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cSUR-UT Series: Library for Sustainable Urban RegenerationVolume 10Series Editor: Shinichiro Ohgaki, Tokyo, Japan
cSUR-UT Series: Library for Sustainable Urban RegenerationBy the process of urban development in the 20th century, characterized by suburban expansion and urban redevelopment, many huge and sophisticated complexes of urban structures have been erected in developed countries. However, with conventional technologies focused on the construction of structures, it has become difficult to keep urban spaces adaptable to environmental constraints and economic, social and cultural changes. In other words, it has become difficult for conventional technologies to meet social demands for the upgrading of social capital in a sustainable manner and for the regeneration of attractive urban space that is not only safe and highly efficient but also conscious of historical, cultural and local identities to guarantee a high quality of life for all. Therefore, what is needed now is the creation of a new discipline that is able to reorganize the existing social capital and the technologies to implement it.
For this purpose, there is a need to go beyond the boundaries of conventional technologies of construction and structural design and to integrate the following technologies:
(1) Technology concerned with environmental and risk management (2) Technology of conservation and regeneration with due consideration to the local character-
istics of existing structures including historical and cultural resources (3) Technologies of communication, consensus building, plan making and space management
to coordinate and integrate the individual activities initiated by various actors of society
Up to now, architecture, civil engineering, and urban engineering in their respective fields have, while dealing with different time-space scales and structures, accumulated cutting-edge knowledge and contributed to the formation of favorable urban spaces. In the past, when emphasis was put on developing new residential areas and constructing new structures, development and advancement of such specialized disciplines were found to be the most effective.
However, current problems confronting urban development can be highlighted by the fact that a set of optimum solutions drawn from the best practices of each discipline is not necessarily the best solution. This is especially true where there are relationships of trade-offs among such issues as human risk and environmental load. In this way, the integration of the above three disciplines is strongly called for.
In order to create new integrated knowledge for sustainable urban regeneration, the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration (cSUR), The University of Tokyo, was established in 2003 as a core organization of one of the 21st Century Centers of Excellence Programs funded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Japan, and cSUR has coordinated international research alliances and collaboratively engages with common issues of sustainable urban regeneration.
The cSUR series are edited and published to present the achievements of our collaborative research and new integrated approaches toward sustainable urban regeneration.
Editorial board of the cSUR seriesChair:
Prof. Shinichiro Ohgaki Department of Urban Engineering, The University of TokyoMembers:
Prof. Keisuke Hanaki Department of Urban Engineering, The University of TokyoProf. Yuzo Sakamoto Department of Architecture, The University of TokyoProf. Yozo Fujino Department of Civil Engineering, The University of TokyoProf. Hiroshi Naito Department of Civil Engineering, The University of TokyoProf. Hitoshi Ieda Department of Civil Engineering, The University of TokyoProf. Takeshi Ito Department of Architecture, The University of TokyoProf. Shuichi Matsumura Department of Architecture, The University of TokyoAssoc. Prof. Takafumi Noguchi Department of Architecture, The University of TokyoProf. Atsuyuki Okabe Department of Urban Engineering, The University of TokyoAssoc. Prof. Yukio Sadahiro Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Director:Prof. Junichiro Okata Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
A. Sorensen, J. Okata (Eds.)
Megacities
Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability
André SorensenAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughCities Centre455 Spadina Avenue, Suite 400TorontoOntario, M5S [email protected]
Junichiro OkataProfessorDepartment of Urban EngineeringSchool of Engineering The University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-kuTokyo [email protected]
ISSN 1865-8504 e-ISSN 1865-8512ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0 e-ISBN 978-4-431-99267-7DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-99267-7Springer Tokyo Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010931386This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover graphic: Urban form of Istanbul; © Neyran Turan
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
© 2011 to the complete printed work by Springer, except as noted. Individual authors or their assignees retain rights to their respective contributions; reproduced by permission.
Cover photograph by André Sorensen
Preface
This book builds on a research project that was undertaken from 2003 to 2010 by the Mega-City Research Group at the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, at The University of Tokyo, and the international workshop on world megacities held 7–8 March 2008 by the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration (cSUR) at The University of Tokyo.
Obviously, the sustainability issues of megacities including Tokyo, which is the largest megacity in the world, has been one of the major topics stud-ied by cSUR since it was established in 2003.In September of 2004, cSUR held an international conference on sustainable urban regeneration, and we invited research on varied sustainability issues of Asian megacities includ-ing Seoul, Beijing, Manila, Bangkok, and Tokyo.With the basic knowledge derived from the conference and the preliminary study of the sustainability challenges of Tokyo, we held a presentation titled “Toward a Comparative Study on Spatial Planning Issues and Approaches in Diverse Megacities” at the 2006 World Planning School Congress, 11–16 July 2006 in Mexico City, at which we invited core research members engaged in comparative studies of the sustainability problems of world megacities from the point of view of urban form and spatial planning. Thus, the core editorial team of this book, consisting of André Sorensen, Alfonso Valenzuela, Haryo Winarso, Akito Murayama, and myself, was established in early 2007. This team planned the workshop, invited candidate authors, and held the workshop in March 2008 in Tokyo.
In the workshop, 20 papers on 20 megacities were presented. It was an intensive, exciting and fruitful workshop. At the closing session, all participants decided to publish those papers and discussions as a book for researchers, experts, students, and all those who are interested in the chal-lenges of sustainability of world megacities. It is my great happiness to see this book, which is the fruit of the labor of all authors and editorial staff.
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I would particularly like to thank André Sorensen for taking on the editing duties, Philippa Campsie for her careful copy-editing work, and the edito-rial staff members at Springer Japan for their work in shepherding the book into print. cSUR is grateful for the generous funding (as a 21st Century COE Program 2003–2008 and a Global COE program after 2008) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology that allowed us to hold the workshop and produce this volume. Finally, on behalf of cSUR, I would like to thank everyone who participated in the Sustainable Urban Regeneration (COE) program and the megacity research project. We will continue to pursue the theme, and we welcome your comments and responses to the following pages.
Junichiro OkataCo-Director, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration
Professor, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vJunichiro Okata
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
1. Introduction: Megacities, Urban Form, and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1André Sorensen and Junichiro Okata
Part I. Asia
2. Tokyo’s Urban Growth, Urban Form and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Junichiro Okata and Akito Murayama
3. In Search of Sustainable Urban Form for Seoul . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Kwang-Joong Kim and Sang-Chuel Choe
4. Sustainable Development, Urban Form, and Megacity Governance and Planning in Tehran . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Ali Madanipour
5. Re-Forming the Megacity: Calcutta and the Rural–Urban Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Ananya Roy
6. Landscapes of Water in Delhi: Negotiating Global Norms and Local Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Jyoti Hosagrahar
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7. Bangkok’s Urban Evolution: Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Sidh Sintusingha
8. Urban Dualism in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area . . . . . . . . . 163Haryo Winarso
Part II. Europe and North America
9. Strategic Planning for London: Integrating City Design and Urban Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Philipp Rode
10. Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Neyran Turan
11. Toronto Megacity: Growth, Planning Institutions, Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245André Sorensen
12. Los Angeles: Urban Development in the Postsuburban Megacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Dana Cuff
Part III. Latin America
13. Mexico City: Power, Equity, and Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Alfonso Valenzuela-Aguilera
14. Bogotá’s Recovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311José Salazar Ferro
15. Socially Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of São Paulo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Paulo Sandroni
Contents ix
16. Sustainability and Urban Form: The Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Eduardo Reese
Part IV. Conclusion
17. Megacity Sustainability: Urban Form, Development, and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397André Sorensen
Sang-Chuel ChoeProfessor Graduate School of Environmental Studies Seoul National University Republic of Korea [email protected]
Dana CuffDirector, cityLABand Professor UCLA Department of Architecture and Urban Design [email protected]
José Salazar FerroProfessor Universidad Nacional de Colombia [email protected] and Universidad de los Andes Colombia [email protected]
Jyoti HosagraharDirectorSustainable Urbanism International Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation Columbia University USA and [email protected]
Kwang-Joong KimAssociate Professor Graduate School of Environmental StudiesSeoul National University Republic of Korea [email protected]
Ali MadanipourProfessor of Urban Design School of Architecture Planning and Landscape Newcastle University UK [email protected]
List of Contributors
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xii List of Contributors
Akito MurayamaDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Architecture Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University Japan [email protected]. nagoya-u.ac.jp
Junichiro OkataProfessorDepartment of Urban Engineering School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Japan [email protected]
Eduardo ReeseInstituto del Conurbano Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento Argentina [email protected]
The English version of this text was prepared by Hayley Henderson
Philipp RodeExecutive Director Urban Age Programme London School of Economics and Political Science UK [email protected]
Ananya RoyProfessor Department of City and Regional Planning University of California Berkeley [email protected]
Paulo SandroniProfessor Department of Economics Getulio Vargas Foundation São Paulo, Brazil [email protected]
Sidh SintusinghaAssistant Professor Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne Australia [email protected]
André SorensenAssociate Professor Department of Geography and Programme in Planning University of Toronto Canada [email protected]
Neyran TuranAssistant Professor Rice University School of Architecture USA [email protected]
Alfonso Valenzuela-AguileraProfessor Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Mexico [email protected]
List of Contributors xiii
Haryo WinarsoHead of Urban Planning and Design Research Division School of Architecture Planning and Policy Development Institute of Technology Bandung Indonesia [email protected]