture, together as biological agents in a model

mixture of hydrocarbons both in the presence and

absence of the different emulsifiers for the biodegradation

process. The emulsifying agents are as follows:

AT 7, Tween-80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate),

L-10 (polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether) and

Lutensol GD 70 (polyglucosidases with C8–C10 alkyl).

AT 7 was used as a preparate for cleaning contaminated

water from crude oil and other hydrocarbon

pollutants. Its composition is unknown and the producer

(ECO-Atlantol) states only that polyoxyethylene

alcohol is one of the components.

Materials and Methods

Microbiological analysis was done using the Bacillaceae

and Pseudomonadaceae bacteria. The bacteria

strains were isolated from biopreparate and a sample of

crude oil contaminated soil. Quantitative and qualitative

examinations of the bacteria were done.

Biodegradation tests with the hydrocarbons dodecane

and hexadecane (1:1 w/w) were done in aseptic

conditions using all aseptic solutions, as well as in

non-aseptic conditions using water from the Warta

River. Analogous tests were done with the addition of

2% of emulsifier containing AT 7, Tween-80, L-10 or

Lutensol GD 70.

The number of bacteria at the beginning of each

test was 106–107 or 107–108 cells/ml. Erlenmeyer flasks

having a 2 ml mixture of dodecane and hexadecane

(1:1 v/v), 100 ml of aseptic water or water from the

River Warta and 42 ml of bacterial suspension in

0.07% solution of (NH4)2HPO4, were closed and incubated

for seven days in a shaker with a water bath at

37 C. Analogous tests were done with the addition of

2% of an emulsifier.

Rhamnolipid produced by strain Pseudomonas

aeruginosa was isolated by extraction of ethyl acetate

in agreement with procedure described by Schenk et al.

(1995).

Results and Discussion

The best results of hydrocarbon biodegradation

and emulsified hydrocarbons over seven days of experiments

with various strains of the Bacillaceae and

Pseudomonadacea families and their mixtures were

obtained for the P. aeruginona strain (Table 1). The

degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation was 56% and

was almost the same (56%) for emulsified hydrocarbons

(using AT 7). For a single strain of the Bacillaceae

family, the best percentage of biodegradation of

hydrocarbons was observed with the B. subtilis strain

at 35% and 48%, respectively. The highest level of

hydrocarbon degradation was achieved for the mixtures

of strains P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis (48%),

P. aeruginosa and P. putida (38%) and B. cereus and

B. laterosporus (38%). Also, for hydrocarbons emulsified

with AT 7, there was a high degree of biodegradation

when the mixture of B. cereus, B. licheniformis

and B. laterosporus strains (52%) or the mixture of

P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis (50%) were used.

Analysis of the quantity of bacteria after seven days

showed that considerable bacterial growth was observed

for B. cereus and B. laterosporus and for all mixtures of

bacteria in hydrocarbons and in emulsified hydrocarbons

(Table 2). The best results were obtained using

the mixture of B. cereus, B. licheniformis and B. laterosporus

in both systems. The growth of bacteria was

also observed in tests where AT 7 was the only source

of carbon. This implies that AT 7 is biodegradable.

Experiments in non-aseptic conditions were also

carried out using water samples from the Warta River

in combination with the strain mixtures (Table 3). The

degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation was 47–67%

and was found to be higher in the non-aseptic medium

than in the aseptic condition. When experiments were

done for hydrocarbons emulsified by AT 7, the degree

of biodegradation was 76–91% using mixtures of

bacterial strains.

The bacterial turbidity of probes indicated substantial

growth of both microbes, including those introduced

and those natural existing. The high degree

of hydrocarbons biodegradation in the non-aseptic

medium may be caused by the presence of natural

microflora having a synergy with the introduced bacteria,

as well as by the presence of various compounds

which are a culture medium for bacteria (mainly

compounds containing phosphorus and nitrogen).

Water from the Warta River was sterilised to eliminate

the influence of natural microflora. The obtained results

show a marginally higher degree of hydrocarbon

biodegradation (by a few percent) compared to probes

in aseptic water tested both with and without an

emulsifier. The biodegradation obtained in sterilised river water was lower by a little more than 10% than non-aseptic river water. It is worth noticing that the presence of AT 7 emulsifier in water from the Warta River significantly aided in hindering hydrocarbon biodegradation of natural river microflora. The results of the effectiveness of hydrocarbons biodegradation for various emulsifiers (Table 4) do not allow for simple conclusions. Each of the tested emulsifier has a different influence on the effectiveness of the each bacteria strain. The increase in hydrocarbons biodegradation is observed for B. subtilis when AT 7 or L-10 was used. Both emulsifiers have a polyoxyethylene alcohol as a component. Tween 80 was the most effective emulsifier for P. putida. In the case of P. aeruginosa, AT 7 did not reduce the degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation. None of the emulsifiers created better conditions of biodegradation than the P. aeruginosa strain alone. The structure of the emulsifier is only one of the reasons why such big differences were observed. It is necessary to recall the capacity of some microorganisms to produce biosurfactants, which accelerate the process of biodegradation. Single bacterial strains of P. aeruginosa, P. putida, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were used and tested in order to produce biosurfactant. The sample of bacteria in the concentration of 108–109 cells/ml was placed in xylene and shaken. The stability of the emulsion was controlled 24 h a day. Favourable results were obtained only for the Pseudomonas family – stability of the emulsion was obtained a few months (Table 5). The results confirmed the theory that microorganisms of the Pseudomonas family can produce biosurfactants. In the case of the P. aeruginosa strain used in our experiments, (biochemical profile 20573067072), the same group of biosurfactant was isolated by extraction as described previously (Janiyani et al., 1993). The obtained HPLC chromatogram (Fig. 1) and spectral data (UV – Fig. 2, IR – Fig. 3) indicates that the isolated biosurfactant is similar to one of the biosurfactants produced by P. aeruginosa strains and identified as Rhamnolipid R1 (Fig. 4), (Schenk et al 1995; Hisatsuka et al., 1971; Guerra-Santos et al., 1984; Zhang & Miller, 1992). It is believed that using synthetic detergent may reduce the activity of the biosurfactant in experiments with P. aeruginosa (Tables 1 & 3). The magnitude of the detergents influence depends on the structure of both surfactants. It should also be noted that using some synthetic emulsifiers may adversely affect the permeability of microbial cell membranes and thus limit their biodegradation capability. Emulsifiers which do not reduce biodegradation probably do not exhibit such an effect. Conclusions The results of the experiments carried out in aseptic conditions indicate the high level of efficiency of P. aeruginosa and lower efficiency for P. putida and strains of the Bacillus family (B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. laterosporus) for biodegradation of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons emulsified by AT 7. The degree of biodegradation in both systems is in the range of 27–56%. For single strains of the bacteria from the Bacillus and P. putida families, the degree of biodegradation of emulsified hydrocarbons was higher than those without emulsifier. The mixtures of bacteria strains also yielded satisfactory results. The results when using water samples from the Warta River indicate a more complex process with a significantly higher degree of biodegradation. For hydrocarbons, the degree of biodegradation was in the range of 47–67%, while for emulsified hydrocarbons, values of 76–91% were obtained. The best results were found when using Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Bacillus subtilis mixtures. A comparison of the effectiveness of different emulsifiers used for hydrocarbon biodegradation indicates that the structure of an emulsifier is only one of

the factors which should be taken into account. The synergy between a type of bacterial strain and the structure of an emulsifier is very important. It is possible it could change the degree of hydrocarbon biodegradation. The complexity of the biodegradation processes increases when bacterial strains are used that are capable of producing their own biosurfactants.

Dean ross

Utilization of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria isolated from contaminated sediment.Abstract The ability of sediment bacteria to utilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when present as components of mixtures was investigated. One strain, identified as Mycobacterium flavescens, could utilize fluoranthene in the presence of pyrene, although utilization of pyrene was slower in the presence of fluoranthene than in its absence. The second strain, a Rhodococcus species, could utilize fluoranthene in the presence of anthracene, although the presence of fluoranthene slowed the rate of utilization of anthracene. Cometabolism of fluoranthene in these strains was confirmed by the isolation of metabolites of fluoranthene and by kinetic analysis of the rate of utilization of the growth substrate in the presence of fluoranthene. In both strains, metabolism of fluoranthene occurred on the fused ring of the fluoranthene molecule, producing 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid. In the Rhodococcus sp., a second metabolite, a-(carboxymethylene)fluorene-1-carboxylic acid, was identified, indicating that this strain has the capacity to metabolize fluoranthene via ortho as well as meta cleavage. The presence of PAHs in a mixture produces interactive effects which can either increase or decrease the rate of utilization of individual PAHs, results which need to be taken into account when estimating rates of degradation in contaminated.

environments.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19709233

Enviromental Biotechnology  

Industrial progress which has contributed to comforts and luxuries of human life will become more respectable if it maintains due regard to nature and its equilibrium. Biotechnology which has number of applications in fields of agriculture, medical, food, energy and industrial production has also its promises for environment protection. Apart from pollution control through biotreatment of wastes, eco-friendly products and processes from biotechnology (as preventive approaches) will prove as effective options in future. This book aims to discuss 'Industrial Pollution Management' as area of most concern in the field of environmental biotechnology.This book should prove useful to all students studying biotechnology's role in environmental science as a component under different disciplines of science and engineering. Biotreatment technologies useful for treatment of wastes from different industries is relatively less discussed area and though references are desired by students they have difficult time on search. This book will certainly give necessary concise initial information on this subject.The earlier response to this book suggests the importance of the subject covered.

http://books.rediff.com/book/enviromental-biotechnology-/9789352024063?sc_cid=rediff_reco