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A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH VIBRATION PROBLEMS IN THREE REINJECTION COMPRESSOR TRAINS RUNNING AT 33 MPa DISCHARGE PRESSURE Jong Kim, PhD/Presenter Reproduced with permission of the Turbomachinery Laboratory (http://turbolab.tamu.edu). © 2016.

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Page 1: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH VIBRATION PROBLEMS IN THREE REINJECTION COMPRESSOR TRAINS RUNNING AT 33 MPa DISCHARGE PRESSURE

Jong Kim, PhD/Presenter

Reproduced with permission of the Turbomachinery Laboratory (http://turbolab.tamu.edu). © 2016.

Page 2: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

AuthorsJong Kim, PhD Senior Principal Engineer, Waukesha Bearings Corporation Bachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering, 1985 – Busan National UniversityMaster of Science, Mechanical Engineering, 1987 – KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)Doctorate of Philosophy, Mechanical Engineering, 1991 – KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)

Marcio Felipe dos SantosSenior Maintenance Engineer, Major South American Oil CompanyBachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering, 1979 – Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro

Barry J. BlairChief Engineer, Waukesha Bearings Corporation Bachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering, 1990 – University of VirginiaMaster of Science, Mechanical Engineering, 1990 – University of VirginiaMaster of Product, Design and Development, 2015 – Northwestern University 

Page 3: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

AbstractOver a 13‐year span, a major South American oil company’s maintenance department fought high vibrations in three gas reinjection compressor trains. To reduce the chances of machine trips, technicians field balanced the compressors every year and replaced worn point contact pivot tilt pad journal (TPJ) bearings and O‐ring squeeze film dampers (SFDs) with new ones yearly. The downtime from implementing these preventative measures and from actual trips in the trains resulted in a loss of capacity of 1% a year and additional flaring of the gas.

After a thorough analysis of the compressors and inspection of damaged components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved by installing optimized Flexure Pivot tilt pad journal bearings with Integral Squeeze Film Damper (ISFD) technology into the compressors.  

In 2013 the reinjection compressors were placed back into service with Flexure Pivot TPJ bearings with ISFD technology.  Since then the reinjection compressors have exhibited lower vibration levels that do not grow over time, have had ZERO trips, and have not required field balancing for continuous operation. Overall efficiency has increased by approximately 1%.

Page 4: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Contents

• Background• Problem Statement• Modeling• Upgraded Bearing and Damper

– Design– Optimization

• Summary• Lessons Learned

Page 5: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Unit Background Information• 3 gas reinjection compressor trains operating since 2000• Each compressor train has two casings

– First casing (LP) experienced vibration issues– Second casing (HP) did not have vibration issues

• Discharge pressure: 33 MPa• Rated speed: 11,456 rpm • OEM bearing information

– 114.3 mm bore x 50.8 mm long TPJ– 5‐pad, load on pad– 60% offset

Vibration Issue

Page 6: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

|18‐Nov‐2012

|24‐Jul‐2012

|6‐Dec‐2011

|01‐Nov‐2011

|24‐Dec‐2011

|10‐Jan‐2012

|19‐Nov‐2011

Problem Statement• Rotor vibration levels increased over time

Vibration trend of LP compressor with OEM bearings over 5‐month span

30.5 ‐

0 ‐

45.7 ‐

61.0 ‐

76.2 ‐

15.2 ‐Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

Vibration with new OEM bearings of the original design

Vibration with worn pivots

__ Compressor DE X__ Compressor DE Y__ Compressor NDE X__ Compressor NDE Y

0 ‐

40 ‐

0 ‐

60 ‐

80 ‐

100 ‐

20 ‐

Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

__ Compressor DE X__ Compressor DE Y__ Compressor NDE X__ Compressor NDE Y

– Downtime due to high vibrations resulted in about 1% loss in production time and additional flaring gas

– Field balanced every year– Installation of new OEM bearings 

every year

Page 7: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Root Cause• Severe pivot wear in TPJ bearings

– Bearing clearance increased by 63+microns

• O‐ring damper performance changed– Damper film eccentricity ratio change 

(bottoming out) 

Top view Bottom view

Wear mark on pad Wear mark on housing

Pivot wear

Fretting damage on bearing OD

O‐ring grooveOil Inlet

Casing

Bearing Shell

Tilt Pad

Damper Axial Pressure Profile

End Seals

O-ring

Page 8: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Rotordynamic Model

1 5 10 15 60 65 6820 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

69 70

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 24

Shaf

t Rad

ius,

mm

Axial Location, mm

Divisio

n wall

Page 9: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Baseline Mode Shapes with OEM Bearings• Small log dec for baseline model (no SFD and no aero cross‐coupling 

stiffness from seals and impellers)

Cmin (minimum clearance)

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Sha

ft R

adiu

s, m

m

Axial Location, mm

f=4400.1 cpmd=.2065 logdN=11456 rpm

Cmin (minimum clearance)

Page 10: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Stability with OEM Bearings• Level I stability predicts that the rotor is unstable without SFD

15000 · 3 · 6319.64 · 0.78 · 12142 · 8 121.932 2.13 07 /

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2

Shaf

t Rad

ius,

mm

Axial Location, mm

f=4427.8 cpmd=-.4406 logdN=11456 rpm

Cmin (minimum clearance)

Page 11: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Division Wall Seal Contribution

• Insignificant improvement to stability with division wall hole pattern seal

• For stability, SFD required 

daQA

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.0E+00 1.0E+07 2.0E+07 3.0E+07Lo

g D

ec

Applied Cross Coupled Stiffness, Q N/m

Existing Brg (Cmax)

Existing Brg (Cmin)

With DW (sw ratio=0.5)

Without Division Wall (DW) seal

Estimated aero cross coupled stiffness

Page 12: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Log

dec

of 1

st m

ode

O-ring SFD eccentricity ratio

OEM bearing with SFDOEM bearing without SFD

With Applied Cross Coupled K=2.13E+07 N/m

O‐ring Squeeze Film Damper (SFD)• Damper radial clearance (c) = 0.110 mm• Damper radius (R) = 95.25 mm• Effective damper length (L) = 37.85 mm• Stability is very sensitive to damper 

eccentricity ratio ()• Added O‐ring stiffness

21 1 /

Damper stiffness and damping coefficients (without O‐ring stiffness):

K=1.94E+07 N/m, C=1.88E+05 Ns/m at =0.25K=6.06E+07 N/m, C=2.62E+05 Ns/m at =0.50K=1.70E+09 N/m, C=2.06E+06 Ns/m at =0.90

Unstable

Page 13: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Pivot Wear Effects on Synchronous Vibration• Pivot wear increased operating bearing clearance 

and reduced preload, resulting in increased synchronous vibrations

• A bearing with an SFD can make the rotor less sensitive to pivot wear than a bearing without an SFD

Max

CO

S

Min

CO

SR

ated

CO

S

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000R

espo

nse,

mm

p-p

Rotor Speed, rpm

Pivot wear effect (with SFD)

No pivot wear0.013 mm pivot wear0.025 mm pivot wear0.038 mm pivot wear0.051 mm pivot wear

Max

CO

S

Min

CO

SR

ated

CO

S

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Res

pons

e, m

m p

-p

Rotor Speed, rpm

Pivot wear effect (without SFD)

No pivot wear0.012 mm pivot wear0.025 mm pivot wear0.038 mm pivot wear0.051 mm pivot wear

SFD:K=4.375E+07 N/m, C=2.625E+05 N‐s/m

Page 14: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Bearing Upgrades (Journal Bearing)1. Flexure Pivot Tilt Pad Journal Bearing

– No pivot wear• Integral pivot• Maintains bearing clearance

– High pivot stiffness• No pivot stiffness effect on bearing 

dynamic coefficients

– Tight control of clearance and preload• Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)

– No pad flutter

Conventional Tilt Pad Journal Bearing (Rocker Back)

Flexure Pivot Tilt Pad Journal Bearing

Page 15: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Bearing Upgrades (Damper)2. Integral Squeeze Film Damper (ISFD)

Conventional SFD ISFD

Damper Film

O‐ring

‘S‐spring’

0.11 mmOriginal Damper 

Clearance

0.35 mmISFD Clearance

– Accurate stiffness control by eliminating O‐ring support

– No change in stiffness and damping over time

– Designed to counter static load

– Optimized damping

– Less cavitation

Page 16: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Optimization of ISFD

• Optimized stiffness and damping are 4.375 E+07 N/m (250,000 lb/in) and 2.625E+05 N‐s/m (1500 lb‐s/in)

• Additionally, the ISFD is designed to center the Flexure Pivot TPJ under gravity load by countering the static deflection

Page 17: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Redesigned Bearing

Original Design Optimized DesignConventional TPJ with SFD Flexure Pivot TPJ with ISFD Technology5‐pad, Load On Pad 4‐pad, Load Between PadShaft diameter 114.300 +0/‐0.013 mm Shaft diameter 114.300 +0/‐0.013 mmBearing bore 114.414 +0.025/‐0 mm Bearing bore 114.427 +0.025/‐0 mmClearance range 0.124/0.156 mm Clearance range 0.124/0.156 mmPreload range 0.293/0.501 Preload range 0.230/0.273L/D 0.444 L/D 0.500Pad arc 60° Pad arc 72Pivot Offset 60% Pivot offset 55%

Optimized

Page 18: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

1st Mode Shapes: Original and Upgraded Bearings• Applied destabilizing cross‐coupling 

stiffness of 2.13E+07 N/m to mid‐span• Without SFD, unstable • Both O‐ring SFD and ISFD can make the 

rotor stable• No change in stiffness and damping of 

ISFD over time-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2

Sha

ft R

adiu

s, m

m

Axial Location, mm

f=4427.8 cpmd=-.4406 logdN=11456 rpm

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Sha

ft R

adiu

s, m

m

Axial Location, mm

f=3594.5 cpmd=1.0362 logdN=11456 rpm

OEM bearing w/out O‐ring SFD

Upgraded bearing (Flexure Pivot TPJ + ISFD)

-400

-200

0

200

400

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000S

haft

Rad

ius,

mm

Axial Location, mm

f=3624.7 cpmd=.3504 logdN=11456 rpm

OEM bearing w/ O‐ring SFD

Page 19: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

No Subsynchronous Vibration (SSV) with Upgrade

With OEM bearing (Acceptance test)

Upgrade bearing

• Small SSV with O‐ring SFD• No SSV with ISFD

Page 20: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

40 ‐

0 ‐

60 ‐

80 ‐

100 ‐

20 ‐Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

|

2‐Jun‐2013|

12‐Dec‐2013|

15‐Oct‐2014  

Compressor B with Upgrade (10‐month span)Compressor B with OEM bearing

C-1252 01B VIBRAÇÕES e DESLOCAMENTO AXIAL DO COMPRESSOR D12

0

0

100

0

100

0

100

27,6019,2050,6058,60

25,1015,5085,4090,70

75,5072,5025,6012,90

21,9022,4014,1025,30

40 ‐

0 ‐

60 ‐

80 ‐100 ‐

20 ‐

Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

|

24‐Jul‐2012|

8‐Aug‐2013|

14‐Mar‐2013

Vibration Improvement (Comp A & B)• Compressor A 

vibration dropped to less than half and maintained that level over time

• Compressor B vibration also down to below 50 µm from 90 µm (original) and kept the same level over time

Compressor A with OEM bearing

Compressor A with Upgrade (4‐month span)

__ Compressor DE X__ Compressor DE Y__ Compressor NDE X__ Compressor NDE Y

Page 21: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

40 ‐

0 ‐

60 ‐

80 ‐

100 ‐

20 ‐

Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

|

8‐Mar‐2005|

30‐Dec‐2014

40 ‐

0 ‐

60 ‐

80 ‐

100 ‐

20 ‐Vibration pk

‐pk

(microns)

|

3‐Jun‐2013|

17‐Apr‐2014|

14‐Oct‐2014

Vibration Improvement (Comp C)• Compressor C was also 

upgraded with a Flexure Pivot TPJ with ISFD technology

• Again, the vibration level decreased to below 30 µm with the upgrade and maintained that same level due to no change in bearing clearance and SFD performance over time

Compressor C (vibration trend     over 10 years)

Compressor C with OEM bearing Compressor C with Upgrade

__ Compressor DE X__ Compressor DE Y__ Compressor NDE X__ Compressor NDE Y

Page 22: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Summary• Three reinjection compressor trains suffered 

from excessive vibration over many years– Original configuration: point contact pivot tilt pad journal bearings with an O‐ring SFD

• The root cause was excessive pivot wearand degradation of the O‐ring SFD Pivot Wear mark on housing Fretting Damage

– Bearing bore increased

– Stiffness and damping changed over time

Page 23: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Summary• The compressors were retrofitted with optimized 

Flexure Pivot tilt pad journal bearings with ISFD technology

• Operating exceptionally well– Since 2013– Low vibration levels

• 50% drop pk‐pk compared to OEM bearings• Do not grow over time

– No field balancing required so far (2 years)– No trips (continuous production)– No expensive bearing replacements– Overall efficiency increased by 1%

Page 24: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Lessons Learned• Increase in synchronous vibrations may be an indication of bearing clearance 

increasing from pivot wear and/or change in O‐ring damper performance

• Pivot wear may accelerate over time from increasing imbalance due to deposits on impellers

• Without eliminating pivot wear, just replacing the worn bearing with new build of the same design is NOT a long‐term solution

• Proper bearing and damper selection and optimization can reduce or eliminate the likelihood of increasing vibrations and pivot wear

• Flexure Pivot technology is a proven design to eliminate pivot wear

• ISFD technology maintains performance over time

Page 25: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Feedback and Questions

Case Study: A Solution to Years of High Vibration Problems in Three Reinjection Compressor Trains Running at 33 MPa Discharge Pressure

Page 26: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

Appendix: Damper Design Comparison

Shaft

Oil

Bearing

Oil

Damper Flow

Damper Flow

Anti‐Rotation Pin

CsCg

Squeeze Film (Outer Oil Film) – bearing whirls or orbits (not spins) in a precessional motion due to synchronous (unbalance) or non‐synchronous excitation, squeezing the oil and thus generating an oil film pressure, and subsequently a damping force. Flow can be axial too, depending on sealing.

Conventional SFD Integral Squeeze Film Damper

Shaft

Oil

Oil

Cs

CgNO Circumferential Flow

Damper Flow In/outof Orifices and Axial Gaps

‘S‐spring’

Page 27: CS 35-52 Waukesha A SOLUTION TO YEARS OF HIGH … of Science, Mechanical Engineering ... components, it was determined that the reoccurring problems would be solved ... • Rotor vibration

AuthorsJong Kim, PhD, (+1 262.506.3055 [email protected]) is a Senior Principal Engineer at Waukesha Bearings Corporation, headquartered in Pewaukee, Wisconsin (USA) and a Senior Consulting Engineer at Bearings Plus, Houston, Texas (USA), which is a business unit of Waukesha Bearings. Dr. Kim has overall responsibilities for rotordynamic analysis, bearing upgrades and bearing/seal technologies including Flexure Pivot bearings, ISFD technology and brush seals. Dr. Kim joined Waukesha Bearings in 2011. Prior to joining Waukesha Bearings and since 2001, he worked for KMC and Bearings Plus. Dr. Kim received his Bachelor of Science (Mechanical Engineering, 1985) from Busan National University and both his Master of Science (Mechanical Engineering, 1987) and his PhD (Mechanical Engineering, 1991) from KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology). He has authored several papers and has been granted multiple patents on bearing technologies.

Marcio Felipe dos Santos (+55 092.3616.6614 [email protected]) is a Senior Maintenance Engineer at a major oil company in South America, in the Amazon. Since 2000, Mr. Dos Santos has provided maintenance in LPG plants and on reinjection compressors. Prior to joining his current company, he maintained drilling rigs. He has his Mechanical Engineering Degree from Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (1979).  Throughout his career Mr. Dos Santos has had maintenance duties.

Barry J. Blair (+1 262.506.3043 [email protected]) is the Chief Engineer at Waukesha Bearings Corporation, headquartered in Pewaukee, Wisconsin (USA). Mr. Blair has overall responsibilities for research & development activities at Waukesha, including new products and overseeing the refinement of bearing design tools and methods. Mr. Blair joined Waukesha Bearings in 1993 and has served in increasingly responsible engineering and technology roles. Mr. Blair received both his Bachelor of Science (Mechanical Engineering, 1990) and Master of Science (Mechanical Engineering, 1990) from the University of Virginia, completing requirements of both degrees concurrently. He has authored and coauthored several papers on the development of both hydrodynamic and active magnetic bearing technologies.