cse590 so - spring 2005 ebooks and accessibility katherine deibel computer science & engineering...
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CSE590 SO - Spring 2005
Ebooks and Accessibility
Katherine Deibel
Computer Science & Engineering
University of Washington
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Personal Biases Research:
Development and evaluation of Ebook technology for users with dyslexia and other reading disorders
Disability Advocate Disability Advocacy Student Alliance
(DASA) http://students.washington.edu/dasa
International Dyslexia Association http://interdys.org/
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Defining Disability
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual;
a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an
impairment
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Defining Physical Impairment
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990):
Any physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, or anatomical loss affecting one or more of the following body systems: neurological, musculoskeletal, special sense organs, respiratory (including speech organs), cardiovascular, reproductive, digestive, genitourinary, hemic and lymphatic, skin, and endocrine
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Defining Mental Impairment
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990):
Any mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities.
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Practical Definition(s)
Disability: A diagnosed medical condition that
deviates from a defined norm A condition that can substantially limit
major life activities A condition that might entitle an
individual to legal protection and special services
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Types of Disabilities Sensory Deafness***
Blindness Low vision Color blindness Meares-Irlen Syndrome
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Types of Disabilities Sensory Mobility
Paraplegia Quadriplegia Ataxia Cerebral palsy Arthritis Amputation
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Types of Disabilities Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Learning Disorders Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysgraphia
Speech Disorders Aphasia Stuttering
Autism Mental retardation
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Types of Disabilities Sensory Mobility Cognitive Psychological
Depression Unipolar Bipolar
Anxiety Schizophrenia Phobias Behavior Disorders
ADD/ADHD Tourette Syndrome
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Types of Disabilities Sensory Mobility Cognitive Psychological Others
Chronic Disease Asthma Diabetes AIDS Cancer Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome
Addiction / Recovery
Obesity
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Blindness: Printed Braille Computer Braille Reader
Tactile Graphics
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Blindness: Text-To-Speech
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Low Vision: Text-To-Speech Magnification
Lens-Based On-Screen
Text Re-Rendering Large Print Books Computer-Based
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Book Holder
Page Turner
Text-To-Speech On-Screen Magnification
Book Holder
Page Turner
Text-To-Speech On-Screen Magnification
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Print Accessibility Sensory Mobility Cognitive
Book Holder
Page Turner
Text-To-Speech On-Screen Magnification
Learning Disabilities: Color Overlays Text Re-Rendering
Large-Print Books Computer-Based
Text-To-Speech
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Disability Laws
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) Extends Civil Rights Act (1964) to
people with disabilities: Requires reasonable accommodations
for: Employment Public Services (including transportation) Public Accommodations Telecommunications
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Disability Laws
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975, 1997):
Requires schools to provide free educational interventions for children with learning disabilities Special classes Learning aids Testing modifications
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Disability Laws
Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 (1973): Precursor to the ADA Allows individuals to petition for
disability accommodations Guarantees equal opportunity for
education
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Disability Laws
Rehabilitation Act, Section 508 (1998): Federal electronic and information
technology must be accessible Equal access to technology Equal access to information Mandates accessible web pages
Not the same as the W3C accessible guidelines
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Law & Access to PrintHow is accessible text provided? ADA… No Rules IDEA… No Rules Section 504 No Rules Section 508 No RulesThe Bottom Line:
Handled mostly case by case or state by state
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“Computer files or electronic versions of printed instructional materials shall be provided…”
“These supplemental materials shall be provided to the public or private institution of higher education at no additional cost and in a timely manner, upon receipt of a written request…”
WA State Bill 6501 (2004)
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KY State Bill 85 (2003)Postsecondary Textbook Accessibility Act Extends earlier bill for K-12 Mandates publishers to provide electronic
versions of instructional texts upon request Specifies response time:
“…an electronic format version of requested instructional material within fifteen (15) working days of receipt of an appropriately completed request.”
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Is Access Enough? Most laws specify some structure for
accessible text:“Structural order of material shall be maintained. Structural elements, such as headings, lists, and tables must beidentified using current markup and tools.”
Accessible structure? What file format?
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New York’s Chapter 219
Hierarchy of preferred formats for electronic textbooks1.DAISY
2.Accessible HTML
3.Accessible PDF
4.Microsoft Word and ASCII
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HTML Highly structured language W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) Possible for authors to create highly
structured, accessible documents Possible for authors to create documents
with little or no structure Structure facilitates navigation Growing AT support for well-structured,
accessible markup
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Microsoft Word Proprietary Format Structure possible through styles and
formatting, though authors seldom use No HTML-like accessible table structure Structural information (e.g., headings,
alternate text) not communicated effectively to AT
Structure is passed on to other file formats when documents are exported
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PDF OS-independent file format Only tagged PDFs are accessible
Has HTML-like structure Supports alternate text for images Many PDF authoring tools don’t support it Difficult to add structure / tag an
untagged document
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DAISY A formal ANSI/NISO specification for digital
talking books (http://www.daisy.org) An XML language for adding structure to
books text-only text-with-synchronized audio
A growing number of production and playback tools
Typically viewed at the most accessible format for Ebooks
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DAISY – The Downside Standard allows for six categories:
From full audio and title text only… …to no audio and full text
Focuses heavily on text-to-speech Talking books do not address all print
accessibility issues Text-to-speech has adoption issues
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The Future? How does DRM fit into Ebooks and
Accessibility? How will publishers respond to these
laws in the long run? HCI research on Ebook usability? Education research on Ebook use? ???