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ˆbe¨©w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

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mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1. Robert Ergang, Europe from Renaissance to Waterloo



2. C.G. H. Hayes, A Political and Cultural History of Europe 3. Geoffery, Bruun, The Enlightened Despots

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e‡mb Z…Zxq wcUvi| wZwb wQ‡jb gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li fxlY f³| ZvB wmsnvm‡b e‡mB wZwb

ivwkqvi †mbvevwnbxi mvnv‡h¨ †mbvevwnbx‡K AwaK…Z AÂj¸‡jv †Q‡o w`‡q †d«WvwiL

m¨v·wb‡Z Zuvi `Lj Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z mg_© nb| 1763 mv‡j ¯vÿwiZ c¨vwim Pyw³i gva¨‡g

mßel©e¨vcx hy‡×i Aemvb nq| G mwÜi kZ©vbyhvqx †d«WvwiL m¨v·wb †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nb,

wKšÍz mvB‡jwkqv Zuvi `L‡j _v‡K|



g~j¨vqb

gnvgwZ †d«WvwiL 1786 mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib| wZwb hLb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib ZLb

cÖæwkqvi RbmsL¨v wQj wek jÿ| Zuvi g„Zz¨Kv‡j cÖæwkqv wQj Pwjøk jÿ †jv‡Ki Avevm f‚wg|

G †_‡KB cÖgvwYZ nq Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖæwkqvi AvqZb KZUv e„w× †c‡qwQj| mvgwMÖK fv‡e

Rvg©vwbi ¯v‡_©i cÖkœ Zuvi wPšÍv †PZbvq cÖvavb¨ cvq wb| Rvg©vb fvlvq wZwb †j‡Lb wb, G

fvlvq wZwb Lye GKUv K_vI ej‡Zb bv| nvW©vi, Kv›U, †M¨‡U cÖgyL Rvg©vb †jLK m¤ú‡K© Zvi

†Kv‡bv DuPy aviYv wQj bv, wZwb wQ‡jb divwm fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ I `k©‡bi f³| ZeyI

wZwb Rvg©vb RbMY Ges †jLK‡ì fv‡jvevmv †c‡qwQ‡jb|

mvims‡ÿc

gnvgwZ wØZxq †d«WvwiL 1780 mv‡j cÖæwkqvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb Ges `xN© 40 eQi a‡i

ivRKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖRvwn‰Zlx ˆ¯ivPvix kvmK‡ì Ab¨Zg| Zuvi

ivRZ¡Kv‡j K…wl, wkí I evwY‡Rï DbœwZ, wkÿv m¤úªmviY I wePvi wefv‡Mi `ÿZv e„w×i

R‡b¨ KZ¸‡jv eë¯’v M„nxZ n‡qwQj| GKB ms‡M wZwb ag©xq mnbkxjZvi bxwZ AbymiY

K‡iY| wKšÍz BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwn‰Zlx ˆ¯ivPvix kvm‡Ki b¨vq †d«WvwiLI wQ‡jb

ciivR¨ †jvfx| wZwb †cvj¨v‡Ûi cÖ_g wefvRb, A÷ªªxq DËivwaKvi hy× I mvZ eQie¨vcx

hy‡× Ask †bb Ges cÖæwkqvi ivR¨mxgv m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. ‰be© w³K cÖkœ


1| wØZxq †d«WvwiL †Kvb fvlv KweZv wjL‡Zb

(K) Rvg©vb (L) divwm

(M) Bs‡iwR (N) jvwZb

2| †d«Wvwi‡Li ˆmbëvwnbx‡Z ˆmb¨ msL¨v KZ wQj?

(K) GK jÿ (L) GK jÿ cwPk nvRvi

(M) GK jÿ cÂvk nvRvi (N) `yB jÿ

3| †d«WvwiL †Kvb m¤úª v‡qi gvbyl‡K KZ¸‡jv bvMwiK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib?

(K) Bû`x (L) gymjgvb

(M) †cÖv‡Uóv›U (N) K¨v_wjK

4| †Kvb AÂj `L‡ji gva¨‡g BD‡iv‡c mvZ eQie¨vcx hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ nq

(K) evfvwiqv (L) m¨v·wg

(M) †ejwRqvg (N) biI‡q

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| cÖkvmwbK †ÿÎ Ges wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZi R‡b¨ wØZxq †d«WvwiL wK wK eë¯’v

wb‡q wQ‡jb?

2| ag©, wkÿv I wePvi wefv‡M cÖewZ©Z wØZxq †d«Wvwi‡Li ms¯‹vi¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

3| wØZxq †d«Wvwi‡Li kvmbKv‡j cÖæwkqvi ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii eY©bv w`b|

ˆbe© w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1(L), 2(L), 3(K), 4(L)

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1. Robert Ergang, Europe from Renaissance to Waterloo 2. C. G.H. Hayes, A Political and Cultural History of Europe 3. Pierre, Gaxotte, Frederick the Great. M. mswÿß cÖkœ

1| gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li evj¨Kv‡ji weeiY w`b|

2| Aw÷ªªqvi DËvivwaKvi hy‡× gnvgwZ †d«WvwiL wK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib?

3| gnvgwZ †d«Wvwi‡Li mvwe©K g~j¨vqb Kiæb|



wØZxq †hv‡md

GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ

● wØZxq †hv‡m‡di ÿgZv jvf m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

● wØZxq †hv‡m‡di ms¯‹vi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gnvgwZ †d«WvwiK wQ‡jb BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g cÖRvwn‰Zlx ev Ávb`xß kvmK| wKšÍz cÖK…Z wePv‡i

Aw÷ªªqvi wØZxq †hv‡md wQ‡jb †kªô Ávb`xß kvmK| wZwb RbKj¨v‡Y me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡ib

Ges Zuvi `k eQ‡ii kvmb Avg‡j Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Gme ms¯‹vi

e¨_© nq, wKšÍz ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©‡b Zuvi AvšÍwiKZvi Afve wQj bv| cwiw¯’wZ weiƒc nIqvq Zuvi

ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP e¨_© nq|

ÿgZv jvf

1765 mv‡j Aw÷ªªqvi cÖ_g d«vwÝm g„ZzëiY K‡ib Ger ZrcyÎ wØZxq †hv‡md cweÎ †ivgvb

mvgªv‡Rï (Holy Roman Empire) mgªvU wbhy³ nb| GKB m‡½ wZwb Zuvi gvZv gvwiqv

†_‡imvi m‡½ Aw÷ªªqvi †hŠ_ kvmK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib| mgªvU wn‡m‡e Zuvi ÿgZv

wQj AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| wØZxqZ, wZwb Aw÷ªªqvi †hŠ_ kvm‡Ki gh©v`v †c‡jI cÖK…Z ÿgZv †_‡K

hvq Zvi gvZv †gwiqv †_‡imvi nv‡Z| wKšÍz Zuvi gvZvi a¨vb-aviYv wQj m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| 1780

mv‡j gvwiqv †_‡imvi g„Zzï ci mgMÖ kvmb ÿgZv Zuvi nv‡Z Av‡m| AZci wZwb ms¯‹vi

cÖeZ©‡bi Kv‡R nvZ †`b| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib Ô`k©b n‡e Avgvi iv‡Rï cÖK…Z AvBbKZ©v|

cieZx© `k eQ‡i wZwb GMvi nvRvi bZzb AvBb Rvwi K‡ib| G‡Z Zuvi ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wPi

e¨vcKZv cÖgvwYZ nq|

Av_©-mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi

Av_© mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î †hv‡m‡di ms¯‹vi¸‡jv cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj RbM‡Yi R‡b¨| mgvb

AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv Ges myL-kvwšÍ weav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wZwb bZzb †dŠR`vix AvBb Rvwi K‡ib|

Gi d‡j g„Zz¨`Û wbwl× Ges Z`šÍKv‡h© wbh©vZ‡bi Aemvb Kiv nq| wZwb e‡jb Ôg„Zz¨`Û

`xN© ’vqx K‡Vvi kvw¯Íi b¨vq djcÖm~ nq bv| †Kbbv g„Zz¨`Û wbwg‡lB Kvh©Ki Kiv nq Ges

gvbyl mn‡RB Gi K_v fz‡j hvq| Acic‡ÿ AbïKg kvw¯Íi K_v gvbyl `xN©w`b g‡b iv‡L|¤^

mKj Acivax‡K (K…lK ev mvgšÍcÖfz) AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb AwaKvi †Ìqv nq Ges mK‡ji

R‡b¨ GKB cÖKvi kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv nq| wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mevB‡K mgvb

AwaKvi `vb Avgvi KZ©e¨| Zuvi kvmb Avg‡j wLª÷vb Ges AwLª÷vb‡ì we‡q, WvwKbx we`¨v

(Whitchcraft) I ¯^-ag© Z¨vM Aciva e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv e‡jI †NvlYv Kiv nq| Av_©-

cvV - 3

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î wØZxq †hv‡m‡di me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb wQj f‚wg`vm cÖ_vi Aemvb| 1781

mv‡j iv‡óªi me©gq ÿgZvi AwaKvix nIqvi GK eQi ci wZwb G ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib, d‡j

f‚wg`vmMY Rwgi gvwjK nIqvi, B”QvgZ we‡q Kivi Ges emwZ ¯’vc‡bi AwaKvi cvq|

Zv‡ì‡K mvgšÍcÖfzi mKj wbqš¿Y †_‡K gyw³ †Ìqv nq|

ag© welqK ms¯‹vi

wØZxq †hv‡m‡di Ab¨ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb n‡”Q †cÖv‡U÷v›U I wMÖK A‡_©vW· wMR©vi

AbymvixMY‡K c~Y© agx©q ¯vaxbZv cÖ vb| cÖm½µ‡g D‡jøL¨ †h, BwZc~‡e© †ivgvb K¨v_wjK ag©

wQj Aw÷ªªqvi ivóªxq ag©| wZwb e‡jb, ÔKzms¯‹vi I †Mvovgxi Aek¨B Aemvb n‡Z n‡e Ges

cÖ‡Z¨K cÖRv‡K Zuvi AwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| ¯^ agx©q ¯vaxbZv m¤úwK©Z G †NvlYvwUI †`qv nq

iv‡óªi me©gq ÿgZv jv‡fi ci| Abyiƒcfv‡e Bû`x‡ì Dci †_‡KI mKj wewa-wb‡la

cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bIqv nq| Zv‡ì Dci BwZc~‡e© avh© Kiv K‡ii Aemvb Kiv nq, Zv‡ì‡K

eëmv-evwYR¨ Kivi I KjKviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi AwaKvi Ges mšÍvb‡ì †h‡Kv‡bv ¯‹z‡j fwZ©

Kiv‡bvi my‡hvM †Ìqv nq| m‡½ m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvi b¨vq Bû`x‡ì R‡b¨ †mbvevwnbx‡Z

†hvM`vb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq| wKšÍz †Muvov Bû`x‡ì A‡b‡KB Zuvi †k‡lv³ †NvlYvwUi

we‡ivwaZv K‡i| †Kbbv Zv‡ì AvksKv nq †h GKB ¯‹z‡j covïbv ev †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb

Ki‡j Zv‡ì ¯vZš¿ ÿzbœ n‡e|

agx©q †ÿ‡Î wØZxq †hv‡md Ab¨vb¨ K‡qKwU cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib Ges G¸‡jvi jÿ¨ wQj

†ivgvb K¨v_wjK wMR©v‡K iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y Avbqb Kiv| GR‡b¨ wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, Zvi

Aby‡gv`b e¨ZxZ †cv‡ci †Kv‡bv †NvlYv (Bull) ev weavb Aw÷ªªqvq Kvh©Ki n‡e bv| GQvov

wbqg Kiv nq †h, mKj wekc‡K wbR wbR c‡` †hvM`v‡bi mgq Gg‡g© kc_ wb‡Z n‡e †h,

Zuviv A÷ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ _vK‡e Ges wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Dci wMR©vi wbqš¿Y _vK‡e

bv| †hv‡md †`‡k Avkªg I mbœvmxi msL¨v Kwg‡q †`b Ges wejyß Avkª‡gi Rwg †_‡K cÖvß

Avq we`¨vjq, nvmcvZvj Ges `vZe¨ cÖwZôv‡bi R‡b¨ e¨q K‡ib| wMR©v‡K iv‡óªi wbqš¿‡Y

Avq‡bi d‡j †cvc ¯fveZB AmšÍzó nb| Zvi ÿgZv cybe©nv‡ji R‡b¨ wb‡R wf‡qbvq

Av‡mb| wKšÍz Zuvi †Póv djcÖm~ nq wb, †hv‡md Zuvi wm×v‡šÍ AUj _v‡Kb| G cÖ‡Póvq wZwb

Aek¨B cÖRv‡ì mg_©b †c‡qwQ‡jb|

cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi

ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î †hv‡m‡di ms¯‹v‡ii cÖavb jÿ¨ wQj iv‡Rï wewfbœ GjvKvi kvmb‡K

†K›`ªxf‚Z Kiv| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb cyivZb mvgšÍev`x kvmb eë¯’vi Aemvb K‡ib Ges mv‡K©j

bvgK GK bZzb cÖkvmwbK BDwbU M‡o †Zv‡jb| cÖ‡Z¨K mv‡K©‡ji cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv

nq †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ…©K wb‡qvwRZ GKRb Mfb©‡ii Dci| wØZxq †hv‡md †NvlYv K‡ib †h,

AZci Rvg©vb fvlv n‡e miKvwi fvlv| GQvov mKj we`¨vj‡q eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Rvg©vb fvlv

wkÿv †Ìqv n‡Zv Ges wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ag©ZË¡ e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ welq Rvg©vb fvlvq

wkÿv`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| G cÖm‡½ D‡jø‡Li cÖ‡qvRb †h, A÷xq mvgªv‡R¨ Rvg©vbfvlx

Rb‡Mvôx QvovI Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi gvbyl emevm Ki‡Zv| Giv wQj nv‡½wi, †PK¯øvfvwKqv,

†cvj¨vÛ I †µv‡qwkqvi Awaevmx|



†ejwRqv‡gi ms¯‹vi

†ejwRqvg ev Aw÷ªªqvb †b`vij¨v‡Û †hv‡md Aw÷ªªqvi b¨vq Abyiƒc ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|

g‡Vi msL¨v Kgv‡bv nq, agx©q ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges cÖkvmb‡K †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii

wbqš¿‡Y Avbv nq| A_P †ejwRqvgevmxiv wQj `xN©w`b hveZ ¯vqËkvmb †fvM K‡i AvmwQj

Ges Zviv wQj mvgšÍ cÖfz‡ì kvm‡b Af¨¯Í| AZGe Zviv AmšÍzó nq Ges †kl ch©šÍ G

Am‡šÍvl we‡`ªv‡ni iƒc aviY K‡i| nv‡½wi‡ZI Abyiƒc Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| Rvg©vb fvlv‡K

miKvwi fvlvi gh©v`v `vb, †`kwU‡K Aw÷ªªqvi GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ Kivi cÖqvm, f‚wg`vm

cÖ_vi Aemvb nv‡½wii gvbyl fv‡jv †Pv‡L †`‡L wb| mvgšÍ cÖfziv Zv‡ì my‡hvM-myweav AUzU

ivLvi R‡b¨ f‚wg`vm cÖ_v iwnZKi‡Yi AvBb ev¯ÍevwqZ Ki‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbvq Ges †h K…lK

mgv‡Ri g½‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ †hv‡md G ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib Zv‡ì‡K we‡ ªvnx n‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ

K‡i| G we‡`ªvn †kl ch©šÍ Ggbiƒc aviY K‡i †h, †hv‡md Zuvi Av‡`k evwZj Ki‡Z eva¨

nb|

wØZxq †hv‡m‡di g„Zz¨

Zuvi ms¯‹vi¸‡jv e¨_© n‡Z hv‡”Q G Dcjwä Zuv‡K `viæYfv‡e e¨w_Z K‡i Ges †hv‡md

gvbwmKfv‡e †f‡½ c‡ob| wZwb 1790 mv‡ji 20 †deªæqvwi Zvwi‡L g„ZzëiY K‡ib| g„Zzï

Av‡M wZwb Zuvi mgvwa wjwc †Kgb n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡ib| G‡Z ejv nq ÔGLv‡b kvwqZ

Av‡Qb GKRb ivRKzgvi hvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj gnr, wKšÍz Zvi me cwiKíbv e¨_© nq|¤^ wKšÍz cÖK…Z

wePv‡i Zuvi wKQy wKQy ms¯‹vi cÖqvm djcÖm~ n‡qwQj| wZwb cÖRv‡ì‡K agx©q ¯vaxbZv †`b

Ges `ÿ kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| f‚wg`vm cÖ_vi Aemvb K‡i wZwb †h `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡ib

Zv cieZx©Kv‡j d«v‡Ýi wecøex miKvi AbymiY K‡i Ges BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvbyl‡K

Abyiƒc wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|

†hv‡m‡di e¨_©Zvi KviY

GK_v Ab¯xKvh© †h, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©‡bi †cQ‡b wØZxq †hv‡m‡di g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj

cÖRvmvavi‡Yi g½j weavb Kiv| A_©vr †hv‡m‡di AvšÍwiKZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`‡ni †Kv‡bv

AeKvk †bB| RbM‡Yi g½‡ji R‡b¨ wZwb cÖwZw`b mKvj †_‡K Mfxi ivZ ch©šÍ K‡Vvi

cwikªg Ki‡Zb| wZwb h_v_©B e‡jb, Ô‡`‡ki Ges RbM‡Yi g½‡ji R‡b¨ Avwg Avgvi

gvbwmK I kvixwiK me©kw³ w`‡q h_vmva¨ †Póv †_‡K KLbI weiZ ne bv|¤^ wKšÍz Zuvi âh©

I ev¯Íe Áv‡bi Afve wQj| Zuvi ms¯‹vi¸‡jv RbM‡Yi R‡b¨ g½jRbK n‡e G wek¦v‡m wZwb

Zv‡ì `xN©w`‡bi jvwjZ cvwjZ a¨vb-aviYv‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q G¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z m‡Pó

nb| wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb †h Zuv‡K mveavb n‡Z n‡e Ges âh© aviY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


mvims‡ÿc

wØZxq †hv‡md Aw÷ªªqvi mgMÖ kvmb ÿgZv jvf K‡ib 1780 mv‡j A_©vr Zvui gvZv

gvwiqv †_‡imvi g„Zzï c‡i| wZwb wQ‡jb cÖRvwn‰Zlx ˆ¯ivPvix kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †kªôZg|

wZwb Aw÷ªªqvi Av_©-mvgvwRK, cÖkvmwbK Ges ag©xq Rxe‡b e¨vcK ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib|

g„Zz¨ `‡Ûi Aemvb, f‚wg`vm cÖ_vi Aemvb, ag©xq †ÿ‡Î c~Y© ¯vaxbZv, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L

mgvb AwaKvi †NvlYv cÖf…wZ wQj Zvui ms¯‹vi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖRv‡ì

g½j mvabB wQj Zvui ms¯‹v‡ii †cQ‡b g~j D‡Ïk¨| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖRv‡ì gsM‡ji R‡b¨

wZwb K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Zb| wKšÍz AvšÍwiKZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I wØZxq †hv‡m‡di ms¯‹vi

`xN© ’vqx n‡Z e¨_© nq| wZwb 1790 mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb:



1| gvwiqv †_‡imv KZ mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?

(K) 1780 mv‡j (L) 1781 mv‡j

(M) 1783 mv‡j (N) 1789 mv‡j

2| Av_©-mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î wØZxq †hv‡m‡di me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms¯‹vi wK?

(K) f‚wg`vm cÖ_vi Aemvb (L) AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevBi mgvb AwaKvi †NvlYv

(M) g„Zz¨`Û wbwl×KiY (N) G‡`i †KvbwUB bq|

3| †Kvb fvlv‡K Aw÷ªªqvi ivóª fvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv nq?

(K) †ejwRqvb fvlv (L) divwm fvlv

(M) Rvg©vb fvlv (N) jvwZb fvlv|

4| †hv‡md KZwU bZzb AvBb cÖYqY K‡ib?

(K) 10 nvRvi (L) 11 nvRvi

(M) 12 nvRvi (N) 13 nvRvi

L. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| wØZxq †hv‡md Av_©-mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î wK wK ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©Y K‡ib?

2| wØZxq †Rv‡m‡di ag© welqK I cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

M. mswÿß cÖkœ

1| wØZxq †hv‡md †ejwRqv‡g wK wK ms¯‹vi cÖeZ©b K‡iY?

2| wØZxq †hv‡m‡di e¨_©Zvi KviY¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ˆbe¨©w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi:

1(K), 2(K), 3(M), 4(L)

mnvqK MÖš’

1. Robert Ergang, Europe From Renaissance to Waterloo

Gm Gm GBP Gj


2. Geoffrey Bruun, The Enlighten Despots



†cvj¨v‡Ûi wefvRb

GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ

● †cvj¨v‡Ûi ye©jZvi KviY Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

● †cvj¨v‡Ûi wefvRb eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvVvi kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z †cvj¨vÛ wQj AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K BD‡iv‡ci Z…Zxq e„nËg Ges

RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K PZz_© e„nËg †`k| †`kwUi AvqZb Ges RbmsL¨v wQj h_vµ‡g

280000 eM© gvBj Ges 1 †KvwU 20 jÿ Rb| G‡`‡ki we¯Ívi wQj evwëK †_‡K K…ò mvMi

Ges Rvg©vwbi c~e© mxgvbv †_‡K ivwkqvi cwðg mxgvbv ch©šÍ| †cvj¨v‡Ûi me©‡kl L¨vwZgvb

ivRv wQ‡jb Rbmwew¯‹| Zuvi g„Zzï ci †cvj¨v‡Ûi cZb ïiæ nq Ges cici wZbevi

eë‡”Q‡ì d‡j †`kwU BD‡iv‡ci gvbwPÎ †_‡K wbwðý n‡q hvq| †cvj¨v‡Ûi cÖ_g wefvRb

N‡UwQj 1772 mv‡j Ges wØZxq I Z…Zxq wefvRb N‡UwQj h_vµ‡g 1792 Ges 1795

mv‡j|

†cvj¨v‡Ûi ye©jZvi KviY

wewfbœ Kvi‡Y AvVvi kZ‡K †cvj¨v‡Ûi cZb N‡UwQj| G¸‡jv wQj ivRZ‡š¿i `ye©jZv,

mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì †kªYx `ye©jZv, ag©‡ÿ‡Î we‡iva, RvwZMZ mgm¨v, kw³kvjx †mbvevwnbx Ges

cÖvK…wZK mxgvbvi Afve| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK KviYwU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj| †Kbbv

miKvi kw³kvjx n‡j Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e n‡Z cvi‡Zv|

miKvi eë¯’v

miKvi eë¯’vi w`K †_‡K †cvj¨v‡Ûi Ae¯’v wQj BD‡ivcxq Ab¨vb¨ †`k †_‡K wfbœ| †Kbbv

wbqg wQj †h, †`‡ki ivRv mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì wb‡q MwVZ cvj©v‡g›U ev Wv‡qU KZ…©K wbe©vwPZ

n‡eb| 1572 mv‡ji Av‡M wbqg wQj †h ivRvi †Q‡j‡KB Zvi DËivwaKvi wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ

Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ivRv wKQy ¯vaxb ÿgZv †fvM Ki‡Zb| wKšÍz 1572 mv‡j G

`y‡Uv wbqg cwiewZ©Z nq| AZci wbe©vPbKv‡j cÖ‡Z¨K ivRv‡K K‡Zv¸‡jv kZ© †g‡b Pjvi

A½xKvi Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Gme k‡Z©i g‡a¨ `y‡Uv wQj cÖavb| cÖ_gZ, ivRv †Kv‡bv DËivwaKv‡ii

bvg cÖ Íve Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

wØZxqZ, ivRv ïay Wv‡qU KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z ÿgZv †fvM Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨b¨

†`‡ki ivRv hLb mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì ÿgZv Le© K‡i kw³kvjx nw”Q‡jb Ges †¯^”QvPvix kvmb

cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb †cvj¨v‡Û ZLb ivRv †ewk gvÎvq mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì wbqš¿Y †g‡b wbw”Q‡jb|

cvV - 4

Gm Gm GBP Gj


AvVvi kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z ivRv †hme wel‡q ¯vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb †m¸‡jvi

g‡a¨ wQj †emvgwiK I agx©q Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM| wKšÍz wbqg wQj †h, Gme Kg©KZ©v AvgiY

ÿgZvq _vK‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zv‡ì‡K †`vlx cÖgvY bv K‡i eiLv¯Í Kiv hv‡e bv| d‡j ivRv

Gme Kg©KZ©vi Dci wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv|

mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì my‡hvM-myweav

Gfv‡e ivRv hLb ÿgZv nvivw”Q‡jb mvgšÍ†Mvôx ZLb AwaKZi ÿgZvkvjx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv|

mvgšÍcÖfziv ÿgZvkvjx n‡q D‡VwQ‡jv| mvgšÍcÖfziv wQj †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi gvÎ kZKiv

AvU fvM, wKšÍz Zviv kvmb ÿgZv †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxi gvbyl‡K ewÂZ K‡iwQ‡jv| †Kbbv ïay

Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa‡ì‡K wb‡q †`‡ki Wv‡qU ev cvj©v‡g›U MwVZ wQj, A_P Wv‡q‡Ui nv‡Z AvBb

cÖYqb, Ki avh©KiY, hy× †NvlYv, Pyw³ ¯vÿi cÖf…wZ ÿgZv b¨¯Í wQj| cÖkvmwbK D”P c‡`

wb‡qvM Ges kn‡ii evB‡i ïay ZvivB Rwg µ‡qi my‡hvM †c‡Zv| Zv‡ì GKgvÎ `vwqZ¡ wQj

hy‡×i mgq eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb Kiv| GQvov mvgšÍcÖfziv eëmv-

evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv|

ga¨weË †kªYxi `ye©jZv

†`‡k kw³kvjx ga¨weË †kªYx wQj bv| knievmxiv wQj †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 14 fvM|

wKšÍz G‡ì AwaKvskB wQj Bû`x Ges we‡`kx| ga¨hy‡M †cvj¨v‡Ûi A‡bK kni mg„w× jvf

K‡iwQj, †Kbbv †`‡ki †fZi w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi c‡Yï Av`vb-cÖ vb n‡Zv| cieZx©Kv‡j

K…ò mvM‡ii ZxieZx© AÂ‡j ZzwK© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvq Ges †fŠ‡MvwjK Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j

AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ f‚ga¨mvM‡ii cwie‡Z© AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cvIqvq

†cvj¨v‡Ûi †fZi w`‡q evwY‡Rï cwigvY K‡g hvq| G‡Z †cvj¨v‡Ûi kni¸‡jvi cZb ïiæ

nq| GQvov Wv‡qU Ggb me AvBb cvk K‡i, hv wQj eëmvqx †kªYxi ¯v‡_©i cwicš’x|

D`vniY¯iƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, 1565 mv‡j Wv‡qU †`kx ewYK‡ì R‡b¨ Avg`vwb ißvwb

evwY‡R¨ AskMÖnY wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| 1643 mv‡j Wv‡qU eëmvqx‡ì R‡b¨ jv‡fi m‡e©v”P

nvi kZKiv mvZfv‡M wba©viY K‡i †`q| Gfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki miKvi †hLv‡b ewYK‡kªYxi

weKv‡ki R‡b¨ Drmvn w`w”Qj †cvj¨v‡Ûi miKvi ZLb G †kªYxi weKv‡ki c_‡K iæ× Ki‡Z

m‡Pó nq| GQvov Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖkvmwbK c`¸‡jv mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì R‡b¨ wbwl×

wQj| G†Zvme evavi Kvi‡Y †`‡k kw³kvjx ga¨weË †kªYx M‡o D‡V wb|

K…lK‡ì †kvPbxq Ae¯’v

‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv mËi fvM wQj K…lK, Avi G‡ì g‡a¨ Qq fv‡Mi cuvP fvM

wQj f‚wg`vm| G‡ì Ae¯’v BD‡iv‡ci Aci †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki f‚wg`vm‡ì Ae¯’vi †P‡q

†kvPbxq wQj| f‚wg`vm‡ì‡K mßv‡ni cuvP ev Qq w`b mvgšÍ‡ì Lvgv‡i †eMvi LvU‡Z n‡Zv,

mvgšÍ‡ì Av`vj‡Z cÖ Ë iv‡qi weiæ‡× Avcxj Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi Zv‡ì wQj bv, †Kvb

f‚wg`vm mvgšÍcÖfzi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡j Acivaxi Dci ïay wKQy Rwigvbv avh© Kiv n‡Zv| A‡bK

†ÿ‡Î Zviv †Kvb& ag© AbymiY Ki‡e Zv mvgšÍcÖfz wba©viY Ki‡Zv| Gme Kvi‡Y AvVvi kZ‡K

†cvj¨v‡Ûi K…lK †kªYxi Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o|



ag© I RvwZMZ we‡iva

†cvj¨v‡Ûi Rb‡Mvôx wQj wewfbœ RvwZ I a‡g©i| RbmsL¨vi gvÎ A‡a©K wQj †cvwjk,

wj_yqvwbqvq wQj ivwkqvb I wj_yqvwbqvb, BD‡µ‡b wQj ivwkqvb, cwð‡g cÖæwkqvq wQj

Rvg©vb| GQvov †`‡ki me©Î Qwo‡q wQj cuvP jÿ Bû`x| Gme RvwZi gvby‡li g‡a¨ HK¨ wQj

bv, wQj we‡iva| Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡qwQj agx©q we‡iva| †ivgvb K¨v_wjK ag© wQj ivóªxq ag©,

wKšÍz †cvwjk e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ †Mvôxi ag© wQj wfbœ| GK`j wQj Bû`x, Rvg©vbiv wQj

†cÖv‡U÷¨v›U ag©vej¤x Ges ivwkqvbiv wQj wMÖK A‡_©vW· wMR©vi Abymvix| †k‡lv³ `ywU †Mvôx

‘dissenters’ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| 1733 I 1736 mv‡ji AvB‡b G‡ì‡K ivR‰bwZK Ges

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î bvMwiK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq| 1717 mv‡ji GKwU AvBb e‡j

Zv‡ì R‡b¨ wMR©v wbg©vY wbwl× Kiv nq| agx©q †ÿ‡Î mnbkxjZvi Afve ¯fveZB Zv‡ì‡K

ÿzä K‡i Ges Gi d‡j Rvg©vwb I ivwkqv †cvj¨v‡Ûi Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î n¯Í‡ÿc Kivi my‡hvM

cvq| cÖm½µ‡g D‡jøL¨ †h wMÖK A‡_©vW· wMR©vi Abymvix‡ì AvbyMZ¨ wQj ivwkqvi cÖwZ Ges

Rvg©vb‡ì AvbyMZ¨ wQj cÖæwkqvi cÖwZ| Gfv‡e ïay ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kvi‡YB †cvj¨vÛ

`ye©j iv‡óª cwiYZ nq wb, Gi †cQ‡b RvwZMZ Ges agx©q KviYI wQj|

cÖvK…wZK mxgvbvi Afve

cÖvK…wZK mxgvbvi Afve †cvj¨v‡Ûi cZ‡bi Avi GKwU KviY| ïay `wÿY w`K e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨

w`K †_‡K †cvj¨vÛ wQj Db¥y³, A_©vr †cvj¨v‡Ûi mxgv‡iLv b`x ev cvnvo, ce©Z w`‡q wPwýZ

wQj bv| G `ye©jZv KvwU‡q IVvi GKgvÎ Dcvq wQj kw³kvjx †mbvevwnbx MVb, wKšÍz Gw`K

†_‡KI †cvj¨vÛ wQj `ye©j| †mbvevwnbx kw³kvjx n‡j ivRv Gi mvnv‡h¨ kw³kvjx nIqvi

†Póv Ki‡Z cv‡ib G AvksKvq Wv‡qU 1717 mv‡j †cvj¨v‡Ûi †mbvevwnbx‡K wba©vwiZ K‡i

PweŸk nvRv‡i, wKšÍz ˆmb¨msL¨v KLbI ev‡iv nvRv‡ii †ewk nq wb| Gfv‡e †cvj¨vÛ hLb

ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K ye©j nw”Qj cvk¦©eZx© ivóª ‡jv

(ivwkqv, Aw÷ªªqv I cÖæwkqv) ZLb µgk kw³kvjx Ges D”PvKv•ÿx n‡q D‡VwQj| †cvj¨vÛ ev

Gi Ask we‡kl `Lj Kivi †jv‡f Gme ivóª †Kv‡bvw`b Pvq wb †h †cvj¨vÛ kw³kvjx n‡q

DVzK, Zv‡ì jÿ¨ wQj †cvj¨vÛ‡K ye©j ivLv Ges G `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M †`kwU‡K MÖvm Kiv|

cici wZbevi wefvR‡bi d‡j mwZ¨B GKw`b †cvj¨vÛ BD‡iv‡ci gvbwPÎ †_‡K wbwðý n‡q

hvq|

†cvj¨v‡Ûi cÖ_g wefvRb

†cvj¨v‡Ûi cÖ_g wefvRb N‡U 1772 mv‡j| G j‡ÿ¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i cÖæwkqvi gnvgwZ

†d«WvwiL Ges ivwkqvi wØZxq K¨v_vwib| Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuviv Df‡qB wQ‡jb

AvVvi kZ‡Ki †kªô `vk©wbK‡ì wPšÍv-†PZbvq AbycÖvwYZ A_©vr ÔÁvb`xwß¤| wKšÍz Aw÷ªªqv

Zuv‡ì cwiKíbvq we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb AvksKvq †d«WvwiL I K¨v_vwib Aw÷ªªqvi

gvwiqv †_‡imv‡K †cvj¨v‡Ûi GK Ask †Ìqvi cÖ Íve K‡ib| wZwb G cÖ Íve MÖnY K‡ib|

†cvj¨v‡Ûi Ae¯’vb cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª ‡jvi wbivcËvi R‡b¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q-G ARynv‡Z

wZbwU iv‡óªi kvmK 1772 mv‡j †`kwUi cÖ_g eë‡”Q` NUvb| Pyw³i kZ©vbymv‡i cÖæwkqv jvf

Gm Gm GBP Gj


K‡i WvbwRM I _b© e¨ZxZ cwðg cÖæwkqvi meUv, Aw÷ªªqv jvf K‡i M¨vwjwPqv I Gi cvk¦©eZx©

AÂj Ges ivwkqv AwaKvi K‡i †k¦Z ivwkqv (White Russia) I Ab¨vb¨ AÂj|

wØZxq wefvRb

cÖ_g eë‡”Q‡ì cieZx© wek eQ‡i †cvj¨vÛ‡K GKwU kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨

KZ¸‡jv eë¯’v M„nxZ nq| G¸‡jv wQj wjfvivm †f‡Uvi Aemvb, mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì ÿgZv Le©,

eskvbyµwgK ivRZ‡š¿i cÖwZôv, K…lK‡ì Ae¯’vi Dbœqb, eëmvqx‡ì my‡hvM-myweav e„w× I

Zv‡ì‡K Wv‡q‡Ui m`m¨c` `vb cÖf…wZ| wKšÍz Gme eë¯’v ¯fveZB ivwkqv Ges cÖæwkqvi

cQ›` nq wb| AZGe 1792 mv‡j ivwkqvi Ges c‡ii eQi cÖæwkqvi †mbvevwnbx †cvj¨vÛ

AvµgY K‡i| †cvj¨vÛ civwRZ nq| d‡j ivwkqv wÎk jÿ Ges cÖæwkqv `k jÿ †jvK

Aa~¨wlZ †cvj¨v‡Ûi GKwU weivU AÂj `Lj K‡i †bq| Ges †cvj¨vÛ ms¯‹vi Kg©m~wP evwZj

Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Aw÷ªªqv †cvj¨v‡Ûi wØZxq wefvR‡b AskMÖnY K‡i wb|

Z…Zxq wefvRb

AZtci m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwðý n‡q hvIqvi AvksKv `~i Kivi R‡b¨ †cvj¨vÛevmx mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva

Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| Gi †bZ…Z¡ †`q †_wWqvm Kw¯‹Dm‡Kv (Thaddeus Kosciusko)| wZwb

Av‡gwiKvi ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡g gvwK©bx‡ì c‡ÿ AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv

†cvj¨v‡Ûi K…lK †kªYx A¯¿nv‡Z †bqvi my‡hvM cvq Ges ZvivI cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY

K‡i| cÖ_gw`‡K †cvwjk evwnbx Rqjvf K‡i, wKšÍz †kl ch©šÍ cÖæwkqv, ivwkqv I Aw÷ªªqvi

wgwjZ evwnbxi Kv‡Q Zviv civwRZ nq| †cvj¨v‡Ûi ivRv †÷wbmjm c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb

Ges †`kwUi evwK Ask G wZbwU ivóª wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †bq| AZ:ci †cvj¨vÛ bvgK

Avi †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ BD‡iv‡ci gvbwP‡Î _vK‡jv bv|



mvims‡ÿc

†cvj¨v‡‡Ûi wefvRb AvVvi kZ‡Ki BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m GKwU Ab¨Zg `ytLRbK NUbv|

ci ci wZbevi (1772, 1792 I 1795 mv‡j) eë‡”Q‡ì d‡j †cvj¨vÛ BD‡iv‡ci

gvbwPÎ †_‡K wbwðý n‡q hvq| †cvj¨‡Ûi cÖ_g eë‡”Q‡` Ask ‡bq cÖæwkqvi wØZxq

†d«WvwiL, ivwkqvi wØZxq K¨v_vwib Ges Aw÷ªªqvi gvwiqv †_‡imv| Aw÷ªªqv †cvj¨v‡Ûi

wØZxq wefvR‡b Ask †bq wb| Z…Zxq wefvR‡b Aw÷ªªqv cÖæwkqv I ivwkqvi ms‡M Avevi

Ask †bq| †cvj¨v‡Ûi wefvRb m¤¢e n‡qwQj cÖavbZ `y‡Uv Kvi‡Y| GK w`‡K Af¨šÍixY

†ÿ‡Î †cvj¨v‡Ûi `ye©jZv Aci w`‡K cÖæwkqv, ivwkqv I Aw÷ªªqvi kvmK‡ì A‡bï ivR¨

MÖv‡mi †jvf| Af¨šÍixY‡ÿ‡Î †cvj¨vÛ `ye©j n‡q c‡owQj G Kvi‡Y †h, ivRv wQ‡jb

mvgšÍ cÖfz‡ì nv‡Zi µxobK gvÎ, †`‡k kw³kvjx ga¨weË †kªYx ev ˆmbëvwnbx wQj bv,

K…lK‡ì Ae¯’v wQj †kvPbxq Ges ag© I RvwZMZ we‡iva wQj Zxeª| †cvj¨vÛ‡K Gi

`ytLRbK cwiYwZ enb Ki‡Z nq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj


cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb



1| mvgšÍ cÖfyiv †cvj¨v‡Ûi †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZ fvM wQj?

(K) 12 fvM (L) 11 fvM

(M) 10 fvM (N) 8 fvM

2| †cvj¨v‡Ûi knievmx‡ì g‡a¨ AwaKvsk gvbyl †Kvb m¤úª vqf‚³ wQj?

(K) K¨v_wjK (L) cÖ‡Uóv›U

(M) Bû`x (N) G‡ì †KvbwUB bq|

3| Wv‡qU eëmvqx‡ì m‡e©v”P gybvdvi nvi wba©viY K‡i KZ mv‡j?

(K) 1640 mv‡j (L) 1641 mv‡j

(M) 1642 mv‡j (N) 1643 mv‡j

4| †cvj¨v‡Ûi K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ KZfv‡M f‚wg`vm wQj?

(K) Qqfv‡Mi cuvP fvM (L) mvZ fv‡Mi Qq fvM

(M) cuvP fv‡Mi wZb fvM (N) wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM

L. mswÿß cÖkœ

1| †cvj¨v‡Ûi ga¨weË †kªYxi Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiæb

2| †cvj¨v‡Û ag© I RvwZMZ we‡iv‡ai eY©bv w`b|

M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Af¨šÍixY †ÿ‡Î †cvj¨v‡Ûi `ye©jZvi KviY¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2| †cvj¨v‡Ûi wZbwU wefvR‡bi weeiY w`b|

ˆbe© w³K cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi

1| (N), 2| (M), 3| (L), 4| (K)

mnvqK MÖš’vejx

1. Robert Ergang, Europe From Renaissance to Waterloo 2. O. Halecki, History of Poland

cÖrvwn‰zlx ˆ¯ivpvi i †cvj¨v‡Ûi wefvrb · (enlightened despotism) bv‡g cwiwpz| gme...

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