critical thinking
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical ThinkingAn Introduction to Situation Awareness
and Decision Making
This presentation provides an overview of how to improve situation awareness. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or This presentation provides an overview of how to improve situation awareness. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or
airline's operational documentation; should there be any discrepancy appear between this presentation and the airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.airline's operational documentation; should there be any discrepancy appear between this presentation and the airline’s AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.
Thinking about thinkingThinking about thinking
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Introduction
This self-study guide provides advice on how to improve your thinking and introduces the associated aspects of situation awareness and decision making. These activities are essential processes in threat and error management, which must be used in daily operations. Thinking is the core skill in these activities; critical thinking involves controlling your thinking:- thinking about the quality of your thinking.
The guide is in five sections:1. Threat and Error Management2. Situation Awareness3. Decision Making4. Critical Thinking5. Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Speakers notes provide additional information, they can be selected by clicking the right mouse button Speakers notes provide additional information, they can be selected by clicking the right mouse button in Slideshow Viewin Slideshow View, select Screen, select Speakers notes. , select Screen, select Speakers notes.
This presentation can be printed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.This presentation can be printed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.
Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Poor thinking is costly, depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Poor thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically and continuously cultivated.be systematically and continuously cultivated.
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
All flight and ground operations
Threat and Error Management
Threat and Error Management (TEM) is a major safety process in aviation.TEM consists of detecting, avoiding or trapping threats and errors that challenge the
safety of flight operations. Where threats and errors are not contained the resulting conditions must be managed and their adverse effects reduced.
PlanePathPeople
Threats Errors Undesired States
DetectAvoid / TrapMitigate
ResistResolveRecover
Fly the aircraft, Navigate, Communicate, Manage
Decision MakingDecision Making
Situation AwarenessSituation Awareness
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Situation Awareness
Situation Awareness is having an accurate understanding of your surroundings, where you are, what happened, what is happening, what is changing, why, and what could happen.
Good situation awareness requires:1. Gathering data (sensing, perception), seeking cues in the environment2. Assembling information to give understanding (comprehension)3. and then thinking ahead (projection)
Thinking about situation awareness involves:– directing your attention to seek data; scanning a range of sources – evaluating information without bias, for accuracy and relevance– understanding, using your knowledge and previous experiences– comparing and checking, visualising future events - ‘what if’– planning ahead, considering possible outcomes
PeoplePeople
PathPath
PlanePlane
FutureNowSituation
SCAN
EVALUATE
ANTICIPATE
CONSIDER
PlanningPlanningAheadAhead
Gathering Gathering datadata
UnderstandingUnderstanding
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Decision Making
Decision making is about assessment and choosing a course of actionDecision making requires an understanding of the situation and controlled thinking
The situation determines the urgency of the decision, the risks, and actions
Controlled thinking:– Reduces risk– Moderates behaviour– Manages time constraints– Uses knowledge; seeks options– Judges relevance and the quality of the choice– Prepares for action, evaluates the outcome of planned action
O O D AO O D A Observe Orient Deduce Act
D E C I D ED E C I D E Detect a change Estimate significance Choose a safe outcome Identify possible actions Do take action Evaluate the result
5 D5 D Detect Determine Decide Do Discipline
GRADEGRADE Gather Information Review Information Analyse Alternatives Decide Evaluate Outcome of Action
T H I N KT H I N K
Expertise involves knowing how to decide, grade, and think – how to use all of the elementsExpertise involves knowing how to decide, grade, and think – how to use all of the elements
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Thinking inside the ‘box’ before you think
outside of the box
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking provides the mental control and discipline required for situation assessment and decision making. It involves several skills; these can be learnt, practiced, and improved.
Control your mind by:– Seeking and understanding information, facts, and data– Effective planning, briefing, and communication– Increasing knowledge; gaining experience– Learning within a situation (context)
Maintain discipline by:– Being aware of how you think; hazardous attitudes– Evaluating your actions; having self regulation– Being aware of all available resources– Being sensitive to feedback
Critical Thinking is the skill of thinking about your thinking
““Are you in charge of your thinking, or is your thinking in charge of you?“Are you in charge of your thinking, or is your thinking in charge of you?“
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - Self awareness
Self awareness - self questioning, self monitoringAm I biased in my thinking
Have I made a plan for what I want to do
Are my ideas or knowledge on this issue correct
Am I aware of my thinking; what am I trying to do
Am I using all of the resources for what I want to do
Am I evaluating my thinking; what I would do differently next time
Am I aware of how well I am doing; do I need to change my actions or intentions
Monitoring Monitoring is checking or testing the accuracy of a situation on a regular
basis. It is keeping a close watch over parameters
and supervising the outcome of planned action.
It is checking for threats and errors in our thinking
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - Knowledge
Improving your thinking with Knowledge Knowledge of Yourself
– A Commitment to safety, not following feelings or preference– Positive Attitudes, persistence, resourcefulness, learning from failure– Attention to detail and seeing the big picture; determining relevance, assessing risk
Knowledge about the Thinking Processes– Knowing the facts necessary to do a task by seeking information– Knowing how to do a task, how to scan, understand, and think ahead– Knowing why certain strategies work, when to use them, why one is better than another
Knowledge to control your Thinking– Self evaluation, assessing current technical knowledge, setting objectives, selecting resources– Self regulation, checking progress; reviewing choices, procedures, and objectives– Planning, choosing and evaluating a path to the objective
Planning is the process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening or not
happening
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - Behaviour
Improving your thinking by changing behaviourChanging your thinking habit requires effort; clear thinking is an essential part of airmanship, which has to be developed throughout your career.
Basic training only provides those skills necessary to be safe.
Safe: Continuation training and experience enables an effective operation.
Effective: More technical knowledge, practiced skills, and more experience leads to an efficient operation.
Efficient: Skilful command in controlling the aircraft and team leadership adds experience and moves towards an expert operation.
Expert: An operator who has gained and who maintains a high standard of technical and non-technical skills as a result of great personal effort.
Expert thinkersExpert thinkersFocus on relevant issuesFocus on relevant issuesIdentify essential informationIdentify essential informationConsider information on meritConsider information on meritTest and check the basis of their awareness and decisionsTest and check the basis of their awareness and decisions
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - Personal Briefing
Improving your thinking - BriefingBefore flight, self briefing reinforces memory cues and knowledge, these aid the recall
of information for use in situation assessment and decision making.
Know on what, who, where, and when to prioritise your attentionAlways brief routine operations – repetition aids memoryStructure the briefing along the intended flight pathVisualise your actions (plane, path, people)Consider the significant threatsRecall lessons from trainingRefresh SOPsQuestions
Do not rush: Do not rush: Your thoughts control your actionsYour thoughts control your actions
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - Personal Debrief
Improving your thinking - Debrief After each flight consider the following points; Plus, Minus, Interesting (PMI)
Plus:-What was goodWhat went according to plan
Minus:-What was not so good, and why
What didn’t you know, find the answer before the next flight Interesting:-
Have you changed the way in which you see things; threats, risks, people or proceduresWhat did you learn, why, and where did the information come from
Will you share this with others, if not why notAnything for a safety event report (ASR)Any issues for confidential reporting
Did you experience:- High workloadPoor attitudesBiased opinionsMismanaged timeUnanswered questions
PlusPlusMinusMinus
InterestingInteresting
DebriefingDebriefing
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
All flight and ground operations
Thinking about Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Situation Awareness and Decision Making depend on our ability to think.
Thinking enables humans to be very successful, but this ability also enables errors, which if not controlled increase the risks in our daily activities.
Action
Monitor
Feedback
Review
ResponseDecision MakingDecision Making
SituationSituation
AwarenessAwareness
Working memoryLong term memory - knowledge, bias, beliefs
Pattern recognitionComparison
ChoiceSelection
Senses:
See
Hear
Touch
Smell
Taste
Value your ability, use it wiselyValue your ability, use it wiselyThreats Errors Undesired States
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - for Situation Awareness
Critical thinking for Situation Awareness – seeking informationEssential components:
– Accuracy; is the information true– Clarity; is the information understood– Precision; seek detail to understand the situation– Relevance; is the information connected to the situation– Depth; does the information address the complexity of the situation– Breadth; are there other points of view or other ways to consider this situation – Logic; does your understanding of the situation make sense
Whenever you don’t understand something, ask yourself a question for clarification
?
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking - for Decision Making
Critical thinking for Decision Making – the choice of actionEssential components:
– What are the immediate risks– What is the time available for the decision– State the objective of the decision to be made– Identify information to be used in making the decision– Gather the evidence and information required to make a decision– Make a decision based on criteria (a safe outcome), information, and risks– Ask, what does the evidence and information mean considering the objective?
Routine
Trained For
Unusual Novel
Situation
KnowledgKnowledgee
SkillSkill
RulesRules
Needs
Uses
Requires
Almost automatic action; actions have been thought-through during training
Think about which action applies to the situation, compare with training
Think about the situation, compare with standard actions, training, and previous experience
Critical Thinking - Situation Awareness and Decision Making
Copyright D Gurney 2006
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is at the centre of all safety processes and human activity.
Threat and ErrorThreat and Error ManagementManagement
Decision Decision Making Making
SituationSituationAwarenessAwareness
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
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