crop adaptation to climate change (yadav/crop adaptation to climate change) || index

P1: OTA/XYZ P2: ABC Color: 1C

BLBS082-IND BLBS082-Yadav July 15, 2011 17:10 Trim: 246mm X 189mm

Index

ABA. See Abscisic acid (ABA)Abiotic stress

crop productivity with protection from, 523fgenetic adaptation of cassava to, 416–18, 418fgenetic adaptation of vegetables for, 397sources for tolerance to, 293–94

conditions of evolution of, 293germplasm pool with, 293region of, 293

Abscisic acid (ABA), 221Africa. See also West Asia and North Africa

agroecological zones in, 67–68chickpea grown in, 252fclimate change in, 66–75

agricultural production with, 67–70biotechnology for, 73–74challenges of, 70–71coping and adaptation strategies to, 71–72, 72fcrop intensification for, 73diversification for, 73farmers’ perceptions of, 71, 71bfarmers’ strategies for, 71–72, 72fgreenhouse gas with, 67growing season changes with, 67land available for agriculture with, 67–70productivity-enhancing technologies for,

72–73recommendations for, 74–75research strategies for, 72–74Sahel, 69–70

disease pressure high in, 67environmental disasters in, 67floods and droughts in, 67population growth of, 66, 67

size of, 66sorghum grown in, 326, 327tsub-Saharan, 67undernourished people in, 111, 112fwater stress or scarcity projected for, 113f

AGRA. See Alliance for a Green Revolution in AfricaAgricultural adjustments, 156–64

climate change predictions for, 157crop production implications with, 157–60, 158tENSO phenomenon in, 158interventions to minimize, 160–63

breeding and selection, 160management, 160–63, 162f, 163f

precipitation changes in, 156–57temperature changes in, 156–57water shortage in, 161

Agricultural research institutes (ARI), 329Agriculture

adaptation options ingovernment policies to support, 9–10insurance schemes, 8–9international trade, 9as norm, 7–8production technology adjustments, 8

African climate change and production of, 67–70African land available for, 67African land available for agriculture, 67ENSO’s impact on, 52Europe, 78

climate conditions for, 78–79former Soviet Union, geography of, 85–88, 86fimpacts of climate change on, 495–96, 496fsemiarid tropic climate change impacts for,

116–20, 119t

Crop Adaptation to Climate Change, First Edition. Edited by Shyam S. Yadav, Robert J. Redden, Jerry L. Hatfield,Hermann Lotze-Campen and Anthony E. Hall.c© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

571



572 INDEX

Agriculture (Continued )Southeast Asia contribution to GDP with, 132fvalue of crops in LAC, 44vulnerability, 7–8

Agroecology, 27–40canopy level feedback in, 29–30, 29fclimate change’s implications for, 39–40climate impact on crop yields in, 37–39CO2 concentration with plant growth in, 28–33CO2-nutrient interactions in, 33–34cultivated, 33–34energy balance, 28–30leaf level feedback in, 28–29, 29fnative grass ecosystems in, 33water-use efficiency in, 34–37

Alfalfa, transgenic crops with improved yield underdrought using, 534t

Algeriachickpea grown in, 251Vicia faba grown in, 269

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA),512

Almonds, climate change impact on, 62Angola, beans produced in, 357tAnther dehiscence, 173tAntioxidative capacity, crop productivity with,

523fAPSIM-Wheat model, adaptation strategies

evaluated with, 38Argentina

beans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45tsorghum grown in, 326

ARI. See Agricultural research institutesArmenia, 84

climate change impacts in, 97–98Asia. See also West Asia and North Africa

Northeast, crop area expansion in, 4semiarid tropics, 107–28

characteristics of, 110–11, 110fchickpea grown in, 252, 252fclimate change impacts in, 107–28

adaptation and mitigation linked with,109–10, 109f

adaptation strategies for, 120adaptation to, 120–26agricultural production in, 116–20, 119tclimate resilient crops for, 125–26coping strategies for, 124–26development planning of adaptation for,

120–24

economic globalization context for, 113–14extreme events with, 116, 116f, 117t–118tfarm-level adaptation to, 124future line of investigation for, 127–28global context for, 108–10, 109fmicrodosing of fertilizers for, 125natural disasters with, 116, 116f, 117t–118tresearch background and rationale for,

107–8resilience mechanisms with, 124–26trends and projections, 114–15, 114t, 115tvulnerability with, 110–14, 110f, 112f,

112t, 113fwater management for, 124–25water resources with, 112–13, 113f

development context for, 111–12, 112f, 112tHDI rank for, 111socioeconomic and natural resources

indicators of, 111, 112tundernourished people in, 111, 112fwater stress or scarcity projected for, 113f

sorghum grown in, 326, 327tAustralia

chickpea grown in, 251climate change impacts in, 143–53

CO2 concentration levels with, 144fruits with, 152–53grains with, 145–48grapes with, 150–52greenhouse gases with, 144legumes with, 145–48nuts with, 152–53oilseeds with, 145–48rainfall distribution with, 144–45, 146frice with, 148sugarcane with, 148–50temperatures with, 144–45, 145fvegetables with, 152–53viticulture with, 150–52

collection of genetic stocks and holdings of peasin, 244t

cropping systems in, 143Avocados, climate change impact on, 62AVRDC gene bank, 406–7Azerbaijan, 84

climate change impacts in, 97–98

Bananaadaptation measures for changing climates with,

433–35crop management change, 434cultivars change, 434



INDEX 573

genetic improvement, 434–35migration to more suitable zones, 435

changes in biotic factors with, 431–33changing climates effects on growing conditions

for, 426–36climatic requirements for production of, 427–33,

429fcultivar types within gene pool of, 427tfuture climates in growing areas for, 430, 431ffuture perspectives on changing climates with,

433–35Latin American import and export of, 45tmodeling approach to, 427modeling of climatic suitability for production of,

430–31, 432fmodeling suitability of climate for production of,

427–33Bangladesh

adaptation to climate change in, 122agriculture impacts due to climate change in,

119tchickpea grown in, 251climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 117tsocioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112tBarley

drought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,529

former Soviet Union production of, 87Southeast Asia production of, 131

Beans, common (Phaseolus vulgaris)countries producing, 357tgenetic adaptation of

annual precipitation changes in, 359fbreeding technologies impact in, 361f, 362climatic data for, 358constraints with climate change in model of,

362–65crop evolution with, 356–57, 357tcrop improvement potential with, 365–66current distribution of bean production in,

360ffungal diseases in model of, 363–64future climates in growing environments in,

361future perspectives on, 366–67heat stress in model of, 363insect pests in model of, 364–65modeling approach to, 357–62, 359f–361fpredicted suitability of climate for bean in,

360f

soil constraints in model of, 363suitability and climatic constraints in, 361–62temperature changes in, 359fviral diseases in model of, 363–64water requirements in model of, 362–63

genetic adaptation to, 356–67production constraints of, 358t

Belarus, 84beans produced in, 357tclimate change impacts in, 91

Biofuelsclimate change and, 551economic sustainability of, 553–54environmental impact of, 551–52food production balanced with production of,

550–51life cycle analysis for, 552–53

BiotechnologyAfrican climate change with, 73–74chickpea adaptation with, 261–64crop improvement as potential of, 563–64

Birch, 547Bolivia

beans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45tVicia faba grown in, 269

Brassica, threshold high temperatures for, 170tBrazil

beans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Bulgaria, collection of genetic stocks and holdings ofpeas in, 244t

Burkina Faso, sorghum grown in, 327tBurundi, beans produced in, 357tBuruti palm, 547

C3 crop speciesCO2 and temperature effecting, 171–72growth and morphological changes in, 200–201growth and yield responses at elevated CO2, 204fphotosynthesis at elevated CO2 in, 201, 202f

C4 crop species, 171–72growth and yield responses at elevated CO2, 203,

204fphotosynthesis at elevated CO2 in, 201–2, 202f

CA. See Central Asia FSU zoneCalifornia, climate change impact on crops in, 62Cambodia. See also Mekong region

climate change observed in, 135Cameroon, beans produced in, 357t



574 INDEX

Canadabeans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251

Canola, transgenic crops with improved yield underdrought using, 534t

Canopy level feedback, 29–30, 29fCanopy temperature depression (CTD), 173–74,

173t, 229CAP. See Common Agricultural PolicyCarbon assimilation, crop productivity with, 523fCarbon isotopes discrimination differences, 173tCassava, genetic adaptation of, 411–23

abiotic stresses with, 416–18, 418fbiotic stresses with, 418–20cultivars with more stable DMC for, 420expected climatic changes with models for,

412–16, 413f, 415f, 416fherbicide tolerance for, 421–22pest and disease management approaches for,

422–23production of genetic stocks for, 422systems for multiplication of planting materials

with, 420–21technical solutions for, 420–23

Castor bean, 547Catchment Analysis Toolkit (CAT), 15

landscape model, 16May rainfall pattern of change in, 15f

CAT climate change module (CATCLIM), 15Caucasus FSU zone (CC), 84, 85f

climate change adaptation for, 101tclimate change impacts in, 97–99climate of, 86GCM projections for, 89f, 90t, 97growing period in, 89f, 90–91, 90tprecipitation in, 89f, 90, 90ttemperature in, 89f, 90–91, 90t

CCAM. See Conformal Cubic Atmospheric modelCell membrane thermostability (CMT), 173t,

174–75Central Asia FSU zone (CA), 84, 85f


CGIAR. See Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research

CH4. See MethaneChernozem soils, 84

Chickpeaadaptation to climate change for, 255–64

breeding for adaptation to drought, 255–57breeding for adaptation to elevated CO2,

259–61, 260fbreeding for adaptation to heat, 257–59breeding for adaptation to heat cold, 259breeding for adaptation to pests, 261drought mitigation, 257genetic adjustment through conventional

technologies for, 255–61, 260fgenomics and biotechnology for, 261–64wild relatives in drought tolerance, 257

area, production, and productivity of regionsgrowing, 252f

climate change impacting, 159, 253–55climates of growing regions for, 252–53, 253fcountries which grow, 251drought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529genomics and biotechnology for, 261–64

gene discovery with, 262–63genetic engineering stress tolerance with,

263–64marker-assisted selection with, 263QTLs for tolerance to stresses using, 262–63resistance to diseases and pests using, 263

Chilebeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Chinaadaptation to climate change in, 121agriculture impacts due to climate change in, 119tbeans produced in, 357tclimate change in, 38–39climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 117tcollection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tdrought and floods projected for, 61gene pools for peas in, 242–43maize production in, 61socioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112tsorghum grown in, 326undernourished people in, 111, 112fVicia faba grown in, 269water resources in, 113

Chinese cabbage, genetic adaptation of, 403–4heat tolerance defined for, 403physiological responses to heat stress in, 403–4



INDEX 575

Chlorophyll fluorescence, 173t, 174CIMMYT. See International Maize and Wheat

Improvement CentreCIP. See International Potato CenterClimate

Caucasus FSU zone, 86Central Asia FSU zone, 86chickpea growing, 252–53, 253fEuropean North FSU zone, 86European South FSU zone, 86Siberia FSU zone, 86variability of, 5

Climate changeagriculture impacted by, 495–96, 496fagroecology, implications of, 39–40biofuels and, 551CAT showing May rainfall pattern, 15fclimate variability with, 5CO2 concentration with, 3–4crop productivity impacted by, 2–3, 157–60, 158t

chickpea, 159, 253–55maize, 159, 162fpeanut, 158pearl millet, 158, 158tsorghum, 159, 327

crops options with, 485–87crop yields impacted by, 37–39downscaling to regional level, 12–25

biomass and grain yield accumulation in, 17,18f

crop simulation model in, 16–17, 17fdata for spatiotemporal modeling in, 15–16,

15flandscape scale analysis for, 12results for, 17–22, 18f–22ftwo methods for, 14–15, 14twheat crop yield likely in, 17, 19fwheat varieties adaption to new climates in,

17–22, 20f–22fenergy balance of canopy in, 29–30, 29fenergy balance of leaf in, 28–29, 29fenergy balance of leaves affected by, 28energy crops to combat, 546–54extreme events with, 5food security impacted by, 7former Soviet Union, 84–102

adaptation to, 100–102, 101t–102tcarbon fertilization in, 99Caucasia region in, 97–99Central Asia region in, 94–96Climate Research Unit data for, 88European North region in, 91–92

European South region in, 92–93food security in, 100general climate models for, 88–90, 89f, 90tgrowing period in, 89f, 90–91, 90t, 99precipitation in, 89f, 90, 90t, 99Siberia region in, 96–97temperature in, 89f, 90–91, 90t, 99

free air carbon enrichment with, 3–4genetic adaptation

beans, common, 356–67, 357t, 358t,359f–361f

cassava, 411–23, 413f, 415f, 416f, 418fchickpea, 251–64, 253f, 260fcowpea, 340–53maize, 314–22, 315f, 316f, 318fpeas, 238–46, 242t, 244tpotato, 287–95, 288f–290frice, 298–309, 302fsorghum, 326–38, 327t, 328t, 330t, 331f, 332t,

334t, 335t, 337tsoybean cultivars, 370–92, 372f, 374t, 375f,

377t, 379f, 382t, 384t, 386fsugarcane, 439–44vegetables, 396–407, 401f, 402fVicia faba, 269–81, 273f, 274f, 275fwheat, 218–33, 224f, 227t–228twine grapes, 464–75, 465f, 466f

genetic diversity within crops for adaptation to,487–93

legume crops, 487–89non-legume crops, 489–93

global warming with, 4greenhouse gas as cause of, 1, 107India, impact from, 28interventions to minimize impact of, 160–63

breeding and selection, 160management, 160–63, 162f, 163f

length of growing period changed by, 329nonclimate stresses increasing vulnerability to,

111oilseed Brassica species breeding for, 448–59,

449f, 450t–452t, 454tpeas, specifically effected by, 239–41

CO2 and temperature, 240CO2 and water, 240elevated CO2, 239temperature, 239–40UV, 240–41water use, 240

perennial crops impacted by, 62pests and pathogens with, 6–7potential of adjustment in crops to, 482–93



576 INDEX

Climate change (Continued )regional differences in, 28regional impacts of global, 156–64

crop production implications of, 157–60, 158tENSO phenomenon in, 158interventions to minimize, 160–63, 162f, 163fprecipitation changes in, 156–57predictions of, 157temperature changes in, 156–57water shortage in, 161

sea-level rise with, 5soil degradation with, 5–6temperatures in, 24underutilized species impacted by, 510–11water availability with, 4–5weeds with, 6–7

Climate change, Africa, 66–75agricultural production in, 67–70biotechnology for, 73–74challenges of, 70–71coping and adaptation strategies for, 71–72, 72fcrop intensification for, 73diversification for, 73farmers’ perceptions in, 71, 71bfarmers’ strategies for, 71–72, 72fgreenhouse gas in, 67growing season changes in, 67land available for agriculture in, 67productivity-enhancing technologies for, 72–73recommendations for, 74–75research strategies for, 72–74Sahel zone of, 69–70

Climate change, Armenia, 97–98Climate change, Asia, semiarid tropics, 107–28

adaptation and mitigation linked to, 109–10, 109fadaptation strategies for, 120adaptation to, 120–26agricultural production in, 116–20, 119tclimate resilient crops for, 125–26coping strategies for, 124–26development planning of adaptation for, 120–24economic globalization context for, 113–14extreme events in, 116, 116f, 117t–118tfarm-level adaptation to, 124future line of investigation for, 127–28global context for, 108–10, 109fmicrodosing of fertilizers for, 125natural disasters in, 116, 116f, 117t–118tresearch background and rationale for, 107–8resilience mechanisms for, 124–26trends and projections for, 114–15, 114t, 115tvulnerability in, 110–14, 110f, 112f, 112t, 113f

water management for, 124–25water resources in, 112–13, 113f

Climate change, Australia, 143–53CO2 concentration levels with, 144fruits in, 152–53grains in, 145–48grapes in, 150–52greenhouse gases with, 144legumes in, 145–48nuts in, 152–53oilseeds in, 145–48rainfall distribution in, 144–45, 146frice in, 148sugarcane in, 148–50temperatures in, 144–45, 145fvegetables in, 152–53viticulture in, 150–52

Climate change, Azerbaijan, 97–98Climate change, Belarus, 91Climate change, China, 38–39Climate change, Europe, 78–82

Central region, 80–81crop yields, 81–82droughts in, 79–80future climate conditions, 79–80, 80fheat waves in, 79–80maize in, 82Northern region, 80–81precipitation trends in, 79, 80fregional impact of, 80–81Southern region, 80–81Spanish adaptation to, 82temperature in, 79–80, 80fWestern region, 80wheat in, 81–82

Climate change, Georgia, 97–98Climate change, Japan, 131–41

general circulation models for, 136greenhouse gas in, 136impact on crops projected for, 138–40observed climate change in, 133–36projected climate change in, 136–38

Climate change, Kazakhstan, 94–95Climate change, Kyrgyzstan, 94–95Climate change, Latin America, 44–54

climate change expected in, 45–52, 48f–50f, 51tclimate’s past impact on production in, 52crops (principle) by country in, 45tdefined, 44ENSO phenomenon in, 47ENSO-related climate’s impact on agriculture in,

52



INDEX 577

future implication for climate change in, 52–53GCM validity for, 45precipitation, total annual changes for, 50, 50fprecipitation changes projected in, 48ftemperature, mean annual changes for, 50, 50ftemperature increases projected in, 49fvalue of agricultural crops in, 44

Climate change, Latvia, 91Climate change, Lithuania, 91Climate change, Moldova, 92–93Climate change, North America, 57–64

challenges of, 63–64drought and floods with, 61global circulation models for projections of, 57implications of, 61–63meteorological events, frequency and severity in,

61perennial crops impacted by, 62precipitation decrease in southwest, 63precipitation expected for, 58, 60fregional variation for next 30–50 years in, 57scenarios of, 57–61, 59f, 60fsoil water availability in, 61–62temperature expected for, 57–58, 59ftwo timescales for, 57water management as factor in crop production

for, 63–64Climate change, Russia, 91–93Climate change, Southeast Asia region, 131–41

general circulation models for, 136greenhouse gas in, 136impact on crops projected for, 138–40observed climate change in, 133–36projected climate change in, 136–38

Climate change, Tajikistan, 94–95Climate change, Turkmenistan, 94–95Climate change, Ukraine, 92–93Climate change, Uzbekistan, 94–95Climate Research Unit (CRU), former Soviet Union

climate change in data of, 88CMT. See Cell membrane thermostabilityCO2, elevated levels of

breeding chickpea for adaptation to, 259–61,260f

genetic adaptation for Vicia faba to, 276–77genetic adaptation of soybean cultivars for,

373–77effect of, 374–76, 374t, 375fgenetic improvement for, 377–78, 377tleaf and canopy photosynthesis stimulated

with, 374–76, 374t, 375fgenetic adaptation of sugarcane for, 442

genetic adaptation of sugarcane with N2 fixation,442–43

ozone with, 211peas effected by, 239plant diseases with, 211

CO2 concentration levels, 27Australia climate change impact with, 144C3 pathways used in, 31C4 pathways used in, 31field response compared to

controlled-environment, 32–33high-temperature stress interaction with,

170–71IPCC emission scenario with, 198peas subject to change in

temperature with, 240water with, 240

plant growth and changing, 28–33rice production effected by, 299–301rice production effected by temperature and,

303–5temperature interactions with, 32

peas subject to change in, 239water-use efficiency effected by, 35f

mechanisms of, 35–36water-use efficiency with, 34

CO2 crop responses, 198–211C3 systems

growth and morphological changes in,200–201

photosynthesis at elevated CO2, 201,202f

C4 plant photosynthesis at elevated CO2, 201–2,202f

CAM photosynthesis at elevated CO2, 202–3climate factors interacting with

N dynamics, 210–11ozone, 211temperature, 210water supply, 210

growth and yield responses at elevated CO2, 203,204f

methods to investigate, 198–99free air carbon enrichment experiments,

198–99open topped chamber experiments, 198

overview of, 199–203photosynthesis, regulation at elevated CO2 with,

203–9leaf N content, 204–6N fixers, elevated CO2 response, 209product quality, elevated CO2 response, 209



578 INDEX

CO2 crop responses (Continued )RuBisCO content, 206–8, 206f, 207f, 207tsource and sink balance, 208–9

photosynthetic rate increase in, 199CO2 fertilization, 3–4

FSU climate change with, 99CO2-nutrient interactions, 33–34

cultivated agroecosystems, interactions in, 33–34native grass ecosystems in, 33

Colombiabeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 78Commonwealth Potato Collection (CPC), 293Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization (CSIRO), 14Conformal Cubic Atmospheric model (CCAM), 137Congo, beans produced in, 357tConsultative Group on International Agricultural

Research (CGIAR), climate change researchlead by, 72

Cool-season pulses, threshold high temperatures for,170t

Corn. See MaizeCosta Rica

climate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

CottonC3 pathways used in, 31threshold high temperatures for, 170twater requirements for, 38

Cowpeabreeding of, 340–53

cultivar groups, 340elevated CO2 adaptation, 341–42heat adaptation, 342–51temperature and CO2 interaction, 351–52

global warming, adaptation of, 342–51breeding of heat tolerance genes, 347–49early planting to escape heat at flowering, 349heat stress effects in subtropical zones, 342–49heat tolerance during reproductive

development, 344–45high night temperature sensitivity, 343inheritance of heat tolerance, 345–47plant development most sensitive to heat, 342pod-set reductions, 342–43reproductive responses are sensitive to

temperatures, 343–44high-temperature stress with yields of, 167threshold high temperatures for, 170t

CPC. See Commonwealth Potato CollectionCrop germplasm diversity, 495–504

agriculture and climate change with, 495–96,496f

breadth and completeness of collections for,496–98, 499f

information, facilitating use of gene bank with,500–502

integrity and security of collections for, 498–500interdependence of resources with, 503

CROPGRO-Soybean model, 372Crop improvement, 556–68

biotechnology’s potential for, 563–64breakthroughs in, 557–60ecosystem complexity in breeding for, 564–66,

565tfuture opportunities for, 567–68history of, 556–57, 557tincremental advances in plant breeding for,

561–63regional impacts of climate change on, 566–67

Crop insurance, Spanish, 82Crop productivity

biochemical mechanisms relevant to, 523fclimate change impact on, 157–60, 158tclimate impacts on, 2–3climate’s impact on, 37–39climate variability with, 5CO2 concentration with, 3–4, 23Europe climate change impact on, 81–82extreme events with, 5free air carbon enrichment with, 3–4global warming with, 4Latin American climate changes’ impact on,

44–54climate change expected in, 45–52, 48f–50f,

51tclimate’s past impact on production in, 52crops (principle) by country in, 45tdefined, 44ENSO phenomenon in, 47ENSO-related climate’s impact on agriculture

in, 52future implication for climate change in,

52–53GCM validity for, 45precipitation, total annual changes for, 50, 50fprecipitation changes projected in, 48ftemperature, mean annual changes for, 50, 50ftemperature increases projected in, 49fvalue of agricultural crops in, 44

pests and pathogens with, 6–7



INDEX 579

production technology adjustments, 8crop rotation, 8crop varieties, 8planting date shifts, 8water management improvements, 8

sea-level rise with, 5semiarid tropic climate change impacts for,

116–20, 119tsoil degradation with, 5–6temperature, global rise effecting, 23water availability with, 4–5under water deficit, 523fwater management as factor in American,

63–64weeds with, 6–7

Crop simulation model, 16–17, 17fphenological development in, 17, 17fradiation use efficiency in, 16transpiration efficiency in, 16

Crop varieties, African farmers’ climate changestrategies using, 72f

Crop water stress index (CWSI), 173tCrop wild relatives (CWR), peas, 241, 243CRU. See Climate Research UnitCSIRO. See Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research OrganizationCTD. See Canopy temperature depressionCuba, beans produced in, 357tCultivated agroecosystems, 33–34CWR. See Crop wild relativesCWSI. See Crop water stress indexCzech Republic, collection of genetic stocks and

holdings of peas in, 244t

Dark respiration, 173tDaytime temperatures (DTT), 301Dedicated energy crops (DEC), 546–54

breeding of, 547–49climate change and, 551crops favored for investigation as, 547development and deployment of, 546–47economic sustainability of, 553–54ediotypes of, 550environmental impact of, 551–52food and biofuel production balanced with,

550–51genomics and genetic modification of, 549–50life cycle analysis for, 552–53nitrogen-use efficiency with, 547water-use efficiency with, 547

Deep soil water extraction, crop productivity with,523f

Downscaling global climate change predictions,12–25

biomass and grain yield accumulation in, 17, 18fcrop simulation model in, 16–17, 17fdata for spatiotemporal modeling in, 15–16, 15flandscape scale analysis for, 12methods for, 13–17

IPCC scenarios, 13–14two, 14–15, 14t

phenological development in, 17, 17fresults for, 17–22, 18f–22f

wheat crop yield likely in, 17, 19fspatiotemporal modeling, data for, 15–16, 15fVictoria, Australia, 13–15wheat varieties adaption to new climates in,

17–22, 20f–22fD.R. Congo, beans produced in, 357tDrought

genetic adaptation of maize to, 314–20analysis of candidate genes for, 319–20crop production limits before, 314–16, 315f,

316fdrought inhibition of photosynthesis with,

314–15molecular approaches to, 316–18, 318froot architecture for, 318–19

genetic enhancement of sorghum for tolerance to,329–32, 331f, 332t

oilseed Brassica species influenced by, 451,451t

potato adaptation in responses to, 291–92soybean adaptation to, 383–91, 384t, 386f

CO2 enrichment interaction with, 390–91dehydration avoidance strategies for, 385–88,

386fdelaying leaf senescence for, 388escape strategies for, 383–85, 384textending maturity for, 388N-fixation under CO2 benefits with, 390rooting traits for water uptake with, 385–88,

386froot-produced growth regulators for, 390sensitivity of N-fixation with, 390water-use-efficiency for, 388–89

Drought adaptation genes, 525–26Drought regulatory genes, 526DTT. See Daytime temperatures

EcoCrop, 357–58Ecuador




580 INDEX

Egyptbeans produced in, 357tVicia faba grown in, 269

Elephant grass, 547El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 47

climate change regional impacts with, 158impact on agriculture in LAC of, 52

El Salvadorbeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Emission scenarios, 2, 13overview off four main, 3tprojected temperature increases for, 4f

EN. See European North FSU zoneEnergy balance

agroecology, 28–30canopy, 29–30, 29fclimate change affected leaves, 28leaf, 28–29, 29f

Energy crops. See Dedicated energy cropsENSO. See El Nino Southern OscillationES. See European South FSU zoneEstonia, 84ET. See EvapotranspirationEthiopia

beans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251sorghum grown in, 327tVicia faba grown in, 269

Eucalyptus, 547Europe

agriculture in, 78Atlantic region, climate conditions for agriculture

in, 79Central

climate change impact on, 80–81climate conditions for agriculture in, 79

chickpea grown in, 252fclimate change impact on, 78–82

Central region, 80–81crop yields, 81–82droughts in, 79–80future climate conditions, 79–80, 80fheat waves in, 79–80maize in, 82Northern region, 80–81precipitation trends in, 79, 80fregional impact of, 80–81Southern region, 80–81Spanish adaptation to, 82

temperature in, 79–80, 80fWestern region, 80wheat in, 81–82

climate conditions for agriculture in, 78–79Eastern, climate conditions for agriculture in, 79Northern

climate change impact on, 80–81climate conditions for agriculture in, 79crop area expansion in, 4

sorghum grown in, 326, 327tSouthern

climate change impact on, 80–81climate conditions for agriculture in, 79

Western, climate change impact on, 80European North FSU zone (EN), 84, 85f


European South FSU zone (ES), 84, 85fclimate change adaptation for, 101tclimate change impacts in, 92–93climate of, 86GCM projections for, 89f, 90t, 93growing period in, 89f, 90–91, 90tprecipitation in, 89f, 90, 90ttemperature in, 89f, 90–91, 90t

Evapotranspiration (ET), 28soil water evaporation with, 28

Faba bean. See Vicia fabaFACE. See Free air carbon enrichmentFertilizers, microdosing of, 125Food security, 7Former Soviet Union (FSU)

administrative boundaries for, 84, 85fannual precipitation in, 86climate change impacts in countries of, 84–102

adaptation to, 100–102, 101t–102tcarbon fertilization in, 99Caucasia region in, 97–99Central Asia region in, 94–96Climate Research Unit data for, 88European North region in, 91–92European South region in, 92–93food security in, 100general climate models for, 88–90, 89f, 90tgrowing period in, 89f, 90–91, 90t, 99



INDEX 581

precipitation in, 89f, 90, 90t, 99Siberia region in, 96–97temperature in, 89f, 90–91, 90t, 99

climatic limitations of, 85–87, 86fcrops of, 87–88

barley, 87rye, 87wheat, 87

flooding in, 86geography of agriculture of, 85–88, 86fgrowing season in, 86spring frosts in, 86yield variability in, 88

Francecollection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tVicia faba grown in, 269

Free air carbon enrichment (FACE)CO2 crop responses investigated with, 198–99crop productivity with, 3–4landscape scale analysis with data from, 12

Fruits, Australia climate change impacts on, 152–53FSU. See Former Soviet Union

General circulation models (GCM), 45Caucasus FSU climate projections from, 89f, 90t,

97Central Asia climate projections from, 89f, 90t, 94climatic conditions projected to impact rice

production, 298climatic data for common beans in, 358European North climate projections from, 89f,

90t, 91European South climate projections from, 89f,

90t, 93former Soviet Union climate change impacts in,

88–90, 89f, 90tNorth America climate change in, 57rainfall prediction in, 186Southeast Asia region climate change impacts in,

136SRES-A1B emission scenario with, 47validity for Latin America of, 45

Genetic adaptation of cassava, 411–23abiotic stresses with, 416–18, 418fbiotic stresses with, 418–20expected climatic changes with models for,

412–16, 413f, 415f, 416ftechnical solutions for, 420–23

cultivars with more stable DMC, 420herbicide tolerance, 421–22

pest and disease management approaches,422–23

production of genetic stocks, 422systems for multiplication of planting

materials, 420–21Genetic adaptation of common beans, 356–67

climatic data for, 358constraints with climate change in model of,

362–65fungal diseases, 363–64heat stress, 363insect pests, 364–65soil constraints, 363viral diseases, 363–64water requirements, 362–63

crop evolution with, 356–57, 357tcrop improvement potential with, 365–66future perspectives on, 366–67modeling approach to, 357–62, 359f–361f

breeding technologies impact in, 361f, 362changes in annual precipitation, 359fchanges in temperature, 359fcurrent distribution of bean production in, 360ffuture climates in growing environments in,

361predicted suitability of climate for bean in,

360fsuitability and climatic constraints in, 361–62

Genetic adaptation of maize, 314–22analysis of candidate genes for drought tolerance

in, 319–20drought limiting crop production with, 314–16,

315f, 316ffuture prospects for, 322inhibition of photosynthesis with, 314–15molecular approaches to drought in, 316–18, 318froot architecture for drought tolerance in, 318–19temperature effects in, 320–22

Genetic adaptation of potato, 287–95benefits expected from breeding technologies in,

290fbreeding for abiotic tolerance, 294–95climate change expected to need, 287–90,

288f–290fcurrent climatic constraint for potato

cultivation, 288f, 289predicted future suitability with 2020 climate,

289, 289fpredicted suitability change, 289, 289fpredicted suitability for current conditions,

288f, 289



582 INDEX

Genetic adaptation of potato (Continued )responses to climate change effects with, 290–93

cold tolerance, 292–93drought, 291–92heat stress, 290–91

sources for abiotic stress tolerance with, 293–94conditions of evolution for, 293germplasm pool of, 293region of, 293

Genetic adaptation of rice, 298–309CO2 concentration and temperature interaction

with, 303–5CO2 concentration’s effects with, 299–301high nighttime temperature with, 301–3, 302fimprovement for tolerance opportunities with,

305–7outlook for, 307–9QTL mapping and candidate genes discovery

with, 305–7Genetic adaptation of sorghum, 326–38

climate change impacts on production with,327

diseases resistance in, 333–36, 334t, 335t, 337tdrought tolerance in, 329–32, 331f, 332tfuture of, 336–37genetic options for, 329grain microdensity increased in, 336, 337tgrain mold resistance in, 334–36, 335theat tolerance in, 332–33length of growing period with, 329pests resistance in, 333–36, 334t, 335t, 337tpredicted climate change effects with, 327–28,

327tdisaggregated effects on sorghum yields of,

328, 328tprecipitation, 327t, 328ttemperature, 327t, 328t

redeployment of germplasm in, 329, 330tshoot fly resistance in, 333–34, 334tsorghum characteristics for coping with climate

change in, 328–29Genetic adaptation of soybean cultivars, 370–92

breeders meeting demand of climate change,371–72, 372f

drought in, 383–91CO2 enrichment interaction with, 390–91dehydration avoidance strategies for, 385–88,

386fdelaying leaf senescence for, 388escape strategies for, 383–85, 384textending maturity for, 388N-fixation under CO2 benefits with, 390

rooting traits for water uptake with, 385–88,386f

root-produced growth regulators for, 390sensitivity of N-fixation with, 390water-use-efficiency for, 388–89

elevated CO2 in, 373–77effect of, 374–76, 374t, 375fgenetic improvement for, 377–78, 377tleaf and canopy photosynthesis stimulated

with, 374–76, 374t, 375felevated temperature in, 378–83

genetic improvement for, 381–83, 382theat tolerance in germplasm with, 380–81yield response to, 378–80, 379f

future challenges for, 391–92models for improvement in, 373present as predictor of response to climate

change, 372technology trend improvement for, 370–71

Genetic adaptation of sugarcane, 439–44genetic background for, 439–40traits for climate change in, 442–44

elevated CO2, 442elevated CO2 and N2 fixation, 442–43high temperature, 443–44water stress, 443

Genetic adaptation of vegetables, 396–407AVRDC gene bank for, 406–7genetic resources for, 406–7global warming with, 396–97

abiotic stress research on, 397crop adaptation to, 396–97

heat tolerance development for, 397–406amaranth, 405–6Chinese cabbage, 403–4heat stress effects on productivity with,

397–98indigenous vegetables, 405–6mechanisms of, 398mungbean, 404pepper, 400–403pests and diseases incidence with, 397–98sicklepod, 406tomato, 399–400, 401f, 402f

Genetic adaptation of wine grapes, 464–75accessing genetic diversity for, 468–75allocation of carbohydrate within vine and berry

with, 474climate change impacts to, 465–68

phenology, 465–67, 466ftemperature, 465–67, 466fwater and CO2 level, 466f, 467–68



INDEX 583

phenology with, 469–70photosynthesis with, 472roots, water, and salinity with, 472–74rootstock development with, 474–75stomatal regulation with, 472temperature effects on berry composition with,

470–71water use efficiency with, 471–74

Genetic adjustment for chickpea, 251–64adaptation to climate change with, 255–64climate change with need for, 253–55climates of growing with need for, 252–53,

253fconventional technologies for, 255–61

breeding for adaptation to drought, 255–57breeding for adaptation to elevated CO2,

259–61, 260fbreeding for adaptation to heat, 257–59breeding for adaptation to heat cold, 259breeding for adaptation to pests, 261drought mitigation, 257

genomics and biotechnology for, 261–64gene discovery with, 262–63genetic engineering stress tolerance with,

263–64marker-assisted selection with, 263QTLs for tolerance to stresses using, 262–63resistance to diseases and pests using, 263

wild relatives in drought tolerance, 257Genetic adjustment for peas, 238–46

climate change specific to, 239–41CO2 and temperature, 240CO2 and water, 240elevated CO2, 239temperature, 239–40UV, 240–41water use, 240

gene discovery and MAS with, 245–46genetic manipulation in, 245–46populations in, 241–45resources for, 241–45

centers of crop diversity, 241–42, 242tcrop wild relatives, 241, 243gene pools, 242–45, 244tgeographic sources, 241–42, 242tIn situ and ex situ, 243–45, 244t

transgenic approach to, 246Genetic adjustment for Vicia faba, 269–81

adaptation to elevated CO2 in, 276–77adaptation to winter or spring sowing with, 271drought resistance in, 274–76, 275ffreezing resistance in, 272–74, 273f, 274f

background and history of European winterbeans, 272

examples of winter bean, 273ffeatures of winter bean, 272freezing resistance assessments, 274level of resistance, 273QTL for, 274

genetic resources with, 270genotype × environment interactions in, 271–72heat resistance in, 274–76, 275finteractions with beneficial organisms in, 279–80parasite resistance in, 277–79salinity resistance in, 274–76, 275fwaterlogging resistance in, 272–74, 273f, 274f

Genetic engineering, 531–38. See also GMtechnology

drought and heat resistance both with, 536,537t–538t

drought resistance with, 535–36heat resistance with, 532–35, 533t–535tstress resistance linked to yield improvement

with, 536–38Genetic options for wheat, 218–33

combining genetic variation for, 225–32crossing strategies, 225–26, 227t–228tselection strategies, 226, 229–31stress response in fixed line progeny in,

231–32diversity for response to climate in, 221–25

alien translocations, 224Baviacora variety, 222Kauz variety, 222primary wheat gene pool diversity, 221–22secondary wheat gene pool diversity, 222–23,

224ftertiary wheat gene pool diversity, 224–25transgenesis, 225Vorobey variety, 223, 224f

information management for, 232integration with conservation agriculture, 232–33traits for response to climate, 219–21

abscisic acid, 221antioxidants, 221early crop growth, 219harvest index, 220–21morphological traits, 220–21partitioning of photosynthetic assimilates,

220phenology, 220plant height, 220–21root growth, 219–20water uptake, 219–20



584 INDEX

Genomicschickpea adaptation with, 261–64energy crops with, 549–50

Geographic Information System (GIS), adaptationmapping for crop species in, 73

Georgia, 84climate change impacts in, 97–98

Germany, collection of genetic stocks and holdingsof peas in, 244t

GHG. See Greenhouse gasGiant reed, 547GIS. See Geographic Information SystemGlobal warming. See also Climate change

adaptation of cowpea to, 342–51breeding of heat tolerance genes, 347–49early planting to escape heat at flowering, 349heat stress effects in subtropical zones, 342–49heat stress effects in tropical zones, 350–51heat tolerance during reproductive


temperatures, 343–44annual values with CO2 concentration, 13fgenetic adaptation of vegetables for, 396–97

abiotic stress research on, 397crop adaptation to, 396–97

impact on crops of, 483–85drought, 483, 483trains and floods, 483–85temperature, high, 483wild fires, 483

irrigation requirements with, 4–5planting earlier crops with, 4regional and seasonal variations with, 4water availability with, 4–5

GM technology, 454t, 458Grains, Australia climate change impacts on, 145–48Grapes. See also Wine grapes

Australia climate change impacts on, 150–52climate change impact on, 62

Greenhouse gas (GHG)African climate change with, 67agricultural contributing to, 1Australia climate change impact with, 144climate change caused by, 1, 107Japan climate change with, 136scenarios on population growth and, 2, 3t, 4fSoutheast Asia region climate change with, 136

Groundnut, threshold high temperatures for, 170tGrugri palm, 547Guatemala


Guyanaclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Haiti, beans produced in, 357tHDI. See Human Development IndexHeat adaptation genes, 526–27Heat regulatory genes, 527Heat shock protein (HSP), 524Heat stress. See also High-temperature stress

beans adaptation to, 363chinese cabbage adaptation to, 403–4cowpea adaptation to, 342–49, 350–51potato genetic adaptation to, 290–91transgenic innovation adaptation for, 527–28vegetables adaptation to, 397–98wild relatives in adaptation to, 527–28

High-temperature stress, 166–79adaptation of cowpea to, 342–51

breeding of heat tolerance genes, 347–49early planting to escape heat at flowering, 349heat stress effects in subtropical zones,

342–49heat stress effects in tropical zones, 350–51heat tolerance during reproductive


temperatures, 343–44Asian rice yields with, 167breeding opportunities for tolerance to, 172–77,

173t, 176fC3 and C4 species effected by CO2 and, 171–72CO2 interaction with, 170–71cowpea with, 167crop calendar in tropical regions with, 167food security in India with, 166genetic adaptation of common beans to, 363genetic enhancement of sorghum for tolerance to,

332–33genetic options for wheat in, 218–33

combining genetic variation for, 225–32diversity for response to climate in, 221–25



INDEX 585

information management for, 232integration with conservation agriculture,

232–33traits for response to climate, 219–21

peanut with, 167potato adaptation in responses to, 290–91potato with, 167sources of genetic tolerance to, 179sugarcane, genetic adaptation for, 443–44traits associated with yield under conditions of,

173, 173tanther dehiscence, 173tcanopy temperature depression, 173–74, 173tcarbon isotopes discrimination differences,

173tcell membrane thermostability, 173t, 174–75chlorophyll fluorescence, 173t, 174crop water stress index, 173tdark respiration, 173tleaf and stomatal conductance, 173tleaf chlorophyll content, 173tphotosynthesis, 173t, 174, 177pollen viability, 173t, 175–77, 176frubisco activase, 173t, 177seed-set percentage, 175, 177solute leakage, 175stay-green effect, 173t, 177thermal stress index, 173t

water quantity and quality with, 167wild crop relatives with, 167yields and yield components effected by, 167–70,

168f, 169f, 170treproductive processes, 168–69, 168f, 169fthreshold high temperatures, 169, 170t

Hondurasbeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

HSP. See Heat shock proteinHuman Development Index (HDI), 111

IARC. See International agricultural research centersICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi-Arid TropicsIFPRI. See International Food Policy Research

InstituteIndia

adaptation to climate change in, 121–22agriculture impacts due to climate change in, 119tbeans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251climate change impact on, 28

climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 117tcollection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tfood security in, 166rainfall patterns in, 39socioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112tsorghum grown in, 326, 327tundernourished people in, 111, 112fwheat production in, 61

Indigenous vegetablescrop diversification with, 405–6genetic adaptation of, 405–6

Indonesiaclimate change observed in, 134climate change projected in, 137

Insect pestsbeans adaptation to, 364–65chickpea adaptation to, 261, 263climate change with pathogens and, 6–7oilseed Brassica species effected by, 453pepper with, 402–3sorghum adaptation for resistance to, 333–36,

334t, 335t, 337tvegetables genetic adaptation for, 397–98

Insuranceschemes, agriculture, 8–9Spanish crop, 82

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)annual temperatures in Africa in report of, 67climatic data for common beans in, 358CO2 concentration levels in, 198establishment of, 66first assessment report of, 108fourth assessment report for Africa, 69fourth assessment report of, 1, 109, 111nonclimate stresses increasing vulnerability

assessment of, 111North America climate change in, 57precipitation patterns projected by, 27scenarios, 2, 3t, 4f, 13SRES-A1B emission scenario of, 47, 314temperature projected by, 27, 327, 327twater quantity and quality projected by, 167

International agricultural research centers (IARC),329

International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), cropdiversification program in Niger, 73

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),climate adaptation report of, 68



586 INDEX

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre(CIMMYT), 221–24, 226, 229

data from wheat breeding program, 227t–228tInternational Potato Center (CIP), 293International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for

Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA), 503IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeIran

beans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251

IrrigationAfrican farmers’ climate change strategies using,

72fglobal warming with increased need for, 4–5

Israel, wheat and cotton yields for, 38Italy, collection of genetic stocks and holdings of

peas in, 244tITPGRFA. See International Treaty on Plant Genetic

Resources for Food and Agriculture

Japanbeans produced in, 357tclimate change impacts in, 131–41climate change observed in, 133–34climate change projected in, 136–37impact on crops projected for, 139Meteorological Research Institute in, 136

Johnson grass, 547

Kazakhstan, 84climate change impacts in, 94–95

Kenya, beans produced in, 357tKidney bean, threshold high temperatures for, 170tKyrgyzstan

beans produced in, 357tclimate change impacts in, 94–95

LAC. See Latin American countriesLAI. See Leaf area indexLAR. See Leaf area ratioLate embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA),

523–24Latin American countries (LAC)

chickpea grown in, 252fclimate change expected in, 45–52, 48f–50f, 51tclimate change’s impacts on crop production in,

44–54climate’s past impact on production in, 52crops (principle) by country in, 45tdefined, 44

ENSO phenomenon in, 47ENSO-related climate’s impact on agriculture in,

52future implication for climate change in, 52–53GCM validity for, 45precipitation, total annual changes for, 50, 50fprecipitation changes projected in, 48ftemperature, mean annual changes for, 50, 50ftemperature increases projected in, 49fundernourished people in, 111, 112fvalue of agricultural crops in, 44water stress or scarcity projected for, 113f

Latvia, 84climate change impacts in, 91

LEA. See Late embryogenesis abundant proteinLeaf and stomatal conductance, 173tLeaf area index (LAI), soybean, 371, 375fLeaf area ratio (LAR), soybean, 371Leaf chlorophyll content, 173tLeaf expansion rate, 191–92Leaf level feedback, 28–29, 29fLegumes

Australia climate change impacts on, 145–48genetic diversity for adaptation to climate by,

487–89Length of growing period (LGP), 192

climate change influencing, 329LGP. See Length of growing periodLithuania, 84

climate change impacts in, 91

MaizeC4 pathways used in, 31China, production of, 61climate change impacting, 159, 162fEurope climate change impact on, 82genetic adaptation of, 314–22

analysis of candidate genes for droughttolerance in, 319–20

drought limiting crop production with,314–16, 315f, 316f

future prospects for, 322inhibition of photosynthesis with, 314–15molecular approaches to drought in, 316–18,

318froot architecture for drought tolerance in,

318–19temperature effects in, 320–22

Latin American import and export of, 45tSahel production of, 69Southeast Asia production of, 131



INDEX 587

threshold high temperatures for, 170ttransgenic crops with improved yield under

drought using, 534tMalawi, beans produced in, 357tMalaysia, climate change observed in, 136Mali, sorghum grown in, 327tMarker-assisted recurrent selection scheme (MARS),

wheat improvement with, 229, 230fMarker-assisted selection (MAS), chickpea adjusted

for climate change with, 263MARS. See Marker-assisted recurrent selection

schemeMAS. See Marker-assisted selectionMekong region

climate change projected in, 137Conformal Cubic Atmospheric model in, 137

Meteorological Department and National Center forMedium Range Weather Forecasting(NCMRWF), 121

Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), 136Methane (CH4), Australia climate change impact

with, 144Mexico

beans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251sorghum grown in, 327t

Millet, Sahel production of, 69Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

(MONRE), 123Moisture stress and extremes, 186–95

GCM prediction on rainfall, 186growth and development processes with, 191–95

CO2’s compensating effect, 192crop failure, 195cropping period shortening, 191, 191fgrowing period length, 192high temperature’s effect on pod setting,

194–95leaf expansion rate, 191–92plant phenology, 192–93water uptake and grain filling, 194water uptake during reproduction, 193–94,

194fthermodynamic effects with, 187–91

climate change affecting plant water loss,187–88

regulation of stomatal control, 190root hydraulic conductance to water, 188–89rooting traits and dynamics of plant water, 189root length density, 189, 194sensitivity of stomata to VPD, 190–91

soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, 188transpiration efficiency, 189–90vapor pressure deficit, 187–91water productivity, 189–90

Moldova, 84climate change impacts in, 92–93

MONRE. See Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment

Morocco, chickpea grown in, 251MRI. See Meteorological Research InstituteMRI Earth System Model (MRI-ESM), 140Mungbean, genetic adaptation of, 404Myanmar


N2O. See Nitrous oxideNAPA. See National Adaptation Programs for ActionNARS. See National agricultural research systemNational Adaptation Programs for Action (NAPA),

120, 122National agricultural research system (NARS), 329National Coordination Committee on Climate

Change (NCCCC), 121National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),

121Native grass ecosystems, 33NCCCC. See National Coordination Committee on

Climate ChangeNCMRWF. See Meteorological Department and

National Center for Medium Range WeatherForecasting

NDMA. See National Disaster ManagementAuthority

Nepalbeans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251

Nicaraguabeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Nigercrop diversification program in, 73sorghum grown in, 327t

Nigeria, sorghum grown in, 326, 327tNighttime temperatures (NTT), 301–3, 302f

cowpea sensitivity to, 343impact on grain of high, 302freproductive stage with, 301ripening stage with, 301vegetative stage with, 301



588 INDEX

Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), dedicated energycrops with, 547

Nitrous oxide (N2O), Australia climate changeimpact with, 144

North Americaclimate change in, 57–64

challenges of, 63–64drought and floods with, 61global circulation models for projections of, 57implications of, 61–63meteorological events, frequency and severity

with, 61perennial crops impacted by, 62precipitation decrease in southwest trend, 63precipitation expected for, 58, 60fregional variation for next 30–50 years of, 57scenarios of, 57–61, 59f, 60fsoil water availability with, 61–62temperature expected for, 57–58, 59ftwo timescales for, 57water management as factor in crop

production, 63–64crop area expansion in, 4

NTT. See Nighttime temperaturesNUE. See Nitrogen-use efficiencyNuts, Australia climate change impacts on, 152–53

O3. See OzoneOceania, sorghum grown in, 326, 327tOffice of Natural Resources and Environmental

Policy and Planning (ONEP), 123Oil radish, 547Oilseed Brassica species

breeding for climate change, 448–59breeding for climate change strategies for, 454t

changing species, 454t, 458–59GM technology, 454t, 458interspecific variation with common genome,

454t, 455–56interspecific variation without common

genome, 454t, 455–56mutation/tilling, 454t, 455protoplast fusion, 454t, 457resynthesis, 454t, 457within species variation, 454–55, 454twild relatives, 454t, 456

climate change effect on diseases for, 452–53climate change effect on insects for, 453climate change effect on seed development for,

450–52CO2 level increase, 451–52, 452t

drought stress, 451, 451ttemperatures increase, 450–51, 450t

future directions for, 459glucosinolate content of, 450oil content of, 449oil quality of, 449–50protein content of, 450quality changes during seed development of,

449–50relationship between cultivated species, 448,

449fOilseeds, Australia climate change impacts on,

145–48ONEP. See Office of Natural Resources and

Environmental Policy and PlanningOpen topped chambers (OTC), 198Oranges, climate change impact on, 62Osmotic adjustment, crop productivity with, 523fOTC. See Open topped chambersOzone (O3), elevated CO2 with, 211

Pakistanadaptation to climate change in, 122agriculture impacts due to climate change in, 119tbeans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 117tsocioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112tPanama


Paraguaybeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Peanutclimate change impacting, 158genetic variation for temperature tolerance of, 160high-temperature stress with yields, 167threshold high temperatures for, 170t

Pearl milletclimate change impacting, 158, 158tthreshold high temperatures for, 170t

Peasgenetic adjustment for, 238–46

gene discovery and MAS with, 245–46gene pools for, 242–45, 244tgenetic manipulation in, 245–46populations in, 241–45



INDEX 589

resources for, 241–45, 242t, 244ttransgenic approach to, 246

geographic distribution of, 242tPepper

genetic adaptation of, 400–403pathogens and pests of, 402–3sweet pepper breeding program at AVRDC, 403

Perennial crops, climate change impact on, 62Peru


Pests and pathogens, crop productivity with, 6–7Phaseolus vulgaris. See Beans, commonPhenology

adaptation of wine grapes with, 465–67, 466f,469–70

plant, 192–93Philippines, climate change observed in, 136Photosynthesis, 173t, 174, 177

adaptation of wine grapes with, 472C3 plant at elevated CO2, 201, 202fC4 plant at elevated CO2, 201–2, 202fdrought inhibition of, 314–15elevated CO2 stimulated leaf and canopy, 374–76,

374t, 375fplant diseases with elevated CO2, 211regulation at elevated CO2 of, 203–9

leaf N content, 204–6N fixers, elevated CO2 response, 209product quality, elevated CO2 response, 209RuBisCO content, 206–8, 206f, 207f, 207tsource and sink balance, 208–9

Physic nut, 547Plantain

adaptation measures for changing climates with,433–35

crop management change, 434cultivars change, 434genetic improvement, 434–35migration to more suitable zones, 435

changes in biotic factors with, 431–33changing climates effects on growing conditions

for, 426–36climatic requirements for production of, 427–33,

429fcultivar types within gene pool of, 427tfuture climates in growing areas for, 430, 431ffuture perspectives on changing climates with,

433–35modeling approach to, 427

modeling of climatic suitability for production of,430–31, 432f

modeling suitability of climate for production of,427–33

Planting early and late, African farmers’ climatechange strategies using, 72f

Plant phenology, 192–93adaptation of wine grapes with, 465–67, 466f,

469–70Poland

beans produced in, 357tcollection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tPollen viability, 173t, 175–77, 176fPongamia, 547Poplar, 547Population growth

African, 66, 67genetic adjustment for peas with, 241–45scenarios on greenhouse gas and, 2, 3t, 4f

Potatobiodiversity of, 293–94

conditions of evolution for, 293germplasm pool of, 293region of, 293

C3 pathways used in, 31climate change effects expected for areas

growing, 287–90, 288f–290fcurrent climatic constraint for potato

cultivation, 288f, 289predicted future suitability with 2020 climate,

289, 289fpredicted suitability change, 289, 289fpredicted suitability for current conditions,

288f, 289genetic adaptation of, 287–95

benefits expected from breeding technologiesin, 290f

breeding for abiotic tolerance, 294–95climate change expected to need, 287–90,

288f–290fcold tolerance in, 292–93drought in, 291–92heat stress in, 290–91responses to climate change effects with,

290–93sources for abiotic stress tolerance with,

293–94high-temperature stress with yields, 167

Protective protein capacity, crop productivity with,523f



590 INDEX

Quantitative trait loci (QTL), 220, 226–29, 227t–228tchickpea adjusted for tolerance to stresses with,

262–63freezing resistance in Vicia faba, 274mapping and candidate genes discovery with rice,

305–7

Radiation use efficiency (RUE), 16Reed canary grass, 547Ribulose bisphosphate carboxlase/oygenase

(RuBisCO), 199photosynthesis, regulation at elevated CO2 with,

206–8, 206f, 207f, 207trice leaf blades with, 206f

RiceAustralia climate change impacts on, 148C3 pathways used in, 31CO2 and temperature effecting, 171drought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529GCM projection of climatic conditions impacting,

298genetic adaptation of, 298–309

CO2 concentration and temperature interactionwith, 303–5

CO2 concentration’s effects with, 299–301high nighttime temperature with, 301–3, 302fimprovement for tolerance opportunities with,

305–7outlook for, 307–9QTL mapping and candidate genes discovery

with, 305–7high-temperature stress with yields, 167reviews on climate change adaptation in

production of, 299RuBisCO content in flag leaf blades of, 206fSahel production of, 69Southeast Asia production of, 131threshold high temperatures for, 170ttransgenic crops with improved yield under

drought using, 534t–535tvulnerability to climate variability of, 61

RLD. See Root length densityRomania, beans produced in, 357tRoot hydraulic conductance, 188–89Root length density (RLD), 189RuBisCO. See Ribulose bisphosphate

carboxlase/oygenaseRubisco activase, 173t, 177RUE. See Radiation use efficiencyRussia, 84

climate change impacts in north of, 91

climate change impacts in south of, 92–93collection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tRussian Federation. See also Former Soviet Union

crop area expansion in, 4Rwanda, beans produced in, 357tRye

former Soviet Union production of, 87Southeast Asia production of, 131

Sahel, 69–70climatic variations with, 69coping strategies of local farmers in, 72location of, 69maize produced in, 69millet produced in, 69rainfall pattern irregular in, 69rice produced in, 69sorghum produced in, 69

SAT. See Semiarid tropicsSAWYT. See Semi-Arid Wheat Yield TrialSea-level rise, crop productivity with, 5Seed-set percentage, 175, 177Semiarid tropics (SAT), 107–28

characteristics of, 110–11, 110fchickpea grown in, 252, 252fclimate change impacts in, 107–28

adaptation and mitigation linked with, 109–10,109f

adaptation strategies for, 120adaptation to, 120–26agricultural production in, 116–20, 119tclimate resilient crops for, 125–26coping strategies for, 124–26development planning of adaptation for,

120–24economic globalization context for, 113–14extreme events with, 116, 116f, 117t–118tfarm-level adaptation to, 124future line of investigation for, 127–28global context for, 108–10, 109fmicrodosing of fertilizers for, 125natural disasters with, 116, 116f, 117t–118tresearch background and rationale for,

107–8resilience mechanisms with, 124–26trends and projections, 114–15, 114t, 115tvulnerability with, 110–14, 110f, 112f, 112t,

113fwater management for, 124–25water resources with, 112–13, 113f

development context for, 111–12, 112f, 112t



INDEX 591

HDI rank for, 111socioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 111, 112tundernourished people in, 111, 112fwater stress or scarcity projected for, 113f

Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trial (SAWYT), 222, 223,224f

Serbia-Montenegro beans produced in, 357tShort Rotation Coppice (SRC), 547Siberia FSU zone (SI), 84, 85f

climate change adaptation for, 101tclimate change impacts in, 96–97climate of, 86growing period in, 90–91, 90tmultimodel analysis of climate change in, 96precipitation in, 89f, 90, 90ttemperature in, 89f, 90–91, 90t

Sicklepod, genetic adaptation of, 406Soil conservation, African farmers’ climate change

strategies using, 72fSoil degradation, crop productivity with, 5–6Soil erosion, 5–6Soil organic matter (SOM), 33Soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, 188Soil water availability, 61–62Soil water evaporation, evapotranspiration with, 28Soil water extraction, deep, 523fSolute leakage, 175SOM. See Soil organic matterSorghum

adaptation to climate change for, 329C4 pathways used in, 31characteristics for coping with climate change of,

328–29climate change impacting, 159, 327countries growing, 326, 327tdrought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529genetic adaptation of

diseases resistance in, 333–36, 334t, 335t, 337tdrought tolerance in, 329–32, 331f, 332tfuture of, 336–37grain microdensity increased in, 336, 337tgrain mold resistance in, 334–36, 335theat tolerance in, 332–33options for, 329pests resistance in, 333–36, 334t, 335t, 337tshoot fly resistance in, 333–34, 334t

genetic variation for temperature tolerance of,160

Latin American import and export of, 45tpredicted climate change effects for, 327–28, 327t

disaggregated effects on sorghum yields of,328, 328t

precipitation, 327t, 328ttemperature, 327t, 328t

Sahel production of, 69Southeast Asia production of, 131

Souari nut, 547South Africa, beans produced in, 357tSoutheast Asia region

agriculture sector contribution to GDP for, 132fgenetic options for wheat with conservation,

232–33barley production in, 131climate change impacts in, 131–41

general circulation models for, 136greenhouse gas with, 136impact on crops projected for, 138–40observed climate change, 133–36projected climate change, 136–38

maize production in, 131rice production in, 131rye production in, 131sorghum production in, 131wheat production in, 131

Soviet Union. See Former Soviet UnionSoybeans

C3 pathways used in, 31foliage temperatures for, 36genetic adaptation of, 370–92

breeders meeting demand of climate change,371–72, 372f

drought in, 383–91, 384t, 386felevated CO2 in, 373–77, 374t, 375felevated temperature in, 378–83, 379ffuture challenges for, 391–92models for improvement in, 373present as predictor of response to climate

change, 372technology trend improvement for, 370–71

Latin American import and export of, 45tleaf area index for, 371, 375fleaf area ratio for, 371

Spainchickpea grown in, 251crop insurance in, 82

Spatiotemporal modeling, data for, 15–16, 15fSpecial Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), 2, 3t,

4fSRC. See Short Rotation CoppiceSri Lanka

adaptation to climate change in, 122–23agriculture impacts due to climate change in, 119t



592 INDEX

Sri Lanka (Continued )climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 118tsocioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112tStay-green effect, 173t, 177Stem carbon reserve, crop productivity with, 523fStomata

conductance, 173tmoisture regulation with control of, 190vapor pressure deficit with sensitivity to, 190–91wine grapes with regulation of, 472

Stomatal conductance, crop productivity with, 523fSub-Saharan Africa (SSA), crop growth in, 67Sudan, sorghum grown in, 326, 327tSugar beets, water requirements for, 38Sugarcane

Australia climate change impacts on, 148–50bioenergy use for, 440–42C4 pathways used in, 31genetic adaptation of, 439–44

elevated CO2 and N2 fixation with, 442–43elevated CO2 with, 442genetic background for, 439–40high temperature with, 443–44traits for climate change in, 442–44water stress with, 443

SunflowerC3 pathways used in, 31drought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529Suriname


Sweden, collection of genetic stocks and holdings ofpeas in, 244t

Switchgrass, 547Syria

chickpea grown in, 251collection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244t

Table grapes, climate change impact on, 62Tajikistan, 84

climate change impacts in, 94–95Tanzania, beans produced in, 357tTE. See Transpiration efficiencyTemperature. See also Global warming;

High-temperature stressAustralia climate change with, 144–45, 145fchickpea growing, 253fCO2 crop responses interacting with, 210

CO2 levels and interactions with, 32critical climatic factor of, 24daytime, 301Europe climate change, 79–80, 80fformer Soviet Union climate change impacts

with, 89f, 90–91, 90t, 99genetic adaptation of maize to, 320–22IPCC projection of, 27Latin American countries

increases projected in, 49fmean annual changes for, 50, 50f

modeling climate for common beans with, 359fnighttime, 301–3, 302foilseed Brassica species influenced by, 450–51,

450tpeas subject to change in, 239–40pod setting effected by, 194–95rate of development impact on increases in, 158tregional impacts of global climate change on,

156–67rice production effected by CO2 concentration

and, 303–5scenarios on greenhouse gas with increased, 2, 3t,

4fsoybean adaptation to elevated, 378–80, 379f

genetic improvement for, 381–83, 382theat tolerance in germplasm with, 380–81yield response to, 378–80, 379f

United States trends in, 27Victoria, rise expected in, 24water-use efficiency effected by, 35fworld-wide warming trend of 50 years in, 156

Thailandadaptation to climate change in, 123agriculture impacts due to climate change in,

119tbeans produced in, 357tclimate change observed in, 135–36climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 118tsocioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112twater resources in, 113

Thermal stress index (TSI), 173tThermodynamic effects, 187–91

climate change affecting plant water loss, 187–88regulation of stomatal control, 190root hydraulic conductance to water, 188–89rooting traits and dynamics of plant water, 189root length density, 189, 194sensitivity of stomata to VPD, 190–91soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, 188



INDEX 593

transpiration efficiency, 189–90vapor pressure deficit, 187–91water productivity, 189–90

Tomatodrought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529genetic adaptation of, 399–400, 401f, 402f

marker-aided selection methods for, 399pollen production for heat tolerance in,

399–400, 401f, 402fthreshold high temperatures for, 170ttransgenic crops with improved yield under

drought using, 534tTransgenic innovation

adaptation to warmer and dry climate with,522–40

drought adaptation genes for, 525–26drought regulatory genes for, 526genetic engineering for, 531–38, 533t–535t,

537t–538theat adaptation genes for, 526–27heat regulatory genes for, 527mechanisms of drought and heat resistance

for, 523–28, 524fmolecular bases of drought adaptation for,

525–26molecular bases of heat adaptation for, 526–27simultaneous drought and heat stress in,

527–28drought and heat resistance both with, 536,

537t–538tdrought resistance with

drought adaptation genes for, 525–26drought regulatory genes for, 526genetic engineering for, 535–36molecular bases of, 525–26

heat resistance withgenetic engineering for, 532–35, 533t–535theat adaptation genes for, 526–27heat regulatory genes for, 527molecular bases of, 526–27

stress resistance linked to yield improvement,536–38

Transpiration efficiency (TE), 16, 189–90crop productivity with, 523f

TSI. See Thermal stress indexTunisia, chickpea grown in, 251Turkey


Turkmenistan, 84climate change impacts in, 94–95

Uganda, beans produced in, 357tUK. See United KingdomUkraine, 84

beans produced in, 357tclimate change impacts in, 92–93

Ultraviolet light (UV), peas subject to change in,240–41

Undernourished people, 111, 112fUnderutilized species, 507–17

awareness and knowledge challenge for, 515–16defined, 507ex situ conservation challenge for, 513future opportunities and priorities for, 511–16impact of climate change on, 510–11importance of, 508–10prioritization and research challenge for,

512–13in situ conservation challenge for, 513–15use enhancement challenge for, 515

UNEP. See United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNFCCC. See United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate ChangeUnited Kingdom (UK), collection of genetic stocks

and holdings of peas in, 244tUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

66United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), 109United States

beans produced in, 357tchickpea grown in, 251collection of genetic stocks and holdings of peas

in, 244tsorghum grown in, 326, 327twarming trend in, 27

Uruguayclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

UV. See Ultraviolet lightUzbekistan, 84

climate change impacts in, 94–95

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), 29, 174sensitivity of stomata to, 190–91thermodynamic effects with, 187–88

VCCAP. See Victorian Climate Change AdaptationProgramme

VegetablesAustralia climate change impacts on, 152–53genetic adaptation of, 396–407

abiotic stress research on, 397amaranth, 405–6



594 INDEX

Vegetables (Continued )AVRDC gene bank for, 406–7Chinese cabbage, 403–4crop adaptation to, 396–97genetic resources for, 406–7global warming with, 396–97heat stress effects on productivity with,

397–98heat tolerance development for, 397–406indigenous vegetables, 405–6mechanisms of, 398mungbean, 404pepper, 400–403pests and diseases incidence with, 397–98sicklepod, 406tomato, 399–400, 401f, 402f

Venezuelabeans produced in, 357tclimate change expected in, 51tprinciple crops in, 45t

Vicia faba, 269–81genetic adjustment for

adaptation to elevated CO2 in, 276–77adaptation to winter or spring sowing with,

271drought resistance in, 274–76, 275ffreezing resistance in, 272–74, 273f, 274fgenetic resources with, 270genotype × environment interactions in,

271–72heat resistance in, 274–76, 275finteractions with beneficial organisms in,

279–80parasite resistance in, 277–79salinity resistance in, 274–76, 275fwaterlogging resistance in, 272–74, 273f, 274f

producers of, 269reproduction of, 270species traditional groups for, 269winter bean

background and history of European, 272examples of, 273ffeatures of, 272

winter-hardy, 272, 273fVictoria, Australia

crop cultivars for future climate in, 23global climate change downscaling to, 13–15temperature rise expected for, 24warmer and drier conditions for, 15wheat crop yield likely in, 17, 19fwheat varieties adaption to new climates in,

17–22, 20f–22f

Victorian Climate Change Adaptation Programme(VCCAP), 15

Vietnam. See also Mekong regionadaptation to climate change in, 123–24agriculture impacts due to climate change in,

119tclimate change observed in, 134–35climate change trends and projections for, 115tclimate variability and extreme events, 118tsocioeconomic and natural resources indicators

of, 112twater resources in, 113

Viticulture, Australia climate change impacts on,150–52

VPD. See Vapor pressure deficit

Walnuts, climate change impact on, 62WANA. See West Asia and North AfricaWater availability, crop productivity with, 4–5Water limited environments. See also Crop water

stress index; Drought; Water-use efficiencyAfrica, projected, 113fagricultural adjustments for, 161Asia, projected, 113fgenetic options for wheat in, 218–33

combining genetic variation for, 225–32diversity for response to climate in, 221–25information management for, 232integration with conservation agriculture,


global warming with, 4–5Water requirements, trends in, 38Water stress. See also Crop water stress index

African projected water scarcity leading to,113f

Asian water scarcity projected leading to, 113fLAC projected water scarcity leading to, 113fsugarcane genetic adaptation for, 443

Water uptakegrain filling with, 194during reproduction, 193–94, 194f

Water-use efficiency (WUE), 34–37, 189–90CO2 concentration levels effect on, 35fcrop productivity with, 523fdedicated energy crops with, 547mathematical relationships with, 34pea production with, 240soybean foliage temperatures with, 36temperature effect on, 35fwater deficit interactions with CO2, 36–37

Weeds, crop productivity with, 6–7



INDEX 595

West Asia and North Africa (WANA), chickpeagrown in, 252, 252f

WheatC3 pathways used in, 31drought-resistance wild relatives contributing to,

529Europe climate change impact on, 81–82former Soviet Union production of, 87genetic options for productivity climate stressed,

218–33combining genetic variation for, 225–32diversity for response to climate in, 221–25information management for, 232integration with conservation agriculture,


India, production of, 61Latin American import and export of, 45tSoutheast Asia production of, 131threshold high temperatures for, 170ttransgenic crops with improved yield under

drought using, 534twater requirements for, 38

Wild relativesadaptation to warmer and dry climate with,

522–40drought adaptation genes for, 525–26drought regulatory genes for, 526heat adaptation genes for, 526–27heat regulatory genes for, 527mechanisms of drought and heat resistance

for, 523–28, 524f

molecular bases of drought adaptation for,525–26

molecular bases of heat adaptation for, 526–27simultaneous drought and heat stress in,

527–28drought resistance in, 528–31

chickpea with, 257introgression of genes of, 531

genetic adjustment for peas with, 241, 243heat resistance in, 528–31

introgression of genes of, 531oilseed breeding for climate change with, 454t,

456Willow, 547Wine grapes

climate change impact on, 62genetic adaptation of

accessing genetic diversity for, 468–75allocation of carbohydrate within vine and

berry with, 474climate change impacts to, 465–68phenology with, 465–67, 466f, 469–70photosynthesis with, 472roots, water, and salinity with, 472–74rootstock development with, 474–75stomatal regulation with, 472temperature effects on berry composition with,

470–71water use efficiency with, 471–74

vineyard area distribution by continent for, 464,465f

WUE. See Water-use efficiency

crop adaptation to climate change (yadav/crop adaptation to climate change) || index

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