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CS101 Introduction to Computing

Lecture 2Evolution of Computing

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During the Last Lecture

We learnt about theAnalytical Engine - the first

general-purpose, digital computer and its inventorCharles Babbage

We had a discussion about the key strengths (speed,do not get bored) and weaknesses (patternrecognition, innovative ideas) of the modern computer

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Todays Goal

To learn about the evolution of computing

To recount the important milestones and the keyevents

To learn about the steps that took us fromBabbages idea of the Analytical Engine totodays ultra-smart hand held computers

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But first, why should we spend time

on recounting the events of the past

Why not just talk about what is

happening in computing now andwhat is going to happen in the future?

Why?

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If you do not learn from the history,your condemned to repeat it

Recounting the events of the pastprovides an excellent opportunity to: learn lessons

discoverpatterns of evolution, and

use them in the future

If we learn from history well, we will: neitherrepeat the mistakes of the past

nor would we waste time re-inventing

what already has been invented

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Babbages Analytical Engine - 1833

Mechanical, digital, general-purpose

Was crank-driven

Could store instructions

Could perform mathematical calculations

Could store information permanently in punched cards

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Click here to see the picture of

punched card

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/punchcard.gifhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/punchcard.gifhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/punchcard.gifhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/punchcard.gif

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Punched Cards - 1801

Initially had no relationship with computers

Invented by a Frenchman named Joseph-MarieJacquard for storing weaving patterns forautomated

textile looms(khuddian)

Their value for storing computer-related informationwas later realized by the early computer builders

Punched cards were replaced my magnetic storageonly in the early 1950s

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Protests Against Jacquards Invention

Hand weavers saw the automatic loom as athreat to their livelihood

They burned several of the new machines

A few weavers even physically assaultedJacquard

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Turing Machine - 1936

Alan Turing of Cambridge University presented hisidea of a theoretically simplified but fully capablecomputer, now known as the Turing Machine

The concept of this machine, which could theoreticallyperform any mathematical computation, was very

important in the future development of the computer

You will learn about the details of the Turing Machinein youradvanced Computer Science courses

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Another contribution by Alan Turing

The Turing test

A test proposed to determine if a computer hasthe ability to think

So farno one has built a computerthat canpass that test there is cash prize ofUS$100,000

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Interrogator

Human

Machineon its own

Terminal

Terminal

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Turing Test

An interrogator is connected to one person andone machine via a terminal, therefore can't see

her counterparts

The interrogators task is to find out which of the

two candidates is the machine, and which is thehuman only by asking them questions. If themachine can "fool" the interrogator, it passes

the Turing Test.

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Vacuum Tube - 1904

John Fleming, an English Physicist, developed thevery first one

These electronic devices consist of 2 or moreelectrodes encased in a glass or metal tube

They along with electric relays were used in theconstruction of earlier computers

These tubes have now been almost completelyreplaced by more reliable and less costly transistors

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ABC - 1939

Attanasoff-Berry Computer

JohnAttanasoff& Clifford Berry at Iowa State College

Worlds first electronic computer

The first computer that used binary numbers instead

of decimal

Helped grad students in solving simultaneous linearequations

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Harvard Mark 1 - 1943

Howard Aiken of Harvard University

The first program controlled machine

Included all the ideas proposed by Babbage for the

Analytical Engine

The last famous electromechanical computer

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ENIAC 1946

Electronic Numerical IntegratorAnd Computer Worlds first large-scale, general-purpose

electronic computer

Built by John Mauchly & John Echert at theUniversity ofPennsylvania

Developed formilitary applications

5,000 operations/sec,19000 tubes, 30 ton 9 x 80

150 kilowatts: Used to dim the lights in the City

of Philadelphia down when it ran

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Transistor - 1947

Invented by Shockly, Bardeen, and Brattain atthe Bell Labs in the US

Compared to vacuum tubes, it offered: much smallersize

betterreliability

much lower power consumption much lowercost

All modern computers are made of

miniaturized transistors

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Tubes replaced mechanicals

Transistors replaced tubes

What is going to replace the transistors?

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EDVAC 1948

Electronic Discrete VariableAutomatic Computer

Built by Echert & Mauchly and included many designideas proposed by Von Neumann

The first electronic computer design to incorporate aprogram stored entirely within its memory

First computer to use Magnetic Tapefor storingprograms. Before this, computers needed to be re-wired each time a new program was to be run

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Floppy Disk - 1950

Invented at the Imperial University in Tokyoby Yoshiro Nakamats

Provided faster access to programs and dataas compared with magnetic tape

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Compiler - 1951

Grace Hopperof US Navy develops the veryfirst high-level language compiler

Before the invention of this compiler,developing a computer program was tediousand prone to errors

A compilertranslates a high-level language(that is easy to understand for humans) into alanguage that the computer can understand

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UNIVAC 1 - 1951

UNIVersalAutomatic Computer Echert & Mauchly Computer Company

First computer designed forcommercial apps

First computer that could not only manipulatenumbers but text data as well

Max speed: 1905operations/sec

Cost: US$1,000,000 5000 tubes. 943 cu ft. 8 tons. 100 kilowatts

Between 1951-57, 48 were sold

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BASIC - 1965

BeginnerAll-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

Developed by Thomas Kurtz & John Kemeny atDartmouth College

The first programming language designed for the non-techies

The grand-motherof the most popular programminglanguage in the world todayVisual BASIC

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Computer Mouse - 1965

Invented by Douglas Englebart

Did not become popular until 1983, whenApple Computers adopted the concept

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ARPANET - 1969

A network of networks

The grand-daddy of the todays global Internet

A network of around 60,000 computers

developed by the US Dept of Defense tofacilitate communications between researchorganizations and universities

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Intel 4004 - 1971

The first microprocessor

Microprocessor: A complete computeron a chip

Speed: 750 kHz

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Altair 8800 - 1975

The commercially available 1st PC

Based on the Intel 8080

Cost $397

Had 256 bytes of memory; my PC at homehas a million times more RAM (Random

Access Memory)

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Cray 1 - 1976

The first commercial supercomputer

Supercomputers are state-of-the-art machinesdesigned to perform calculations as fast as the current

technology allows

Used to solve extremely complex tasks: weatherprediction, simulation of atomic explosions; aircraft

design; movie animation

Cray 1 could do 167 million calculations a send; thecurrent state-of the-art machines can do many trillion

(1012) calculations per second

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IBM PC & MS DOS - 1981

IBM PC: The tremendously popular PC;the grand-daddy of95%of the PCs in

use today

MS DOS: The tremendously popular

operating system that came bundledwith the IBM PC

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TCP/IP Protocol - 1982

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

The communications protocol used by thecomputernetworks, including the Internet

A communication protocol is a set of rules thatgoverns the flow of information over a network

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Apple Macintosh - 1984

The first popular, user-friendly, WIMP-based PC

Based on the WIMP (Windows, Icons,Menus, Pointing Device) ideas first

developed for the Star computer atXerox PARC (1981)

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World Wide Web -1989

Tim Berners Lee British physicist

1989 At the European Center for NuclearEnergy Research (CERN) in Geneva

1993 - The 1stmajor browser Mosaic wasdeveloped at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications at the University

ofIllinois, Urbana-Champaign

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Deep Blue -vs- Kasparov - 1997

In 1997 Deep Blue, a supercomputerdesigned by IBM, beat Gary Kasparov, theWorld Chess Champion

That computer was exceptionally fast, did

not get tiredorbored. It just kept onanalyzing the situation and kept onsearching until it found the perfect movefrom its list of possible moves

It could analyze up to 300 billion

chess moves in three minutes

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Mobile Phone-Computer

A small computer, no bigger than the hand setof desktop phone

Can do whatever an Internet-capable computercan plus can function as a regular phone

First consumer device formed by the fusion ofcomputing and wireless telecommunication

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What is he next major Milestone?

1. Mechanical computing

2. Electro-mechanical computing

3. Vacuum tube computing

4. Transistor computing

(the current state-of the-art)

5. Quantum computing

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QuantumMechanics

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QUANTUM MECHANICS is thebranch of physics which

describes the activity ofsubatomic particles, i.e. the

particles that make up atoms

Wh t i h t j Mil t ?

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What is he next major Milestone?

Quantum computers may one day be millions of timesmore efficient than the current state-of-the-artcomputers.

They take advantage of the laws that govern the

behavior of subatomic particles. These laws allow quantum computers to examine all

possible answers to a question simultaneously

For example, if you want to find the largest from a list

of four numbers: The current computers require on average 2 to 3 steps to

get to the answer

Whereas, the quantum computer may be able to do that in a

single step

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For further info

Read the following article that is available on the Web:

Quantum Computing with Moleculesby Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang

http://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/

default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.html

http://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.htmlhttp://www.mat.ucm.es/catedramdeguzman/drupal/sites/default/files/mguzman/01historias/haciaelfuturo/Burgos090900/quantumcomputingSciAmer/0698gershenfeld.html

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What have we learnt today?

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Focus of the Next Lecture

The World Wide Web