Critical thinking skill

Group :

Elena G73573

Erin G73585

Emma G73567

Chelsea G73598

Fa Heng G73938

Topics:

1. Direct thinking skills

2. Infusion

3. Immersion

4. The combination between infusion and immersion

What is direct thinking skills?

1.Attend consciously and explicitly to the kinds of thinking being “learned” or “improved.

2.Student seem to focus because it is more tangible and easier to articulate.

3.Cognitive operations are prime subject of the study.

How to teach the direct thinking skills?

Student think about their own and other’s thinking, and receive direct instruction in how to improve their thinking.

Example:1. Reuven Fenerstein’s Instrumental Enrichment.

(IE)

2. Edward debono’s COPT

What is infusion? “Deep, thoughtful” instruction in subject-matter

content in which the general principles of thinking are made explicit.

Involves more than “getting thinking going” Involves direct teacher intervention to help

students keep it going and enable it to “go better” and this includes direct instruction in cognitive skills needed to engage successfully in complex thinking in whatever subject it is being applied.

How to teach infusion?

Example: We can help students step back from the content being

processed and discussed to focus explicitly on the operation in question.

We can do this in at least two ways We can preplan lessons on a series of lessons that

introduce and provide some practice in new skill. We can simply stop a planned subject-matter lesson to

concentrate instead on explicit attention to the skill in question—a sort of “ Look! Let me show you how to do this” !

What is immersion?

Immersion is usually offered as an alternative to infusion

Immersion is thought-provoking subject matter instruction in which the principles of complex thinking are not made explicit according to Ennis.

How to teach immersion?

Teacher teaches students to describe difficult feeling using simple words. Only English in class

Give exercises to let students think deeply about what they have learned

Encourage students and give activities to the class in order to train the students to immerse in thinking about their study.

The combination between infusion and immersion

Similarity: Vary considerably in the emphasis and time given

to thinking in subject-matter courses as well as in the kinds of thinking instruction provided.

Both offer important advantages as ways to improve thinking and subject-matter learning.

Both approaches to teaching thinking should characterize an instructional program in subject-matter courses.

The difference between infusion and immersion

Infusion

1. Is deep, thoughtful subject-matter instruction in which the general principles of thinking are made explicit.

2. New or difficult operations should receive explicit introductory emphasis using subject-matter content with which students are familiar, and then be practiced with scaffolding and mediation thereafter as they are applied to new subject matters in continued subject-matter learning.

Immersion 1. Is thought-provoking subject-matter instruction in which the principles of complex thinking are not made explicit.

2. Students demonstrate the ability to employ new or difficult operations on their own, the immersion approach becomes appropriate and nature.

Infusion

Immersion

In integrating efforts to improve thinking and develop subject-matter learning, we can use both approaches—first infusion, then immersion—in every course.