Presented by:Pritom Gogoi

Thinking skills in the age of globalization

Globalization is changing the way we work and live.

Globalization brings about an ever quickening pace of life.

Critical thinking skill and creativity.

Become a critical thinker and solve problems.

Ways to improve critical thinking

Learning the theory

Deliberate practice

Developing right attitude

Developing theoretical knowledge and actual ability

Key questions to think about ?

What does it mean ?

How many supporting reasons and objectives?

Why is it important or

relevant?

Which are the other possibilities to consider ?

5 Tips to make an effective presentation

Know your

audience

What is your

central message & why is it

important?

Organize the ideas

Be simple and

direct

Rewrite, rewrite

and rewrite

Definitions

Definiendum

Definiens

Different types of definition

1• Reportive definition

2• Stipulative definition

3• Precising definition

Ways to provide a meaningful definition

Avoid verbal and factual

dispute

Avoid circular

definition

Avoid obscurity

Avoid persuasive definitions

•Definition of truth by , Aristotles

To say of what is that it is not ,or of what is not that it is , is false , while

To say of what is that it is , and of what is not that it is not , is true.

Truth

•Analytical truth :- statement that is true in virtue of meaning of words contained in the statement

•Empirical truth :- depends on contingent facts about the world fact that could have been different if the history and physical laws of universe had been any difference

•Value truth :- is one about what is to be good or bad , what is morally right or wrong , or what we should or should not do

Types of truth

•The core of logic is about consistency and deduction. It also plays a special role in computer technology , as computers are good at processing information because there processors can perform a huge no. of logical information

Basic logic

An argument is a list of statements, one of which is the conclusion and the others are the assumptions of the argument. For example, it is raining so you should bring an umbrella

Argument

Consistency:- a statement is consistent when and only when it is logically possible for all of them to be true in same situation otherwise its inconsistent

Entailment:- if p1…..pn are all true then Q must also be true

logical equivalence :- if P entails Q and Q entails P then P and Q are logically equivalent.

Concepts of logics

•An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false

• If an argument is valid and all the premises are true then it is called sound argument. An argument that is not sound is unsound.

Validity and soundness

Argument mapping is a way to visually show the logical structure of arguments.

The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify

unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion,

and aid understanding of debates.

Co premises are premises that work together to form a single argument for a

conclusion, where as independent premises offer distinct reasons for accepting the

conclusion.

Objections represent opposing arguments from different slides.

Argument Mapping

What is good argument ?

The premises are true or highly plausible.

The argument is deductively valid or inductively strong.

The premises are not question-begging.

All the premises are relevant to the conclusion.

Four ways to attack an argument

1. Attack the premises.

2. Attack the reasoning.

3. Attack the arguments indirectly by attacking the

conclusion.

4. Give an analogous arguments that is obviously bad.

Argument Analysis

Noteworthy features-based on evidence; hypothesis testing is fallible.

Steps in Hypothesis testing:

a. Define the hypothesis to be tested.

b. Collect the evidence for an against the hypothesis.

c. List all the alternative hypothesis.

d. Rank them and pick the best one to accept.

Mechanism is related to truthfulness.

Two kinds of Coherence:

a. Logically consistent-a theory should be internally coherent.

b. Good theories should be consistent with other well-confirmed theories and facts.

Hypothesis-Core of scientific methodology

The method of agreement

The method of concomitant variations

The method of residues

The joint method

Mill’s Methods

Limitations:

1. The two cause might not be any of the

candidate causes.

2. The effect might have more than one cause.

3. Causation can be in deterministic.

Mill’s Methods

Good evidence for causation

Accidental Correlation

The Causal direction is reversed

Hidden common causes

A caution due to side effect

Look for reliable model of causal

mechanism

Look for covariation and

manipulability

Causation is complicated

Causes delevance

casually necessary & sufficient

Conditions

Triggers

Proximity

Randomness & casual determinace

Why correlation is not causation ?

Diagrams Of Casual

Processes

Climate Change

Soil Erosion

Less FarmlandMore Floods

Deforestation

Industrialization

Extreme Weather

Casual Networks

Fish Bone Diagram

Problem

or

Effect

Casual Factor #1 Casual Factor #3

Casual Factor #4Casual Factor #2

Blurry

Photo

HARDWARE

METHOD

ENVIRONMENT

USER

Dirty lens

Wrong lens

Wrong exposure

Out of focus

Wrong mode

Shaky hands

Not following

instructions

Subject moving too fast

Too dark

Reasons for blurry photo with a camera

Flow ChartA flow chart is a diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people or things

involved in a complex system or activity.

The example below describes how a busy person ruthlessly deals with the flood of emails

in his inbox:Start

Important

Urgent

Reply Immediately

End

End

End

Reply later

Delete

Fallacies A fallacy is an argument that uses poor reasoning.

An argument can be fallacious whether or not its conclusion is true.

A fallacy can be either formal or informal.

Formal Fallacy: An error that stems from a poor logical form is sometimes called

a formal fallacy or simply an invalid argument.

Informal fallacy: It is an error in reasoning that does not originate in improper

logical form.

Cognitive biases is a common tendency to acquire and process information by

filtering it through one's own likes, dislikes, and experiences.

TYPES:

1. Memory Biases

2. Context Biases

3. Ego Biases

Cognitive Biases

Analogical Reasoning

Is a method of processing information that compares similarities and understood concepts.

It is form of inductive reasoning

Evaluating analogical arguments Truth

Relevance

Number & Diversity

Disanalogy

1

• Think generally about how the decision should be made.

• Do some research

2

• Come up with a list of options.

• Evaluate their props and cons & pick the best option.

3

• Prepare for contingencies.

• Monitor progress and learn from results.

Typical Problems In Decision Making

Plunging in

No system

Decision paralysis and procrastition

Failure to execute

Framing bias

Over confidence

No learning

Sour grapes mentality

Obession with some cost

Creativity Cycle

Preparation

Incubation

Verification

Exploration

Brain Storming and Group Creativity

Brain storming is a method for generating ideas in a group. It was 1st popularized by

Alex Osborn, an advertising executive around 1950’s.

Factors that diminish the

effectiveness of brain storming:

Problem of production

blocking

Group thinking

Measures that might be useful for more effective

brain storming:

An impartial group leader to structure the

discussion without introducing biases

A devil’s advocate to challenge assumptions

Consultations with outside experts