CROP-LIVESTOCK INTENSIFICATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: DRIVERS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CROP RESIDUE UTILIZATION

SABINE HOMANN-KEE TUI; JONATHAN TANGANYIKA; FELISBERTO MAUTE; DANIEL NKOMBONI; NKULULEKO MPOFU;TIMOTHY GONDWE; PAULA DIAS;

SHADRECK NCUBE; ANDRE F. VAN ROOYEN

SLP project :Optimizing livelihood and environmental benefits from crop residues in smallholder crop-livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (www.vslp.org)

10th African Crop Science Society

Conference 10-13 October 2011

in Maputo

Southern Africa: Drastic increases in the demand for agricultural products

Source: Adopted from Capacity Development Initiative in Modernizing Food Systems—Michigan State, Makerere, Stellenbosch and Pretoria Universities, 2010)

Strong urbanization and income growth

Growing food markets and changes in composition (more meat, dairy, fresh and processed food)

5-6 times the marketed food between 2010 and 2050

…vs declining per capita food production

Source: Chilonda et al., 2007

SA: Most extensive sites with strong potential for intensification

India

Bangladesh

Kenya

India

EthiopiaEthiopia

Zimbabwe

Nigeria

Malawi

Mozambique

NigerNiger

Source: Adopted from Valbuena et al., 2011

Crop livestock systems and interactions

milk

feed

$

feed $

$

feed

crop residuesnutrients

$

fertilisers

On-farm

feed

crop residuesnutrients

$

fertilisers

manure

Investment capacity

Labor availability?

Access to cash/credit?

Access to information?

Where to invest?

What type of crops?

How many animals?

What type of feed?

Returns?

Source: Adopted from Rufino (2009)

draft power

draft power

Crop livestock intensification and integration: non-linear

Extensive mixed systems

Intensive specialized systems

Crop livestock integration

National and local level drivers

1

3

2

Objectives of this scoping study

Use farming systems analysis in the context of national and local drivers.

Determine site specific entry points for moving farmers in mixed crop-livestock systems up the development pathways.

Study sites and research methods

Site selection: Southern Africa - most extensive site

Village selection: 8 villages per country Distance from markets and roads

Village level surveys: Focus group discussions ~ 30 farmers of different wealth, gender and age per each village (n=24)

Household surveys: Quantitative interviews20 households per village, stratified by wealth (n=480)

Major systems drivers

Country level drivers Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique

Nat. budget for agriculture (2006) Agric value added (% of GDP, 2000-06)Livestock (% agric. gross value, 2009)Net imports (Mio USD, 2008) -Maize -Milk

13.233.69.9-6.310.6

6.2 14.144.8

169.82.2

3.923.215.729.912.6

Local level drivers Mzimba Nkayi Changara

Rainfall (mm annual average) Densities - Human (2008, pers/km2) - Cattle (2008, head/km2)Soil fertility and land managementExtension support Market development

7005910

++++++

+

6002119++++++

650175+++

Diversity of farming systems

Mzimba in Malawi: intensified crop oriented farming systems

-> 40% of the land cultivated

-Cultivated land/hh: 1.7 ha

-Herd size: 1.9 TLU

Nkayi in Zimbabwe: integrated crop livestock systems

-~40% of the land cultivated

-Cultivated land/hh: 2.7 ha

-Herd size: 3.9 TLU

Changara in Mozambique: Extensive livestock oriented systems

-<30% of the land cultivated

-Cultivated land/hh: 1.5 ha

-Herd size: 3.6 TLU

Household’s sources of income

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Mzimba Nkayi Changara

Pro

po

rtio

ns

of

inco

me

sou

rces

Crops Livestock Agricultural labour Off farm income Remittances

Household’s expenditures

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Mzimba Nkayi Changara

Pro

po

rio

ns

of

exp

end

itu

res

Crop inputs Livestock inputs Food Education Others

Levels of maize production and uses

Units Mzimba Nkayi Changara

Production % HHYields (kg/ha)

100.01595.6 (1141.7)

98.8756.3(858.0)

41.3364.8(235.3)

Investment Fertilizer (kg/ha)Org. manure (kg/ha)Hybrid seed (% HH)Draft power (% HH)

273.2 (117.9)148.9 (393.8)

42.53.8

9.7 (28.3)486.8 (1152.5)

41.896.2

00

13.650.0

Grain uses Consumption (%)Sales (%)

82.9 (20.1)11.0 (14.9)

85.8 (17.5)6.7 (13.7)

90.2 (10.8)2.2 (7.8)

Levels of cattle production and uses

Units Mzimba Nkayi Changara

Ownership HH with cattle (%)Herd size (TLU)

26.34.9 (4.2)

57.55.4 (5.0)

34.47.9 (6.7)

Dry season feeding(%)

RangelandsCR grazed in situCR collected and fed

60.3 (22.1)24.6 (22.5)12.1 (22.4)

61.1 (24.1)15.5 (20.2)23.5 (24.7)

75.4 (11.3)22.3 (11.0)2.4 (5.7)

Herd dynamics(%)

MortalitySales Consumption

9.7 (20.1)5.1 (9.9)2.9 (7.3)

15.8 (23.9)3.5 (9.5)1.1 (3.8)

12.9 (19.5)12.6 (16.3)

0

Crop residue utilization

0102030405060708090

100

Mzimba Nkayi Changara

% o

f cr

op

res

idu

es u

sed

Grazed in situ Mulched Burned Collected and fed Others

High pressure on CR

Site-specific opportunities and entry points for interventions

Mzimba: Greater integration of crop and livestock

Invest in the livestock sector – investments in inputs pay off

More efficient crop residue utilization –livestock feeding and soil amendment

Product market development - crops, livestock, feed

Nkayi: Strengthen crop livestock intensificationCost effective supply of crop and livestock inputs – lessons from Malawi

Feed technologies for higher biomass - dual purpose species, crop residue processing

Improve product markets - livestock to finance crop inputs; private sector engagement

Changara: Strong growth potential in livestockNational programs for crop and livestock production - infrastructure and service supply

Livestock market development and commercialization to enhance impact

Crop improvement to increase crop yields, biomass and feed quality

Conclusions• Extensive mixed crop livestock systems in southern Africa are a

function of the interplay of national drivers and local factors– Each site has its own opportunities and specific entry points for sustainable

forms of intensification.

• Lessons for R&D – Place farming systems analysis in the context of these drivers– Ensure that interventions are aligned with these influences– Address household resource endowments and farmers aspirations

• Work in progress – Farming systems typologies and household diversity– Technical, institutional and policy options and trade-offs– New approaches that combine stakeholder involvement with economic and

bio-physical modeling

Thank you!