L O O K I N G CLOSER 4 C R I T I C A L W R I T I N G S O N G R A P H I C D E S I G N

EDITED BY

Michael Bierut, William Drenttel,

and Steven Heller

I

ALLWORTH PRESS N E W Y O R K

CONTENTS

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S / vii

I N T R O D U C T I O N / ix Steven Heller

T O T H E B A R R I C A D E S

F I R S T T H I N G S F I R S T M A N I F E S T O 2000 / 5

F I R S T T H I N G S FIRST, A B R I E F H I S T O R Y / 6 Rick Poynor

F I R S T T H I N G S FIRST: N O W M O R E T H A N E V E R / l 0

Matt Soar

J U S T SAY N O . . . QUIETLY / 14 Monika Parrinder

C A N D E S I G N E R S SAVE T H E W O R L D ? ( A N D S H O U L D T H E Y TRY?) / 17

Nico Macdonald

T H E PEOPLE V. T H E C O R P O R A T E C O O L M A C H I N E / 22

Kalle Lasn

A M A N I F E S T O W I T H T E N F O O T N O T E S / 26 Michael Bierut

A N E W K I N D O F D I A L O G U E / 32 Andrew Howard

T H E SPECTACLE: A REEVALUATION O F T H E S I T U A T I O N I S T THESIS / 35 Vdronique Vienne

O N FTF / 42 hretta Staples

IV L O O K I N G C L O S E R 4

CULTURE AGENTS

WHY J O H N N Y CAN'T DISSENT / 49 Thomas Frank

CULTURE AGENTS / 57 Max Bruinsma

T H E CASE F O R BRANDS / 61 by the editors of the Economist

T R U T H IN ADVERTISING / 63 Naomi Klein

SUSTAINABLE CONSUMERISM / 66 Chris Riley

D O N ' T LET THE BUGGERS G R I N D YOU DOWN! / 75 Ken Garland

SAVING ADVERTISING / 77

Jelly Helm

SAVING JELLY / 88

Michael Rock

READING AT THE BREAKFAST TABLE / 91 Natalia Ilyin

MANIFESTOS

ME, T H E UNDERSIGNED / 101 Jessica HeFnd

AN INCOMPLETE MANIFESTO F O R GROWTH / 107

Bruce Mau

FUCK COMMITTEES (I BELIEVE IN LUNATICS) / 113 Tibor Kalman

THE VOW O F CHASTITY / 114

First-Year Students at Central St. Martins College ofArt and Design, London

CRITICAL LANGUAGES

T H E TIME F O R BEING AGAINST / 121 Rick Poynor

THEORY IS A G O O D IDEA / 131 Matt Soar

C O N T R U B U T O R S V

T H A T WAS T H E N , A N D T H I S IS NOW: B U T W H A T IS N E X T ? / 136 Lorraine Wild

W H A T H A P P E N S W H E N T H E EDGES DISSOLVE? / 151 Loretta Staples

T H E T R O U B L E W I T H T Y P E / 154 Rudy EnderLans

IS I T B E T T E R T O REVIVE T H A N T O DECEIVE? D E S I G N A N D C O M P L I C I T Y : H E R B E R T B U Y E R ' S SILENT LEGACY / 159

Sol Sender

D E STIJL, N E W MEDIA, A N D T H E LESSONS O F G E O M E T R Y / 165 Jessica Heljind

T H E C R I T I C A L "LANGUAGES" O F G R A P H I C D E S I G N / 168 Johanna Drucker

STATE O F T H E A R T S

G R A P H I C D E S I G N A N D T H E N E X T B I G T H I N G / 183 Rudy Enderhns

TELLING T H E T R U T H ? / 188 Milton Glaser

W H O NEEDS E T H I C S / 190 Tim Rich

H U M A N D I G N I T Y A N D H U M A N R I G H T S : T H O U G H T S O N T H E P R I N C I P L E S O F H U M A N - C E N T E R E D D E S I G N / 192

Richard Buchanan

A M A N I F E S T O O F INCLUSIVISM / l96 Paul J. Nini

G R E A S I N G T H E WHEELS O F CAPITALISM W I T H STYLE A N D TASTE,

O R , T H E " P R O F E S S I O N A L I Z A T I O N " O F A M E R I C A N G R A P H I C D E S I G N / 199 Mr. Keedy

N O PROBLEM / 207 Julie h k y

T E R M I N A L T E R M I N O L O G Y / 209 Katherine McCoy

T H E H O L E I N ART'S UMBRELLA / 212 Roy R. Behrens

G R A P H I C N E W S / 216 John Hockenberry

V1 L O O K I N G C L O S E R 4

M O V I E TITLES: M U C H A D O A B O U T LITTLE / 221 Peter Hall

T H E NAME GAME / 223 Ruth Shalit

A U T H O R S H I P

T H E D E S I G N E R AS A U T H O R / 237 Michael Rock

BATTLE O F T H E BIG B O O K S / 245 Rick Poynor

ALL HAIL MAU T H E M A G N I F I C E N T / 249

Robert FuEford

HALF E M P T Y / 251 Thornas Frank

L O S T I N S O U N D / 254

Rick Poynor

M E D I T A T I O N S

G E T T I N G REAL / 267 Ralph Caplan

LEAST D E S I G N E D A N D M O S T R E A D / 270

Quentin Newark

T H E H A N D W R I T I N G IS O N T H E WALL, B U T W H O C A N R E A D I T ? / 272 Todd Lief

LET T H E B U Y E R BEWARE / 274 Vdronique Vienne

BEIGE / 276 Andrea Codrington

T H E FLAG WAVERER / 278 Steven Heller

C O N T R I B U T O R S / 281

I N D E X / 287

INDEX

A AAAA Standards of Practice, 84 A B C %me Time, 218 Academic Instincts (Garber), 133, 134 Adbusten, 3,9,12,33

culture jamming and, 29 dktournement and, 38.41 Situationist International move-

ment and, 39 Adobe Photoshop, 151-152 advertising, 27, 90

capitalism and, 82 children and, 86-87 commercial mass media and, 89 consumerism and, 66-74.79 corporate naming and, 223-232 restatement of industry principles

in, 84-87 as tool for creating desire, 79,

81-84,91-92 as &illion dollar business, 79

Age of Unreason, The (Handy), 53 AIDS, 175,241 AIGAJournal of Graphic Design, X

Ainsley, Jeremy, 164 Albers, Joseph, 140 American flag, 278-280 American Heritage Dictionary, 273 American Institute of Graphic Arts

(AIGA), 21,119,134,137-138 Anders, Peter, 148 Anderson, Ray, 82-83 Annenberg Public Policy Center, 105 Anthony Froshaug (ILnross), 248 anticapitalists, 1&19 anti-consumerism, 40 antiglobalization, 18-19, 61 anti-intellectualism, 131 Anti-Manqesto, 102 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 101 Apple Computers, 277 appropriation, 273

Architecture and Disjunction (Tschumi), 165

Ardill, Ralph, 14 Ark, 8 Art Directors Club (ADC), 13,

134-135 Art is Work (Glaser), 125, 246 Arfjirum, 43 Arts G. Letten Daily, 129 Arts and Crafts Movement, 214 Asrnal, Kadir, 193-196 Aspen International Design

Conference, 204 A T F Type Specimen, 154

B Bachrach, Ira, 228,232 Bahr, Robin, 231-232 Barthes, Roland, 237-239 Basic Books, 123 BataiUe, Georges, 261 Baudrillard, Jean, 16 Bauhaus, 159-160,204,212 Bayer, Herbert, 173,202

Bauhaus, nlodernism and, 159-160 Nazi Germany and, 159-164

Beall, Lester, l73 Becoming Designers (Cameron), 18 Bedbury, Scott, 65 beige, 276-278 Beirut, Michael, 11-12, 19,33,41 Benn, Anthony Wedgwood, 7 Benn, Caroline Wedgwood, 7 Berger, John, 33.36 Bernbach, Bill, 83 Bestley, RusseU, 16 Bettelheim, Bruno, 123 Biographical Dictionary of Film

(Thornson), 124 Blanchot, Maurice, 270 Blank, Ben, 217-218 Blauvelt,Andrew, 133, 143, 186

Blincoe, Nicholas, 106 Blur. See also Brody, Neville, 151 blurring, 153 Boiffard, Jacques-Andre, 261 Boston Globe, 129 Boxer, Sarah, 222 Bragdon, Rick, 225,228 brand($), 16-18,40,65,68

acronyms and, 105 Benetton, 64 consumers and, 61 culture of knowledge and, 66-70 identities, 63 information age and, 65,70-72 as loyalty tool, 61 sustainable consumerism and,

72-74 vulnerability and power of, 6 1 6 2

brandscape, 14. See also brands Brave New World (Huxley), 23 Breton, Andre, 101 Brodovich, Alexey, 28 Brody, Neville, 18-19,151,175,245 Brooklyn Academy of Music, 30 Brown, James, 77 Bruinsma, Max, 47 Buchloh, Benjamin, 161-162 Burden, Chris, 215 Burke, Christopber, 161 Burmughs, William S., 52-53

C Cage, John, 108 Cahiers du Cinema, 258 CalArts, 136-137, 171 Caldicott, Richard, 257 Callinicos, Alex, 11 Cameron, Alex, 18-19 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 7 capitalism, 15,28,33,67

advertising and, 82 antinomianism and, 52-53

288

Information Age and, 51 principle of choice and, 35

Caplan, Ralph, 265 Captive State: Tlie Corporate Takeover of

Britain (Monbiot), 130 Carson, David, 171, 186,245 Carter, Stephen, 123 Cassandre, Adolphe, 173 Cato Institute, 104 CBS Evening News, 218 Center for a New American Dream, 87 Central School of Arts and Crafts, 7 Chittagong, 76 Choubrac, Alfred, 169 Chrysler Award for Design Innovation,

205 Church House, 17,21 Cipe Pineles (Scotford), 248 Cluetrain Manifesto, 102 Codrington, Andrea, 265 Cohen, Arthur, 163 Cohen, Leonard, l l l Coming of Age Symposium, 119 Commercial Space Act, 107 commercialism, 58-60 commodity production, 32 communication, 58, 170 Communication Arts, X, 12 communicators, visual, 13. See also

design; visual language Communist Manjfisto, 10 confluence of interest, 57 Conquest o f coo l , The (Frank), 39,277 Conrad, Erich, 278 consumerism, 12, 14, 16,18

advertising and, 66-74, 79 conformity and individualism in,

52 culture of, 274-276 industrial nations and, 79-80 materialism and, 70, 72-74, 80, 81 meme warfare and, 23

controllable precision, 166 convergence, l05 Cooper, Oz, 203 Coppola, Sofia, 222 Cordova, Lu, 229 corporate America. See corporations corporation(s), 67

antinomianism and, 52-53,57 contemporary fantasy of, 54 culture, 113-1 14 logos of, 75

corporatism, 67 Council of Industrial Design, 7 countercultural idea, 57

antmomianism and, 52 Beats and, 50-51

Coyne, Richard, 148 Creative Summit, The, 14, 16 Cubist Manijesto (Apollinaire), 101

L O O K I N G C L O S E R 4

Culture Jam: The Uncooling ofAmerica (Lasn), 40

culture jamming, 12, 23 next revolution and, 24 potent metamemes of, 22

culture of knowledge, 67-70

D Dada Manifesto (Tzara), 101 David, Meredith, 143 Davies, Dominic, 257, 261 de Stjl, 165-168 Deadline at Dawn (Williamson), 128 Debord, Guy, 24,36,39 Decoding Advertisements (Williamson),

128 deconstruction, 161 democracy principle, 34 Derrida, Jacqnes, 133 design, 14, 16, 28. See also designers;

graphic design advertising and marketing in, 6-9,

27,173 challenges, 138,149-150 contemporary media and, 166 as cultural practice and force, 43,

134-135 democracy in, 10, 142 as a discipline, 19-20 eclecticism, 201-202 effect and power of, 6-7,60 environment and role of, 18-19 ethics and morals of, 18-20,84,

190-192 film tides and, 221-223 as formal property, 126 history of, 171-176,205 human-centered, 20, 194-196 identity in, 209-212 information projects of, 29 interface, 82-83, 152-153,

166-168,175 lack of self-critique in, 42 mainstream media and, 125-127 modernism in, 159, 162, 165,

201-202 multimedia, technology and,

152-153,166,171,184485

need, use, aesthetics and, 32 one-dimensional, 174 of organizations, 21 personal artistry, commerce and,

140-141 politicization of, 19,35, 163 pop culture, hippie modernism

and, 142,206 postmodernisln and, 133, 151 problem-solving in, 142, 207-209 semiology, 133, 170.174 society and, 18,35,129 style as functional language,

148-149 theory, 135,168,176,187 visual language and, 13, 59,

168-170,177 design authorship, ix, 235,242-244

definition of, 237-239 monographs and, 245-248 theory of, 239-241

design criticism, 119 attitudes and languages of, 168-178 journalism and, 122-123,130 role of critic in, 122

design education, 136-139, 149-150 academia, fine artists and, 212-215 authorship, entrepreneurial inde-

pendence and, 143-145 cultural generalism and, 140 emigres, conceptual innovation

and, 140-141 generalization and specialization in,

145-148 public imagery and, 142

Design, the SIA Journal, 8

design: Vignelli, 246 Design Week, 15 design writing. See graphic design

writing designer(s), ix

advertising and, 28 as authors/auteurs, ix celebrity, 175 code of public discourse and, 15,

29 as communicators/information

architects, 59, 104, 188-189 contemporary design and, 32 as cultural agents, 60 double responsibility of, 10 European and Soviet, 173 as good editors, 105 inclusivlsm and exclusivism of, 34,

196-199 people as audience of, 13 personalizing work and, 43 reading and, 271 response to information overload,

16 role of commercial work and, 27,

254 social classes within, 11

Details, 55-56 Deutschland Ausstelluug, 159-1 60 Disney, 157 Dixon, Chris, 12, 26, 31, 38 Documents, 261 Dogma Man'sto (Vinterberg, von

Trier), 102, 106, 114-116 Dowling, Terry, 257 Drenttel, Bill, 137-138 Drucker, Johanna, 9 Dnchamp. Marcel, 112

due occasion, 83 Dutschke, Rudy, 57-58 Dutton, Denis, 129 Dwiggins, William Addison, 202-203 Dyer, Richard, 134

E Eagleton,Terry, 132 Eames, Charles, 30 Eames, Ray, 30 Eichmann in Jenrsalem (Arendt), 277 Einstein, Albert, 102 El Lissitzsky, Lazar, 173 Electronic Privacy Information Center,

105 Elementare Typographic, 187 Elliman, Paul, 158 Emigre, X, 15,26, 175

authorship and, 242 lite radicalism and, 88 next big thing and, 183-187 Situationist and, 37 typeface and, l55

Emkr6 (Brady), 267 empowerment, 104 End ofprint, T71e (Carson), 186 England's Dreaming (Savage), 124 Entertainment Economy: How Mega-Media

Forces Are T r a n $ o m i Our Lives

(W'!fl, 36 environment, 19 Eye, X, 15, 183,235

F Famigliatta, Ralph, 219-220 Farrell, Stephen, 186

Fast Company, 54 Faster (Glieck), 107 Federal Communications Commission

(FCC), 13 Federal Department of Agriculture

(FDA), 29 Feed, 123, 129 Feineman, Neil, 156 Feininger, Lyonel, 21 Fiore, Quentm, 174 First Thrngs First (Garland), ix, 5

consumer capitalism and, 28 history of, 7-8 political choices within design and,

9 professional activity of design and,

8 statement of principles, 3

First Things First Man$sto 2000, X, ix, 102,130

advertising and, 27-28 awakening of conscience and, 15 contributors of, 5-6,26-27 global commercial culture and, X,

15-16,29

information design projects and, 29-30

manufacturing demand and, 28 new kind of dialogue and, 34 new kind of meaning and, 30 statement of purpose, 5 statement of social responsibility, 11

Forbes, Sarah, 12 Foucault, Michel, 15, 237-238, 243 Frank, Thomas, 39, 128,277 free spirited creatives, 14 Freidnlan, Jim, 257 From Lascaux to Brooklyn (Rand), 271 Fromm, Erich, 123 Froshaug, Anthony, 7 Fvurthowl Man$sto @cob), 102 Fnck Committees (Kalman), 99 Fuller, Buckminister, 142 Future of the Public Intellectual

Debate, 123 Future of the Publ~c Intellectual

Forum, l29 Futurist Manifisto, 10 Fnttrrist Manfesto of 1909 (Marinetti),

99.101

G Gajowskyj,Alex, 73, 74 Gans, Herbert, 123 Garber, Ma rjorie, 133 Garland, Ken, 3 background of, 7 First Things First and, 18, 26, 31 Garrett, Malcolm, 21 Gaspe, 76 Gehry, Frank, 11 1 Gelernter, David, 102 G.I. Bill of Rights, 214 Glnsberg, Men, 50 Gitlin, Todd, 134 Glaser, Milton, 10, 12-13, 125 Glieck, James, 107 Godlewski, Joe, 215 Golden, Eye, 31 Graef, Roger, 14 Grammar of Ornament, The (Jones), 169 Gramsci, Antonio, 89, 132 graphic agitation, 42 graphic design, ix, 14, 16. See also

design; designers advertising and, 27 branding and, 18 consumerism and, 14, 16 criticism and, 119 as a cultural practice and force, 43,

134135 ethics and morals of, 47 as formal property, 126 language of, 168-170,177 new media and, 144-145 observation and, 265

role of commerce in, 199-201 television and, 216-220 theory and, 135, 168,176

graphic design writing, ix, X, xi commerce and, l 6 cultural criticism and, 126,

132-134 d&tournement/rerouting and, 38 market populism and, 128 publications and, 125-126

Graphis, 15, 174 Green, Nancye, 138 Greenberg, Clement, 123 Greiman, April, 175 Grierson, Nigel, 257 Grove, Andy, 11 1 Guardian, 7-8

H Hall, Stuart, 132 Hamilton, Richard, 112 Hanson, Duane, 265,268 Hardt, Michael, 90 Hegarty, John, l 4 Helfand, Jessica, 13, 40, 125, 129 Helm, Jelly, 88-89 Hewitt, Don, 218 Hidden Petsuaders (Packard), 33 History of Graphic Design, A (Dwiggins),

202 Hitchens, Christopher, 123 Hoberman, Jim, 124 Hotel and Catering Weekly, 125 Howard, Andrew, 132 Huxley, Aldous, 23

I IBM Corporation, 30,54 I.D., 19, 221 Incomplete Man+sfo for Growth (Mau),

102 Information Age, 51-52,67-70 information overload, 16 Inland Printer, 172 Innis, Harold, 131 interface, 82-83,152-153, 166-168,

175 Internet, 104

buttons,digital revolution and, 106 children, social platform and, 103,

105 didacticism and, 103 next big thing and, 184186

Internet Mani&esto, 102 interventions, cultural, 29 Izenour, Steven, 29

J Jacob, Karrie, 102 Jameson, Fredric, 238 Jan van Eyck Academy, 183

L O O K I N G CLOSER 4

Javed, Naseem, 224,226,227 Johnson, J. Seward, 268 Johnson, Roosevelt Royce, 77 Johnson, Steven, 123, 129 Jones, Owen, 169 Journal $Retailing (Lebow), 79 journalism, cultural 122-123,126

K Kalman,Tibor, 26,30,99, 183

Benetton, Colon and, 64, 252 consumer culture and, 28,65 corporate culture and, 251,

253-254 theory of ideology and, 132

Kauffer, McKnight, 173 Kay, Alan, 146-147 Kaye, Tony, 22 Keedy, Jeffery, 186 Kepes, Gyorgy, 140,173 Kerouac, Jack, 50 Kinnear, Jock, 8 Kinmss, Robin, 235,248 Klein, Naomi, 17, 18.61, 130

L Larbalestier, Simon, 257, 261 Lasn, Kalle, 12.26, 31, 40 Lattice Group, 17 Layout in Advertising (Dwiggins), 203 Leader as Martial Artist, The (Mindell),

54 Lebow,Victor, 79 Leinberger, Paul, 54 Leonard, Mark, l 7 Lester Beall (Remington), 248 LettErmr, 158 Lettrist international, 37, 39 Liberty Manijsto (O'Rourke), 102 Lief, Todd, 265 Life Style (Mau), 125,246,247-251 Line and Form (Crane), 172 Liquid Plastics Revieu: 125 logocentrism, 53, 170. See also corpora-

tions; logos Lonberg-Holm, K., 169 London Institute of Contemporary

Arts, 7 Los Angeles Times, 125, 129, 137, 156 Lott, Jimi, 40 Lowery, Austin, 12 Lowinsky, Edward, 213 Luc-Godard, Jean, 11,22 Lupton, Ellen, 156, 171, 186,235,242

M MacDonald, Ian, l24 Made You Look (Sagmeister), 245 Madison Avenue, 39 Maeda @ Media (Maeda), 246 Maeda, John, 246

Makela, Scott, 171 Mallett, JefT, 227 manifesto($, 108-1 13

contemporary, 105 definition of, 101 modernism, postmodernism and,

101 Mani$sto (Helfand), 103 Manijesto, 1955 (Einstein, Russell), 102 Manning, Steve, 224,230 Marcus, Greil, 124 Marinetti, Filippo Tomrnaso, 99, 101,

165 market populism, 128 Marshall, Alan, 154,159 Massachusett Institute ofTechnology

(MIT), 37,137,242 Mau, Bruce, 102,125,249-251

Stress, 249 McAra-McWilliam, Irene, 20 McCaffery, Larry, 150 McCoy, Katherine, 186,215,238 McLuhan, Marshall, 22,110,131,142 Meggs, Philip, 213 Mellencamp, John, 277 meme warfare, 23 Merck Family Poll (1995), 84 methodologies, formalist, 170 Miller, J.Abbott, 171,186,235,242 Miller, Mark Crispin, 12 Mills, Mike, 222 mind shift, 15 Mindell, Arnold, 54 Modern Publicity, 8 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 140, 173 Mok, Clement, 104 Monbiot, George, 130 Mondrian, Piet, 165 monopolies of knowledge, 131 Monotype, 154 Monotype Recorder, 154 Muller-Brockmann, 238 multimedia, 152-153, 166, 171,

184-185. See also design; multi- media

Mumford, Lewis, 123 Muschamp. Herbert, 250

N Naked Lunch (Peters), 52 Nation, 123 Natural Step, The, 82 Nazi Germany, 159-164 NBC Dateline, 218-220 Negri, Antonio, 90 Negroponte, Nicholas, 137 New Individualist, The, 54 New Musical Express, 124 New Puritans Manijisto (Blincoe,

Thorne), 102,106 New Statesman, 128

New York Times, 250 New York University, 12 Nike, 52,73,77,200 No Logo (Klein), 33, 130 North Carolina State University, 12

0 Obrist, Hans Ulrich, 112 Ohtake, Shinm, 257 Oliver,Vaughan

as graphic author, 256-259 Ivo, 4AD and, 255-256.259-261

On the Road (Kemuac), 50 One Market Under God (Frank), 128,

130 O'Rourke, PJ., 102, 104

P Paglia, Camille, 51 Paris Beaux-Arts, 37 Paul Rand (Heller), 248 Paul Rand:A Designer's Art (Rand), 196 pawn theory, 61 Pentagram Book Five, 245 Perverse Optimist (Kalman), 43,

246-247,252 Peters, David, 221 Peters, Tom, 52-53 Phaidon (Heller), 245 Philip Morris Company, 30 Point and Line to Plane (Kandinsky),

173 Pope, Cad, 73 Positive Futures Network, 87 Powell, Michael, 13 Poynor, Rick, 26,29-30,35,187

advertising and, 59 dog biscuit argument and, 33 First Things First and, 10, 31

Principles of Human Knowledge (Berkeley), 267

Principles of Plastic Mathematics (Shoenmaekers), 165

Print, X, 11, 12 Priven, Aaron, 276 public discourse, code of, 15,29. See

also designers; code of public discourse

R Rand, Paul, 196,198,204 rapprochement, 121 Redhill, David, 223-224,226 Reengineering the Corporation, 53-54 refusal, act of, 16 Remington, Roger, 248 rerouting, 38. See also graphic design

writing; dktournement/rerout-

ink5 Return on Investment (ROI), 66.67 revolution, epistemological, 53

INDEX

Revolution in the Head (MacDonald), 124

Robben Island, 193, 195 Robert, Paul, 185 Rochester Institute ofTechnology, 119 Rock, Michael, 138,156,235 Rollins, Henry, 55-56 Rot, Diter, 241 Royal College ofArt, 8,18, 121 Ruskin, John, 83 Russell, Bertrand, 102

S Sachsse, Rolf, 162-163

! Sagmeister, Stefan, 245

I Samartino, Rick, 216-217 Sanders, Elizabeth B.N., 198 Sandhaus, Louise, 185 1 Sarris, Andrew, 239,258 Savage, Jon, 124, 127 Savan, Leslie, 52

1 Scenario: The Art of Strategic Conversation i (van der Heijden), 67

Schmidt, Joost, 173 School ofvisual Arts, 12, 41 1 Scotford, Martha, 248 Seattle Times, 40 Second Coming Man@sto (Gelernter),

l 102

self-promotion, 43 semiology, 133, 170, 174 Seymour, Richard, 17,20 Shakers, 32 Sight and Sound, 124 Simplicity Man@sto, l02 Situationist City, The (Sadler), 37 Situationist International Movement

(SI) Adbusterr and, 38 Dada slogans of, 37 ethos of, 37,39 new generation and, 24 Paris general strike and, 39 society of spectacle and, 24, 36

S ,M,L ,XL (Mau), 246,250 Snodgrass, Adrian, 148 socialism, 18 society, depoliticization of, 17 Society of Industrial Artists, 7 Society of Spectacle, The (Debord), 36-37 soma, 23 South Africa, 192-196 Soviet Union, 162,163 spectatorship, 36.39 star system, 141 Stress (Mau), 249

SuperHumanism, l7,18,20 Surrealist Mani&sto (Breton), 101 Sutnar, Ladislav, 169 Su~eet's Catalogue Design Progress

(Lonberg-Holm), 169 Synder, Susan Nigra, 29

T Taubin, Amy, 124 terrorists, middle class, 19 The New Image of the World

(Shoenmaekers), 165 The World Must Change: Graphic Design

and Idealism, 121 Thompson, Hunter S., 54 Thomson, David, 124 Thorne, Matt, 106 Thriving on Chaos (Peters), 52 ThrowingApples at the Sun (Earl), 185 Tibor Kalman: Perverse Optimist, 246 Time, 50,246

Tokyo Salamander (Ohtake), 257 Tomasula, Steve, 186 Tn'umph ofthe Will (Riefenstahl), 163 Truffaut, Francois, 239, 258 Tschichold, Jan, l87 Tucker, Bruce, 54 typeface, 154,270

artistic authorship of, 157 aspects of, 156-159 companies, 154-155 design of, 156-158 font and, 156 lack of copyright protection and,

155-156 Typography (Weingart), 246 Typography Now:The Next Wave

(Poynor), 187 tyranny of common sense, 132 Tzara,Tristan, 101

U Ubac, Raoyl, 261 Unabomber Manijsto, 102 United Nations 2000 Peace Manijisto,

102 United Nations Human Development

Report (1968), 79, 84 United States Constitution, 193-194 United States Copyright Office,

155-158 Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 193-194 University Of Houston, 13Y-140 U S A Today, 50 Utne Reader, 51

v Vamps GZamps (Paglia), 51 van der Heijden, Kees, 67,70,73 van Doesberg,Theo, 165 Van Toorn, Bernard, 240 van Toorn, Jan. 34,60,240 VanderLans, Rudy, 42 Vaneigem, Raoul, 37 Vaughan Oliver: Visceral Pleasu~s, 247,

257 Vignelli, Massimo, 119,209,246 Village Voice, 52 Vinterberg, Thomas, 106 Virillio, Paul, 37 Visible Language (Blauvelt), 133 Visual Culture: A n Introduction (Walker,

Chaplin), 132, 133 von Trier, Lars, 106

W Wall Street, 67 Wall Street Journal, The, 78 Watts-Russell, Ivo, 255-256 Ways ofBeing (Berger), 36 Web. See Internet Wegman, William, 157 Weingart, Wolfgang, 246 Werbach, Adam, 72 Westenberg, Kevin, 257 Whitcher, Clive, 74 Whitney Museum, 268 Wieden, Dan, 18 Wild, Lorraine, 12, 171 Wilde, Richard, 12 Wiiamson, Judith, 128 W i m Crouwel-Mode en Module

(Boekraad,Huygen), 248 Wolf, Michael J., 36,39 Wolff, Michael, 14, 16 Wodd Trade Organization (WTC),

40-41,130 Wright, Edward, 7

Y Yale University, 139-140 Yankelovich Research Company, 70 youth culture, 39

Z, 42 Zed, 16 Zeldin, Theodore, l 8 Zero Knowledge, 63 Zinn, Howard, 87 Zone Books, 37