criminal law book 2 title 1 reviewer

8/20/2019 Criminal Law Book 2 Title 1 REVIEWER

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Elements and Notes in Criminal Law Book II by RENE CALLANTA

TITLE ONECRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY

Crimes against national security

1. Treason (Art. 114);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);

3. Misprision of treason (Art. 116); and

4. Espionae (Art. 11!).

Crimes against the law o nations

1. "ncitin to #ar or i$in moti$es for reprisals (Art. 11%);

2. &iolation of ne'trality (Art. 11);

3. Correspondin #it ostile co'ntry (Art. 12*);

4. +lit to enemy,s co'ntry (Art. 121); and

5. -iracy in eneral and m'tiny on te i seas (Art. 122).

Te crimes 'nder tis title can e prosec'ted e$en if te criminal act or acts #ere committed o'tside te -ilippineterritorial /'risdiction. 0o#e$er prosec'tion can proceed only if te offender is #itin -ilippine territory or ro'tto te -ilippines p'rs'ant to an etradition treaty. Tis is one of te instances #ere te e$ised -enal Code may ei$en etraterritorial application 'nder Article 2 (5) tereof. "n te case of crimes against the law of nations teoffender can e prosec'ted #ene$er e may e fo'nd eca'se te crimes are rearded as committed aainst'manity in eneral.

Article !!"TREASON

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender owes allegiance to the Government of the Philippines

b. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved

c. That the offender either –

1) Levies war against the government, 1. reec of alleiance2. act'al assemlin of men3. for te p'rpose of eec'tin a treasonale desin

2) Adheres to the enemies, giving them aid and comfort1. reec of alleiance2. aderence3. i$in aid or comfort to te enemy

Re$uirements o le%ying war1) Act'al assemlin of men;

2) To eec'te a treasonale desin y force;

3) "ntent is to deli$er te co'ntry in #ole or in part to te enemy; and

4) Collaoration #it forein enemy or some forein so$ereinSuccess is not important. at matters is te act'al assemly of men and te eec'tion of treasonale desin yforce.

• a!s of proving treason"

a. 2 witnesses testif!ing to same overt act

Te testimonies m'st refer to te same act place and moment of time. Treason cannot e pro$ed y circ'mstantiale$idence or y etra/'dicial confession.

Example 7 sa# arms landed in 8a 9nion and loaded into a motor $eicle. At tis stae not s'fficient to

con$ict yet. : later sa# te arms 'nloaded in a #areo'se. ill 7 : e s'fficient #itnesses to con$ict. ?eca'se te la# re@'ires tat 2 #itnesses see te AME >&ET ACT.

&' #onfession of the acc$sed in open co$rt' Arrainment pretrial trial B >.

1. "f e as pleaded =>T 'ilty already d'rin arrainment e can still confess in open co'rt y statin tepartic'lar acts constit'tin treason.

2. D'rin trial simply sayin "Fm 'iltyG is not eno'.

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3. itdra#in plea of not 'iltyG d'rin arrainment not necessary

4. "f d'rin arrainment e pleads 'ilty co'rt #ill asH if te acc'sed 'nderstands is plea. 'mission ofaffida$it d'rin trial e$en if assisted y co'nsel is not eno'.

• Treason" reac of alleiance to te o$ernment committed y a person #o o#es alleiance to it. Alleianceoliation of fidelity and oedience. "t is permanent or temporary dependin on #eter te person is a citiIen oran alien.

• E$ident premeditation s'perior strent and treacery are circ'mstances inherent in treason and are tereforenot ara$atin.

• Treason cannot e committed in times of peace only in times of war B act'al ostilities. ?'t no need fordeclaration of #ar

• %ot Treasono$s"a. Acceptance of p'lic office and discare of official d'ties 'nder te enemy does not constit'te per se

te felony of treason (exception: #en it is policy determinin)

. er$in in a p'ppet o$ernment (ministerial f'nctions) and in order to ser$e te pop'lace is =>Ttreasono's. But it is treason if a) tere is discretion in$ol$ed; ) inflicts arm on +ilipinos; c) it isdisad$antaeo's to tem.

c. -'rpose of offender to deli$er te -ilippines to enemy co'ntry; if merely to cane officials B nottreason

• &n #iti'enshipa. +ilipino citiIens can commit treason o'tside te -ilippines. ?'t tat of an alien m'st e committed in

te -ilippines.

. >nly +ilipino citiIens or permanent resident aliens can e eld liale

c. Alien" #it permanent resident stat's from te ?"D B it is neiter te lent of stay in te -ilippinesnor te marriae #it a +ilipino tat matters.

• Act'al ostilities may determine te date of te commencement of #ar

• =o s'c tin as attempted treason; mere attempt cons'mmates te crime

• Giving aid or comfort B material element enances forces of te enemy co'ntry.

Acts #ic strenten or tend to strenten te enemy in te cond'ct of #ar aainst te traitorFs co'ntry or tat#ic #eaHen and tend to #eaHen te po#er of te same.

Example +inancin arms proc'rement of enemy co'ntry. ?'t i$in of selter is not necessarily i$in aid andcomfort.G

• Adherence and giving aid or comfort must concur together .

• Adherence" #en a citiIen intellect'ally or emotionally fa$ors te enemy and arors con$ictions disloyal to isco'ntryFs policy. ?'t memersip in te police force d'rin te occ'pation is =>T treason.Example Ji$in information to or commandeerin foodst'ffs for te enemy.

• Adherence ma! be proved b! (1) one #itness; (2) from te nat're of te act itself; (3) from te circ'mstancess'rro'ndin te act.

en tis aderence or sympaties are con$erted into aid and comfort only ten tey taHe material forM. Tismaterial form is no# #at is made p'nisale. "t is 's'ally manifested y te offender in i$in informationcommandeerin foodst'ffs ser$in as spy and s'pplyin te enemy #it #ar materials.

• Treason is a CONTN!N" C#$E% E$en after te #ar offender can e prosec'ted.

Treason is a contin'in offense. "t can e committed y a sinle act or y a series of acts. "t can e committed in onesinle time or at different times and only one criminal intent. "n constr'in te pro$isions relatin to te commission ofse$eral acts te same m'st e done in p'rs'ance or f'rterance of te act of treason.

=o matter o# many acts of treason are committed y te offender e #ill e liale for only one crime of treason.

• "f yo' con$ict a person for treason y reason of irresistile force or 'ncontrollale fear yo' may 'se Art.12. Notreason through negligence

"n te imposition of te penalty for te crime of treason te co'rt may disreard te presence of mitiatin andara$atin circ'mstances. "t may consider only te n'mer nat're and ra$ity of te acts estalised d'rin te trial.Te imposition of te penalty rests larely on te eercise of /'dicial discretion.

(eenses that may &e a%aile) o &y the accuse)'

1. D'ress or 'ncontrollale fear of immediate deat; and

2. 8a#f'l oedience to a de facto o$ernment.

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• en Hillins and oter common crimes are cared as o$ert act of treason tey cannot e rearded as (1)separate crimes or (2) as complex with treason%

"n te act of le$yin #ar or i$in aid or comfort to te enemy m'rder roery arson or falsification may ecommitted y te offender. ?9T te offender does not commit te crime of treason compleed #it common crimeseca'se s'c crimes are inerent to treason ein an indispensale element of te same.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Re&ellion'

The manner in which &oth crimes are committed in the same . "n treason o#e$er te p'rpose of te offender is todeli$er te o$ernment to te enemy co'ntry or to a forein po#er. "n rebellion te p'rpose of te reels is tos'stit'te te o$ernment #it teir o#n form of o$ernment. =o forein po#er is in$ol$ed.

Treason )istinguishe) rom Se)ition'

"n treason te offender rep'diates is alleiance to te o$ernment y means of force or intimidation. 0e does notreconiIe te s'preme a'tority of te tate. 0e $iolates is alleiance y fitin te forces of te d'ly constit'teda'torities.

"n sedition te offender disarees #it certain policies of te tate and seeHs to dist'r p'lic peace y raisin acommotion or p'lic 'prisin.

Article !!*CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT TREASON

• ELEMENTS#a. (n time of war

b. 2 or more persons come to an agreement to

1. lev! war against the government, or

2. adhere to the enemies and to give them aid or comfort,

c. The! decide to commit it

•

L*%T+ & P-&P&+AL T& #&**(T T-A+&%a. (n time of war

b. A person who has decided to lev! war against the government, or to adhere to the enemies and togive them aid or comfort, proposes its eec$tion to some other person/s.

• Mere areement and decisions to commit treason is p'nisale

• Mere proposal e$en #ito't acceptance is p'nisale too. "f te oter accepts it is already conspiracy.

ile Treason as a crime so'ld e estalised y te t#o#itness r'le te same is not oser$ed #en te crimecommitted conspiracy to commit treason or #en it is only a proposal to commit treason.

Article !!,MIS+RISION O- TREASON

• ELEMENTS#a. That the offender m$st be owing allegiance to the government, and not a foreigner

b. That he has 0nowledge of an! conspirac! to commit treason) against the government

c. That he conceals or does not disclose and ma0e 0nown the same as soon as possible to thegovernor or fiscal of the province or the ma!or or fiscal of the cit! in which he resides

'hile in treason( even aliens can commit said crime &ecause of the amendment to the article( no such amendmentwas made in misprision of treason% $isprision of treason is a crime that may &e committed only &y citi)ens of the*hilippines%

• >ffender is p'nised as an accessory to te crime of treason

TaHe note tat te offender is a principal to te crime of misprision of treason yet e is penaliIed only as anaccessory. "n te imposition of te penalty te co'rt is not o'nd y te pro$isions of Article 63 and 64 referrin toindi$isile penalties. "n te presence of mitiatin and ara$atin circ'mstances te offender is p'nised t#oderees lo#er tan te penalty for te crime of treason.

The criminal lia&ility arises if the treasonous activity was still at the conspiratorial stage

• Tis crime does not apply if te crime of treason is already committed

• Crime of omission

This is a felony &y omission although committed with dolo( not with culpa%

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• To report within a reasona&le timeG B depends on time place and circ'mstance B te -C did not fi time.

• -C states 4 indi$id'als #at if yo' report to some oter iranHin o$ernment official< E. -=- Director<K'de -imentel says any o$Ft official of te D"8J is >.

'hether the conspirators are parents or children( and the ones who learn the conspiracy is a parent or child( they arere+uired to report the same% Te reason is tat alto' lood is ticHer tan #ater so to speaH #en it comes tosec'rity of te state lood relationsip is al#ays s'ser$ient to national sec'rity% Article ,- does not apply here&ecause the persons found lia&le for this crime are not considered accessories. they are treated as principals%

Article !!.Es/ionage &y entering0 without authority thereor0 warshi/0 ort0 or na%al or military esta&lishments orreser%ation to o&tain any inormation0 /lans0 /hotogra/hs or other )ata o a coni)ential nature relati%e to the)eense o the +hili//ines'

• ELEMENTS#

a. 1. That the offender enters an! of the places mentioned therein2

3 2. That he has no a$thorit! therefore

b. That his p$rpose is to obtain information, plans, photographs or other data of a confidential nat$re

relative to the defense of the Philippines

9nder te first mode of committin espionae te offender m'st a$e te intention to otain information relati$e tote defense of te -0"8. "t is s'fficient tat e entered te proiited premises. 0ere te offender is any pri$ateindi$id'al #eter an alien or a citiIen of te -ilippines or a p'lic officer.

Es/ionage &y )isclosing to the re/resentati%e o a oreign nation the contents o the articles0 )ata0 or inormationreerre) to in /aragra/h ! o Article !!.0 which he ha) in his /ossession &y reason o the /u&lic oice hol)s

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender is a p$blic officer

b. That he has in his possession the articles, data or information referred to in par 1 of art 113, b! reason of the p$blic office he holds

c. That he discloses their contents to a representative of a foreign nation

• P$rpose" to ater data

9nder te second mode te offender m'st e a p'lic officer #o as in possession te articles data or informationy reason of te office e olds. TaHin ad$antae of is official position e re$eals or discloses te information #icare confidential and are rele$ant to te defense of te -ilippines.

• spionage" te offense of aterin transmittin or losin information respectin te national defense #it teintent or reason to elie$e tat te information is to e 'sed to te in/'ry of te -ilippines or te ad$antae ofany forein nation. "t is not conditioned on citiIensip.

• =ot necessary tat -ilippines is at #ar #it te co'ntry to #ic te information #as re$ealed. at isimportant is tat te information related is connected #it te defense system of te -ilippines.

•

'iretapping is NOT espionage if te p'rpose is not sometin connected #it te defense

Commonwealth Act No' ,!, 1 An Act to +unish Es/ionage an) Other Oenses against National Security

Acts p$nished

1. 9nla#f'lly otainin or permittin to e otained information affectin national defense;

2. 9nla#f'l disclosin of information affectin national defense;

3. Disloyal acts or #ords in t imes of peace;

4. Disloyal acts or #ords in t imes of #ar;

5. Conspiracy to $iolate precedin sections;

6. 0arorin or concealin $iolators of la#. and

!. -otorapin $ital military information

CRIMES AGAINST LA2S O- NATIONS

n crimes against the law of nations te offenders can e prosec'ted any#ere in te #orld eca'se tese crimes areconsidered as aainst 'manity in eneral liHe piracy and m'tiny% Crimes against national security can &e tried onlyin the *hilippines( as tere is a need to rin te offender ere efore e can e made to s'ffer te conse@'ences ofte la#% The acts against national security may &e committed a&road and still &e punisha&le under our law( &ut it cannot &e tried under foreign law%

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Article !!3INCITING TO 2AR OR GI4ING MOTI4ES -OR RE+RISALS

• ELEMENTS#

a. That the offender performs $nlawf$l or $na$thori'ed acts

b. That s$ch acts provo0e or give occasion for a war involving or liable to involve the Philippines or epose ilipino citi'ens to reprisals on their persons or propert!

• Crime is committed in time of peace intent is immaterial

• nciting to war B offender is any person

• #eprisals is not limited to military action it co'ld e economic reprisals or denial of entry into teir co'ntry.

Example. 7 'rns Cinese fla. "f Cina ans te entry of +ilipinos into Cina tat is already reprisal.

Article !!54IOLATION O- NEUTRALITY

ELEMENTS#a. That there is war in which the Philippines is not involved

b. That there is a reg$lation iss$ed b! competent a$thorit! for the p$rpose of enforcing ne$tralit!

c. That the offender violates s$ch reg$lation

• Jo$Ft m'st a$e declared te ne'trality of te -il in a #ar et#een 2 oter co'ntries

Te re'lation m'st e iss'ed y a competent a'tority l iHe te -resident of te -ilippines or te Cief of taff of teArmed +orces of te -ilippines d'rin a #ar et#een different co'ntries in #ic te -ilippines is not taHin sides.

• "t is ne'trality of te -il tat is $iolated

• Conress as te rit to declare ne'trality

Te $iolations can e done eiter y means of dolo or y means of culpa. o $iolation of ne'trality can e committedtro' recHless impr'dence.

Article !67CORRES+ON(ENCE 2IT8 8OSTILE COUNTRY

ELEMENTS#a. That it is in time of war in which the Philippines is involved

b. That the offender ma0es correspondence with an enem! co$ntr! or territor! occ$pied b! enem! troops

c. That the correspondence is either –

1. prohibited b! the government, or

2. carried on in ciphers or conventional signs, or

4. containing notice or information which might be $sef$l to the enem!

• #irc$mstances 5$alif!ing the offense"1 a. notice or information mit e 'sef'l to te enemy23 . offender intended to aid te enemy

• 0ostile co'ntry eist only d'rin ostilities or after te declaration of #ar

• #orrespondence to enem! co$ntr! B correspondence to officials of enemy co'ntry B e$en if related to yo'.

• "t is not correspondence #it pri$ate indi$id'al in enemy co'ntry

• "f cipers #ere 'sed no need for proiition

• "f cipers #ere not 'sed tere is a need for proiition

• "n any case it m'st e correspondence #it te enemy co'ntry

• DoesnFt matter if correspondence contains innocent matters B if proiited p'nisale

Article !6!-LIG8T TO ENEMY9S COUNTRY

• ELEMENTS

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a. That there is a war in which the Philippines is involved

b. That the offender ilipino or resident alien) m$st be owing allegiance to the government

c. That the offender attempts to flee or go to enem! co$ntr!

d. That going to enem! co$ntr! is prohibited b! competent a$thorit!

• Mere attempt cons'mmates te crime

• Tere m'st e a proiition. "f none e$en if #ent to enemy co'ntry B no $iolation

• Alien resident may e 'ilty ere.

Article !66+IRACY

• 2 a!s of #ommitting Pirac! a. ?y attacHin or seiIin a $essel on te i seas or in te -ilippine #aters (-D 532)

. ?y seiIin te #ole or part of te caro of said $eicles its e@'ipment or personal elonins of itscomplement or passeners

• Elements#

a. That a vessel is on the high seas/Philippine waters

b. That the offenders are not members of its complement or passengers of the vessel

c. That the offenders –

1. attac0 or sei'e that vessel or hence( if committed &y crew or passengers( the crime is not piracy &utro&&ery in the high seas )

2. sei'e the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its e5$ipment or personal belongings of itscomplement or passengers

• 6igh seas" any #aters on te sea coast #ic are #ito't te o'ndaries of te lo# #ater marH alto' s'c#aters may e in te /'risdictional limits of a forein o$Ft

• Pirac! in high seas B /'risdiction is #it any co'rt #ere offenders are fo'nd or arrested

• Pirac! in internal waters B /'risdiction is only #it -ilippine co'rts

• +or p'rpose of Anti+encin 8a# piracy is part of roery and teft

+iracy Mutinyoery or forcile deradation on te i seas#ito't la#f'l a'tority and done #it animo l'crandiand in te spirit and intention of 'ni$ersal ostility.

9nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer or te raisin ofcommotion and dist'rances on oard a sip aainst tea'tority of its commander

"ntent to ain is an element. =o criminal intentAttacH from o'tside. >ffenders are straners to te$essel.

AttacH from te inside.

• 'nder te amended article( piracy can only &e committed &y a person who is not a passenger nor mem&er of thecomplement of the vessel irrespective of venue. +o if a passenger or complement of the vessel commits actsof robber! in the high seas the crime is ro&&ery( not piracy%

• "f in te -il. #aters still piracy

0o#e$er despite te amendment -.D. =o. 532 may still apply #ere te offender is not straner to te $essel since itpro$ides /Any attac0 upon or sei)e of any vessel( or the ta0ing away of the whole of part thereof or its cargo(e+uipment or the personal &elongings of its complement or passengers( irrespective of the value hereof( &y means of violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things( committed &y any person( including a passenger or mem&er of the complement of said vessel( in Philippine waters ( shall &e considered as piracy% The offenders shall &econsidered as pirates and punished as hereinafter provided%1 After all 'nder te e$ised -enal Code for one to ecalled a pirate te offender m'st e a straner to te $essel.

• ile te Article 122 limits te offenders to nonpasseners or nonmemers of te cre# -.D. 532 states tat teattacH 'pon or seiI're of any $essel or taHin a#ay te #ole or part tereof or its caro e@'ipment or personalelonins of its complement or passeners committed y any person incl'din a passener or memer of te

complement of said $essel sall e considered -iracy.

=ote o#e$er tat in ection 4 of -residential Decree =o. 532( the act of aiding pirates or a&etting piracy is penali)ed as a crime distinct from piracy% Said section penali)es any person who 0nowingly and in any manner aids or protects pirates( such as giving them information a&out the movement of the police or other peace officers of the government( or ac+uires or receives property ta0en &y such pirates( or in any manner derives any &enefit therefrom.or who directly or indirectly a&ets the commission of piracy% Also( it is expressly provided in the same section thatthe offender shall &e considered as an accomplice of the principal offenders and punished in accordance with the#evised *enal Code% Tis pro$ision of -residential Decree =o. 532 #it respect to piracy in -ilippine #ater as noteen incorporated in te e$ised -enal Code. =eiter may it e considered repealed y ep'lic Act =o. !65 since

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tere is notin in te amendatory la# is inconsistent #it said section. Apparently( there is still the crime of a&etting piracy in *hilippine waters under *residential 2ecree No% 34,%

Considering that the essence of piracy is one of ro&&ery any taHin in a $essel #it force 'pon tins or #it $iolenceor intimidation aainst person is employed #ill al#ays e piracy% t cannot co5exist with the crime of ro&&ery .oery terefore cannot e committed on oard a $essel% But if the ta0ing is without violence or intimidation on persons or force upon things( the crime of piracy cannot &e committed( &ut only theft%

Elements o mutiny

1) The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine waters

2) &ffenders are either members of its complement, or passengers of the vessel

4) &ffenders either –

a. attac0 or sei'e the vessel or

b. sei'e the whole or part of the cargo, its e5$ipment, or personal belongings of the crew or passengers.

*$tin! is te 'nla#f'l resistance to a s'perior officer or te raisin of commotions and dist'rances aoard a sipaainst te a'tority of its commander.

Article !6:;UALI-IE( +IRACY • ;UALI-YING CIRCUMSTANCES#

a. henever the! have sei'ed a vessel b! boarding or firing $pon the same

b. henever the pirates have abandoned their victims witho$t means of saving themselves

c. henever the crime is accompanied b! m$rder, homicide, ph!sical in7$ries, or rape. the above ma! res$lt to 5$alified m$tin!)

$urder( rape( homicide( physical in6uries are mere circumstances +ualifying piracy and cannot &e punished as

separate crimes( nor can they &e complexed with piracy%

• -arricideLinfanticide so'ld e incl'ded (K'de -imentel)

• M'rderLrapeLomicideLpysical in/'ries m'st a$e een committed on te passeners or complement

"n piracy #ere rape m'rder or omicide is committed te mandatory penalty of deat is imposale. Tis means tate$en if te acc'sed enters a plea of 'ilty te penalty of deat #ill still e imposed eca'se deat is a sinle andindispensale penalty.


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849 carrying or loading on &oard an aircraft operating as a pu&lic utility passenger aircraft in the *hilippines(any flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance. and

89 loading( shipping( or transporting on &oard a cargo aircraft operating as a pu&lic utility in the *hilippines(any flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance if this was done not in accordance with therules and regulations set and promulgated &y the Air Transportation Office on this matter%

?et#een n'mers 1 and 2 te point of distinction is #eter te aircraft is of -ilippine reistry or forein reistry.Te common ar @'estion on tis la# 's'ally in$ol$es n'mer 1. The important thing is that &efore the anti hi5 6ac0ing law can apply( the aircraft must &e in flight% f not in flight( whatever crimes committed shall &e governed &y the #evised *enal Code. Te la# maHes a distinction et#een aircraft of a forein reistry and of -ilippine reistry'(f the aircraft s$b7ect of the hi;7ac0 is of Philippine registr! ( it should &e in flight at the time of the hi56ac0ing%Otherwise( the anti hi56ac0ing law will not apply and the crime is still punished under the #evised *enal Code% Tecorrelati$e crime may e one of ra$e coercion or ra$e treat. "f someody is Hilled te crime is omicide or m'rderas te case may e. "f tere are some eplosi$es carried tere te crime is destr'cti$e arson. Eplosi$es are y nat'repyrotecni@'es. Destr'ction of property #it te 'se of pyrotecni@'e is destr'cti$e arson. "f tere is illeallypossessed or carried firearm oter special la#s #ill apply.

>n te oter and, if the aircraft is of foreign registr! ( the law does not re+uire that it &e in flight &efore the antihi56ac0ing law can apply% This is &ecause aircrafts of foreign registry are considered in transit while they are in foreign countries. Alto' tey may a$e een in a forein co'ntry tecnically tey are still in flit eca'se teya$e to mo$e o't of tat forein co'ntry. o e$en if any of te acts mentioned #ere committed #ile te eteriordoors of te forein aircraft #ere still open te anti i/acHin la# #ill already o$ern.

=ote tat 'nder tis la#( an aircraft is considered in flight from the moment all exterior doors are closed followingem&ar0ation until such time when the same doors are again opened for disem&ar0ation% This means that there are passengers that &oarded% o if te doors are closed to rin te aircraft to te anar te aircraft is not considered asin flit. Te aircraft sall e deemed to e already in flit e$en if its enine as not yet een started.

;uestions Answers

1. Te pilots of te -an Am aircraft #ere accosted y some armed men and #ere told to proceed tote aircraft to fly it to a forein destination. Te armed men #alHed #it te pilots and #ent on oard te aircraft.?'t efore tey co'ld do anytin on te aircraft alert marsals arrested tem. at crime #as committed<

The criminal intent definitely is to ta0e control of the aircraft( which is hi56ac0ing% t is a +uestion now of whether the anti5hi56ac0ing law shall govern%

The anti hi56ac0ing law is applica&le in this case% Even if the aircraft is not yet a&out to fly( there+uirement that it &e in flight does not hold true when in comes to aircraft of foreign registry% Even if the pro&lemdoes not say that all exterior doors are closed( the crime is hi56ac0ing% Since the aircraft is of foreign registry( under the law( simply usurping or sei)ing control is enough as long as the aircraft is within *hilippine territory( without there+uirement that it &e in flight%

Note( however( that there is no hi56ac0ing in the attempted stage% This is a special law where theattempted stage is not punisha&le%

2. A -ilippine Air 8ines aircraft is o'nd for Da$ao. ile te pilot and copilot are taHin teirsnacHs at te airport lo'ne some of te armed men #ere also tere. Te pilots #ere follo#ed y tese men on teir#ay to te aircraft. As soon as te pilots entered te cocHpit tey p'lled o't teir firearms and a$e instr'ctions#ere to fly te aircraft. Does te anti i/acHin la# apply<

No% The passengers have yet to &oard the aircraft% f at that time( the offenders are apprehended( the law will not apply &ecause the aircraft is not yet in flight% Note that the aircraft is of *hilippine registry%

3. ile te ste#ardess of a -ilippine Air 8ines plane o'nd for Ce' #as #aitin for te passenermanifest t#o of its passeners seated near te pilot s'rreptitio'sly entered te pilot cocHpit. At 'npoint teydirected te pilot to fly te aircraft to te Middle East. 0o#e$er efore te pilot co'ld fly te aircraft to#ards teMiddle East te offenders #ere s'd'ed and te aircraft landed. at crime #as committed<

The aircraft was not yet in flight% Considering that the stewardess was still waiting for the passenger manifest( the doors were still open% ;ence( the anti hi56ac0ing law is not applica&le% nstead( the #evised *enal Codeshall govern% The crime committed was grave coercion or grave threat( depending upon whether or not any seriousoffense violence was inflicted upon the pilot%

;owever( if the aircraft were of foreign registry( the act would already &e su&6ect to the anti hi56ac0ing law &ecause there is no re+uirement for foreign aircraft to &e in flight &efore such law would apply% The reason for thedistinction is that as long as such aircraft has not returned to its home &ase( technically( it is still considered intransit or in flight%

As to n'mers 3 and 4 of ep'lic Act =o. 6235 te distinction is #eter te aircraft is a passener aircraft or a caroaircraft. n &oth cases( however( the law applies onl! to p$blic $tilit! aircraft in the Philippines% *rivate aircraftsare not su&6ect to the anti hi56ac0ing law( in so far as transporting prohi&ited su&stances are concerned%

f the aircraft is a passenger aircraft( the prohi&ition is a&solute. Carryin of any proiited flammale corrosi$e oreplosi$e s'stance is a crime 'nder ep'lic Act =o. 6235% But if the aircraft is only a cargo aircraft( te la# is$iolated only #en te transportin of te proiited s'stance #as not done in accordance #it te r'les andre'lations prescried y te Air Transportation >ffice in te matter of sipment of s'c tins. Te ?oard ofTransportation pro$ides te manner of pacHin of s'c Hind of articles te @'antity in #ic tey may e loaded atany time etc. >ter#ise te anti i/acHin la# does not apply.

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0o#e$er 'nder ection ! any physical in6ury or damage to property which would result from the carrying or loadingof the flamma&le( corrosive( explosive( or poisonous su&stance in an aircraft( the offender shall &e prosecuted notonly for violation of #epu&lic Act No% ter tan tis sit'ation te crimeof pysical in/'ries #ill e asored. "f te eplosi$es #ere planted in te aircraft to lo# 'p te aircraft tecirc'mstance #ill @'alify te penalty and tat is not p'nisale as a separate crime for m'rder. Te penalty is

increased 'nder te anti i/acHin la#.

All other acts outside of the four are merely +ualifying circumstances and would &ring a&out higher penalty% Suchacts would not constitute another crime. o te Hillin or eplosion #ill only @'alify te penalty to a ier one.

;uestions Answers

1. "n te co'rse of te i/acH a passener or complement #as sot and Hilled. at crime or crimes#ere committed<

The crime remains to &e a violation of the anti hi56ac0ing law( &ut the penalty thereof shall &e higher &ecause a passenger or complement of the aircraft had &een 0illed% The crime of homicide or murder is notcommitted%

2. Te i/acHers treatened to detonate a om in te co'rse of te i/acH. at crime or crimes

#ere committed<

Again( the crime is violation of the anti hi56ac0ing law% The separate crime of grave threat is notcommitted% This is considered as a +ualifying circumstance that shall serve to increase the penalty%

TITLE T2O

CRIMES AGAINST T8E -UN(AMENTAL LA2S O- T8E STATE

Crimes against the un)amental laws o the State

1. Aritrary detention (Art. 124);

2. Delay in te deli$ery of detained persons to te proper /'dicial a'torities (Art. 125);

3. Delayin release (Art. 126);

4. Ep'lsion (Art. 12!);

5. &iolation of domicile (Art. 12%);

6. earc #arrants malicio'sly otained and a'se in te ser$ice of tose leally otained (Art. 12);

!. earcin domicile #ito't #itnesses (Art. 13*);

%. -roiition interr'ption and dissol'tion of peacef'l meetins (Art. 131);

. "nterr'ption of reliio's #orsip (Art. 132); and

1*. >ffendin te reliio's feelins (Art. 133);

!nder this title( the offenders are pu&lic officers( except as to the last crime = offending the religious feelings

under Article 744( which refers to any person% The pu&lic officers who may &e held lia&le are only those acting under supposed exercise of official functions( al&eit illegally% But private persons may also &e lia&le under this title as whena private person conspires with a pu&lic officer% 'hat is re+uired is that the principal offender must &e a pu&licofficer% Thus( if a private person conspires with a pu&lic officer( or &ecomes an accessory or accomplice( the private person also &ecomes lia&le for the same crime% But a private person acting alone cannot commit the crimes under Article 7, to 74, of this title%

Classes o Ar&itrary (etention#a. ?y detainin a person #ito't leal ro'nd. Delay in te deli$ery of detained persons to te proper /'dicial a'toritiesc. Delayin release

Article !6"ARBITRARY (ETENTION

•

ELEMENTS#a% That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee 8whose official duties include the authority to ma0e an

arrest and detain persons. 6urisdiction to maintain peace and order9%

&% That he detains a person 8actual restraint9%

c% That the detention was witho$t legal gro$nds 8cannot &e committed if with warrant9%

• (etention# #en a person is placed in confinement or tere is a restraint on is person.

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>nly tose p'lic officers #ose official d'ties carry #it it te a'tority to maHe an arrest and detain persons can e'ilty of tis crime% So( if the offender does not possess such authority( the crime committed &y him is illegaldetention%

• To' te elements specify tat te offender e a p'lic officer or employee pri$ate indi$id'als #o conspire#it p'lic officers can also e liale.

"n a case decided y te 'preme Co'rt a Barangay Chairman #o 'nla#f'lly detains anoter #as eld to e 'ilty ofte crime of aritrary detention. Tis is eca'se e is a person in a'tority $ested #it te /'risdiction to maintainpeace and order #itin is aranay. "n te maintenance of s'c peace and order e may ca'se te arrest anddetention of tro'lemaHers or tose #o dist'r te peace and order #itin is aranay. ?'t if te leal asis for teappreension and detention does not eist ten te detention ecomes aritrary.

• Legal gro$nds for the detention of an! person"a. commission of a crime

. $iolent insanity or oter ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement of te patient in a ospital

c. escaped prisoner

en te peace officers acted in ood fait e$en if te tree (3) ro'nds mentioned ao$e are not otainintere is no Aritrary Detention.

• itho$t legal gro$nds"a. e as not committed any crime or no reasonale ro'nd of s'spicion tat e as committed a crime

. not s'fferin from $iolent insanity or any oter ailment re@'irin comp'lsory confinement in a ospital

• Gro$nds for warrantless arrest"a. Crime is ao't to e is ein as een committed in is presence

. >fficer m'st a$e proale ca'se to elie$e ased on personal Hno#lede of facts and circ'mstances tatte person proaly committed te crime

• >or escaped prisoner B no need for #arrant

• Example: : #as Hilled y 'nHno#n assailant. >fficers ot a tip and arrested 7. 7 $ol'ntarily admitted to teofficers tat e did it alto' e #as not asHed. 7 #as detained immediately. Accordin to te C tere #as =>aritrary detention. y< ?eca'se once 7 made a confession te officers ad a rit to arrest im.

Aritrary detention can e committed tr' simple impr'dence or nelience. People vs. *isa)

+erio)s o (etention /enalie)#

1. Detention not eceedin tree days;

2. Detention for more tan tree days 't not more tan 15 days;

3. Detention for more tan 15 days 't not more tan 6 monts; and

4. Detention for more tan 6 monts.

• Continuing crime is different from a continuous crime

• -amos v. nrile# eels later on retire. Accordin to te C once yo' a$e committed reellion and a$e not

een p'nised or amnestied ten te reels contin'e to enae in reellion 'nless te reels reno'nce isaffiliation. Arrest can e made #ito't a #arrant eca'se tis is a contin'in crime.

(istinction &etween ar&itrary )etention an) illegal )etention

!' In ar&itrary )etention >>

The principal offender must &e a pu&lic officer% Civilians cannot commit the crime of ar&itrary detentionexcept when they conspire with a pu&lic officer committing this crime( or &ecome an accomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y the pu&lic officer. and

The offender who is a pu&lic officer has a duty which carries with it the authority to detain a person%

6' In illegal )etention >>

The principal offender is a private person% But a pu&lic officer can commit the crime of illegal detentionwhen he is acting in a private capacity or &eyond the scope of his official duty( or when he &ecomes anaccomplice or accessory to the crime committed &y a private person%

The offender( even if he is a pu&lic officer( does not include as his function the power to arrest and detain a person( unless he conspires with a pu&lic officer committing ar&itrary detention%

'hether the crime is ar&itrary detention or illegal detention( it is necessary that there must &e an actual restraint of li&erty of the offended party% f there is no actual restraint( as the offended party may still go to the place where hewants to go( even though there have &een warnings( the crime of ar&itrary detention or illegal detention is notcommitted% There is either grave or light threat%

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;owever( if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of li&erty( then the crime of either ar&itrary or illegal detention is still committed%

(istinction &etween ar&itrary )etention an) unlawul arrest

879 As to offender

n ar&itrary detention( te offender is a p'lic officer possessed #it a'tority to maHe arrests.

n unlawful arrest te offender may e any person%

8,9 As to criminal intent

n ar&itrary detention te main reason for detainin te offended party is to deny im of is lierty.

n unlawful arrest te p'rpose is 1) to acc'se te offended party of a crime e did not commit; 2) to deli$erte person to te proper a'tority; and 3) to file te necessary cares in a #ay tryin to incriminate im.

'hen a person is unlawfully arrested( his su&se+uent detention is without legal grounds%

Article !6* (ELAY IN T8E (ELI4ERY O- (ETAINE( +ERSONS

• ELEMENTS#a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That he has detained a person for some legal gro$nds

c. That he fails to deliver s$ch person to the proper 7$dicial a$thorit! within"1. 12 ho$rs if detained for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y light penalties or teir e@'i$alent2. 1: ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y correctional penalties or teir e@'i$alent or3. 4< ho$rs for crimesLoffenses p'nisale y capital p$nishment or afflictive penalties or teir

e@'i$alentArticle 125 co$ers sit'ations #erein te person detained as een arrested #ito't a #arrant 't is arrest isnoneteless la#f'l. "t is a felony committed y omission eca'se of te fail're of te offender to deli$er te detainedperson to te proper /'dicial a'tority #itin 12 o'rs 1% o'rs and 36 o'rs as te case may e.

At te einnin te detention is leal since it is in te p'rs'ance of a la#f'l arrest. 0o#e$er te detention ecomesaritrary #en te period tereof eceeds 12 1% or 36 o'rs as te case may e dependin on #eter te crime isp'nised y lit correctional or afflicti$e penalty or teir e@'i$alent.

• eally means delay in filin necessary information or carin of person detained in co'rt.

• $ay &e waived if a preliminary investigation is as0ed for%

9nder te e$ised 'les of Co'rt #en te person arrested is arrested for a crime #ic i$es im te rit topreliminary in$estiation and e #ants to a$ail is rit to a preliminary in$estiation e #o'ld a$e to #ai$e in#ritin is rits 'nder Article 125 so tat te arrestin officer #ill not immediately file te case #it te co'rt tat#ill eercise /'risdiction o$er te case. "f e does not #ant to #ai$e tis in #ritin te arrestin officer #ill a$e tocomply #it Article 125 and file te case immediately in co'rt #ito't preliminary in$estiation. "n s'c case tearrested person #itin fi$e days after learnin tat te case as een filed in co'rt #ito't preliminaryin$estiation may asH for preliminary in$estiation. "n tis case te p'lic officer #o made te arrest #ill no lonere liale for $iolation of Article 125.

• Does not contemplate act'al pysical deli$ery 't at least tere m'st e a complaint filed. D'ty complied #it'pon te filin of te complaint #it te /'dicial a'tority (co'rts prosec'tors B to' tecnically not a /'diciala'tority for p'rposes of tis article eFs considered as one.)

Deli$ery of detained person consists in maHin care of filin a compliant aainst te prisoner #it te proper /'diciala'tority. "t does not in$ol$e te pysical deli$ery of te prisoner efore te /'de +a!o vs. #hief of Police).

• Te filin of te information in co'rt does not c're illeality of detention. =eiter does it affect te leality ofte confinement 'nder process iss'ed y te co'rt.

• To escape from tis officers 's'ally asH acc'sed to eec'te a #ai$er #ic so'ld e 'nder oat and #itassistance of co'nsel. 'c #ai$er is not $iolati$e of te acc'sed constit'tional rit.

• hat is length of waiver < ?ight offense B 5 days. Serious and less serious offenses B ! to 1* days. (K'de-imentel)

• Article does not apply #en arrest is $ia a #arrant of arrest

;' itin #at period so'ld a police officer #o as arrested a person 'nder a #arrant of arrest t'rn o$erte arrested person to te /'dicial a'tority<

A. There is no time limit specified except that the return must &e made within a reasona&le time% The period fixed &y law under Article 7,3 does not apply &ecause the arrest was made &y virtue of a warrant of arrest%

• "f offender is a private person crime is illeal detention

• ?efore Article 125 may e applied it is necessary tat initially te detention of te arrested person m'st ela#f'l eca'se te arrest is ased on leal ro'nds. "f te arrest is made #ito't a #arrant tis constit'tes an

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'nla#f'l arrest. Article 26('nla#f'l arrest) not Article 125 #ill apply. "f te arrest is not ased on lealro'nds te arrest is p're and simple aritrary detention. Article 125 contemplates a sit'ation #ere te arrest#as made #ito't #arrant 't ased on leal ro'nds. Tis is Hno#n as citiIenFs arrest.

• A police officer as no a'tority to arrest and detain a person on te asis merely of te complaint of teoffended party e$en if after in$estiation e ecomes con$inced tat te acc'sed is 'ilty of te offensecared. at te complainant may do is to file a complaint #it te co'rt and asH for te iss'ance of a #arrantof arrest.

Ar&itrary (etention

1. the service of the notice of s$ch order to the prisoner, or

2. the performance of s$ch 7$dicial or eec$tive order for the release of the prisoner, or 4. the proceedings $pon a petition for the release of s$ch person

• Three acts are /unisha&le#a. delayin te performance of a /'dicial or eec'ti$e order for te release of a prisoner

. delayin te ser$ice of notice of s'c order to said prisoner

c. delayin te proceedins 'pon any petition for te lieration of s'c person

• 'ardens and 6ailers are te persons most liHely to $iolate tis pro$ision

• -ro$ision does not incl'de leislation

Article !6.ED+ULSION

ELEMENTS#a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That he epels an! person from the Philippines, or compels a person to change his residence

c. That the offender is not a$thori'ed to do so b! law

• 6 acts /unisha&le#

a. y epellin a person from te -ilippines

. y compellin a person to cane is residence

Te essence of tis crime is coercion 't te specific crime is ep'lsionG #en committed y a p'lic officer. f committed &y a private person( the crime is grave coercion%

"n te -ilippines only te -resident of te ep'lic as te po#er to deport aliens #ose contin'ed stay in teco'ntry constit'tes a menace to te peace and safety of te comm'nity.

"n te case of +ilipino citiIens only te co'rt y final /'dment can order a person to cane is residence.

"n 4illa%icencio %' Lu@&an0 :5 +hil ..3 te mayor of te City of Manila #anted to maHe te city free fromprostit'tion. 0e ordered certain prostit'tes to e transferred to Da$ao #ito't oser$in d'e processes since teya$e not een cared #it any crime at all. "t #as eld tat te crime committed #as ep'lsion.

• Does not incl'de 'ndesirale aliens; destierro; or #en sent to prison

;uestions Answers

1. Certain aliens #ere arrested and tey #ere /'st p't on te first aircraft #ic ro't tem to teco'ntry so tat tey may e o't without due process of law . as tere a crime committed<

@es% Expulsion%

2. "f a +ilipino citiIen is sent o't of te co'ntry #at crime is committed<

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"rave coercion( not expulsion( &ecause a >ilipino cannot &e deported% This crime refers only to aliens%

• "f 7 (+ilipino) after e $ol'ntarily left is ref'sed reentry B is considered forcin im to cane is address ere

• Treat to national sec'rity is not a ro'nd to epel or cane is address.

Article !634IOLATION O- (OMICILE


b. That he is not a$thori'ed b! 7$dicial order to enter the dwelling and/or to ma0e a search therein for papers or other effects

c. That he commits an! of the following acts"

1. entering an! dwelling against the will of the owner thereof

2. searching papers or other effects fo$nd therein witho$t the previo$s consent of s$ch owner

4. ref$sing to leave the premises, after having s$rreptitio$sl! entered said dwelling and after havingbeen re5$ired to leave the same

• Aggravating #irc$mstance 8medium and maximum of penalty imposed9:a. >ffense committed at nittime

. -apers or effects not constit'tin e$idence of a crime e not ret'rned immediately

"n order to commit tis crime te entry m'st e aainst te #ill of te o#ner. "f te entry is only #ito't te consentof te o#ner te crime of $iolation of domicile is not committed.Te proiition may e epressed or implied. "f te sins 2o not enter G and Strangers 0eep outG are posted in frontof te o'se or d#ellin ten te proiition is epress. "f te door is locHed or e$en if it is open 't tese arearriers to indicate te manifest intention of te o#ner to ar straners from enterin tere is implied proiition.

Te primary o/ect of te la# is to preser$e te pri$acy of aode of te offended party. 0ence if te pri$acy isalready lost as #en te offender as een allo#ed y te o#ner to enter te d#ellin toeter #it oter persons

any s'se@'ent cane of attit'de #ill not restore te pri$acy #ic #as already lost. en pri$acy is #ai$ed trespassto d#ellin or $iolation of domicile cannot e committed.

• "f te offender #o enters te d#ellin aainst te #ill of te o#ner tereof is a private individual te crimecommitted is trespass to d#ellin (Art 2%*)

• en a p'lic officer searced a person o'tside is d#ellinG #ito't a searc #arrant and s'c person is notleally arrested for an offense te crime committed y te p'lic officer is grave coercion if $iolence orintimidation is 'sed (Art 2%6) or un6ust vexation if tere is no $iolence or intimidation (Art 2%!)

• A p'lic officer #ito't a searc #arrant cannot la#f'lly enter te d#ellin aainst te #ill of te o#ner e$en ife Hne# tat someone in tat d#ellin is a$in 'nla#f'l possession of opi'm

• 9nder 'le 113(sec. 11) of te e$ised 'les of Co'rt when a person to &e arrested enters a premise and closesit thereafter( the pu&lic officer( after giving notice of an arrest( can &rea0 into the premise% 0e sall not eliale for $iolation of domicile.

• : acts /unisha&le#a. person enters dwelling w/o consent or against the will

n the plain view doctrine p'lic officer so'ld e leally entitled to e in te place #ere te effects #erefo'nd. "f e entered te place illeally and e sa# te effects doctrine inapplicale; t's e is liale for$iolation of domicile.

b. person enters and searches for papers and effects

-'lic officer #o enters #it consent searces for paper and effects #ito't te consent of te o#ner. E$enif e is #elcome in te d#ellin it does not mean e as permission to searc.

c. person entered secretl! and ref$ses to leave after being as0ed to

Te act p'nised is not te entry 't te refusal to leave. "f te offender 'pon ein directed to lea$efollo#ed and left tere is no crime of $iolation of domicile. Entry must &e done surreptitiously ; #ito'ttis crime may e 'n/'st $eation. But if entering was done against the will of the occupant of the house meanin tere #as epress or implied proiition from enterin te same e$en if te occ'pant does notdirect im to lea$e te crime of $iolation of domicile is already committed eca'se it #o'ld fall in n'mer1.

• =>eing a$thori'ed b! law? B means #it searc #arrant to sa$e imself or do some tins ood for 'manity

There are only three recogni)ed instances when search without a warrant is considered valid( and( therefore( thesei)ure of any evidence done is also valid . >'tside of tese searc #o'ld e in$alid and te o/ects seiIed #o'ld note admissile in e$idence.

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879 Search made incidental to a valid arrest. 8,9 'here the search was made on a moving vehicle or vessel such that the exigency of he situation prevents

the searching officer from securing a search warrant.

849 'hen the article sei)ed is within plain view of the officer ma0ing the sei)ure without ma0ing a search

therefore%

• -apers and effects need not e part of a crime.

Article !65SEARC8 2ARRANTS MALICIOUSLY OBTAINE(


b. That he proc$res a search warrant

c. That there is no 7$st ca$se

• n order that a search warrant may &e issued it m'st e ased on proale ca'se in connection #it one offense

to e determined y a /'de after eamination 'nder oat of te complainant and te #itnesses e may prod'ceand partic'larly descriin te place to e searced and te persons or tins to e seiIed.

Tis means tere #as no proale ca'se determined in otainin te searc #arrant.• Although void( the search warrant is entitled to respect &ecause of presumption of regularity . >ne remedy is a

motion to +uash the search warrant not ref'sal to aide y it. Te p'lic officer may also e prosec'ted forper/'ry eca'se for im to s'cceed in otainin a searc #arrant #ito't a proale ca'se e m'st a$eper/'red imself or ind'ced someone to commit per/'ry to con$ince te co'rt.

Te true test of lac0 of 6ust cause is #eter te s#orn statement filed in s'pport of te application for searc#arrant as een done in s'c a manner tat per/'ry co'ld e cared and te affiant can e eld liale for maHins'c false statement. Te oat re@'ired refers to te tr't of te facts #itin te personal Hno#lede of te applicantand is #itnesses.

ABUSE IN T8E SER4ICE O- 2ARRANT OR EDCEE(ING AUT8ORITY OR USING UNNECESSARY SE4ERITY IN EDECUTING A

SEARC8 2ARRANT LEGALLY +ROCURE(


b. That he has legall! proc$red a search warrant

c. That he eceeds his a$thorit! or $ses $nnecessar! severit! in eec$ting the same

• earc #arrant is $alid for 1* days from its date

• +earch warrant is an order in #ritin iss'ed in te name of te -eople sined y te /'de and directed to ap'lic officer commandin im to searc for personal property descried terein and rin it efore te co'rt

• No 6ust cause B #arrant is 'n/'stified

•

+earch B limited to #at is descried in te #arrant all details m'st e #it partic'larity

The officer exceeded his authority under the warrant B To ill'strate let 's say tat tere #as a p'ser in a condo 'nit.Te -=- =arcotics Jro'p otained a searc #arrant 't te name of person in te searc #arrant did not tally #it teaddress stated. E$ent'ally te person #it te same name #as fo'nd 't in a different address. Te occ'pantresisted 't te p'lic officer insisted on te searc. Dr's #ere fo'nd and seiIed and occ'pant #as prosec'ted andcon$icted y te trial co'rt. Te 'preme Co'rt ac@'itted im eca'se te p'lic officers are re@'ired to follo# tesearc #arrant to te letter. Tey a$e no discretion on te matter. -lain $ie# doctrine is inapplicale since itpres'pposes tat te officer #as leally entitled to e in te place #ere te effects #ere fo'nd. ince te entry#as illeal plain $ie# doctrine does not apply.

• $alicious warrant% Eample. 7 #as a respondent of a searc #arrant for illeal possession of firearms. A ret'rn#as made. Te 'n did not elon to 7 and te #itness ad no personal Hno#lede tat tere is a 'n in tatplace.

• A&use examples:

a. 7 o#ner #as andc'ffed #ile searc #as oinon.

. TanH #as 'sed to ram ate prior to anno'ncement tat a searc #ill e made Te searc #arrant is not a license to commit destr'ction.

c. -ersons #o #ere not respondents #ere searced

Article !:7SEARC8ING (OMICILE 2IT8OUT 2ITNESSES

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• ELEMENTS #

a. That the offender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That he is armed with a search warrant legall! proc$red

c. That he searches the domicile, papers or other belongings of an! person

d. That the owner, or an! member of his famil!, or two witnesses residing in the same localit! are not present

• &rder of those who m$st witness the search"

a. 0omeo#ner

. Memers of te family of s'fficient ae and discretion

c. esponsile memers of te comm'nity (canFt e infl'enced y te searcin party)

• alidity of the search warrant can &e +uestioned only in , courts 1) #ere iss'ed or 2) #ere te case ispendin. 8atter is preferred for o/ecti$e determination.

Article 13* as no application to searc and seiI're made on mo$in $eicles eca'se te application of tis la# islimited to d#ellin and personal properties s'c as papers and effects fo'nd terein.

Tere are searces and seiI'res #ic are a'toriIed y la# and #ic can e done #ito't te attendance of#itnesses. +or instance te Tariff and Customs Code a'toriIes persons #it police a'tority 'nder ec. 22*3 toenter; pass tro' or searc any land enclos're #areo'se store or 'ildin not ein 'sed as a d#ellin o'se;and to inspect searc and eamine any $essel or aircraft and any tr'nH pacHae o or en$elope or any person onoard or to stop and searc and eamine any $eicle east or person s'spected of oldin or con$eyin any d'tialeor proiited article introd'ced into te -ilippines contrary to la#.

Article !:!+RO8IBITION0 INTERRU+TION0 AN( (ISSOLUTION O- +EACE-UL MEETINGS

• ELEMENTS#a. &ffender is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. 6e performs an! of the ff. acts"

1. prohibiting or interr$pting, witho$t legal gro$nd the holding of a peacef$l meeting, or dissolvingthe same 8e%g% denial of permit in ar&itrary manner9.

2. hindering an! person from 7oining an! lawf$l association or from attending an! of its meetings.

• proiitin or inderin any person from addressin eiter alone or toeter #it oters any petition to tea'torities for te correction of a'ses or redress of rie$ances

Two criteria to determine whether Article 141 wo$ld be violated"

879 2angerous tendency rule = applicale in times of national 'nrest s'c as to pre$ent co'p dFetat.

8,9 Clear and present danger rule B applied in times of peace. tricter r'le.

• "f te offender is a private individual te crime is dist'rance of p'lic order (Art 153)

• Meetin m'st e peacef'l and tere is no leal ro'nd for proiitin dissol$in or interr'ptin tat meetin

• "f in te co'rse of te assemly te participants commit illeal acts liHe oral defamation or incitin to sedition ap'lic officer or la# enforcer can stop or dissol$e te meetin% The permit given is not a license to commit acrime%

• Meetin is s'/ect to re'lation

f the permit is denied ar&itrarily( Article 747 is violated . "f te officer #o'ld not i$e te permit 'nless te meetinis eld in a partic'lar place #ic e dictates defeats te eercise of te rit to peacealy assemle Article 131 is$iolated.

• >ffender m'st e a straner not a participant in te peacef'l meetin; oter#ise itFs 'n/'st $eation

• "nterr'ptin and dissol$in a meetin of te m'nicipal co'ncil y a p'lic officer is a crime aainst te leislati$e

ody not p'nisale 'nder tis article

• Te person talHin on a proiited s'/ect at a p'lic meetin contrary to areement tat no speaHer so'ldto'c on politics may e stopped

• ?'t stoppin te speaHer #o #as attacHin certain c'rces in p'lic meetin is a $iolation of tis art icle

• -roiition m'st e #ito't la#f'l ca'se or #ito't la#f'l a'tority

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• Tose oldin peacef'l meetins m'st comply #it local ordinances. Eample >rdinance re@'ires permits formeetins in p'lic places. But if police stops a meeting in a private place &ecause theres no permit( officer isliale for stoppin te meetin.

2istinctions &etween prohi&ition( interruption( or dissolution of peaceful meetings under Article 747( and tumults and other distur&ances( under Article 734 879 As to the /artici/ation o the /u&lic oicer

n Article 747 te p'lic officer is not a participant. As far as te aterin is concerned te p'lic officeris a tird party.

"f te p'lic officer is a participant of te assemly and e proiits interr'pts or dissol$es te same Article 734 is violated if the same is conducted in a pu&lic place%

8,9 As to the essence o the crime

n Article 747( te offender m'st e a p'lic officer and #ito't any leal ro'nd e proiits interr'ptsor dissol$es a peacef'l meetin or assemly to pre$ent te offended party from eercisin is freedom ofspeec and tat of te assemly to petition a rie$ance aainst te o$ernment.

n Article 734( te offender need not e a p'lic officer. Te essence of te crime is tat of creatin aserio's dist'rance of any sort in a p'lic office p'lic 'ildin or e$en a pri$ate place #ere a p'lic

f'nction is ein eld%

Article !:6INTERRU+TION O- RELIGIOUS 2ORS8I+

• ELEMENTS#a. That the officer is a p$blic officer or emplo!ee

b. That religio$s ceremonies or manifestations of an! religion are abo$t to ta0e place or are going on

c. That the offender prevents or dist$rbs the same

• Circumstance $ualiying the oense# if committed with violence or threats

• eadin of ?ile and ten attacHin certain c'rces in a p'lic plaIa is not a ceremony or manifestation of

reliion 't only a meetin of a reliio's sect. But if done in a private home( its a religious service

• -eligio$s orship" people in te act of performin reliio's rites for a reliio's ceremony; a manifestation ofreliion. E. Mass aptism marriae

• 7 a pri$ate person oed a priest #ile te priest #as i$in omily and #ile te latter #as malinin a relati$eof 7. "s 7 liale< 7 may e liale 'nder Art 133 eca'se 7 is a pri$ate person.

• en priest is solemniIin marriae e is a person in a'tority alto' in oter cases eFs not.

Article !::O--EN(ING RELIGIOUS -EELINGS

• ELEMENTS#a. That the acts complained of were performed –

1. in a place devoted to religio$s worship, or for this element( no need of religious ceremony( only the place is material )

2. d$ring the celebration of an! religio$s ceremon!

b. That the acts m$st be notorio$sl! offensive to the feelings of the faithf$l deli&erate intent to hurt the feelings )

c. The offender is an! person

d. There is a deliberate intent to h$rt the feelings of the faithf$l, directed against religio$s tenet

• "f in a place de$oted to reliio's p'rpose tere is no need for an onoin reliio's ceremony

• ample of religio$s ceremon! (acts performed o'tside te c'rc). -rocessions and special prayers for 'ryindead persons 't =>T prayer rallies

• Acts m'st e directed aainst reliio's practice or doma or rit'al for te p'rpose of ridic'le as mocHin orscoffin or attemptin to damae an o/ect of reliio's $eneration

• Tere m'st e delierate intent to 'rt te feelins of te faitf'l mere arroance or r'deness is not eno'

"n determinin #eter an act is offensi$e to te feelins of te faitf'l te same m'st e $ie#ed or /'ded from testandpoint of te offended reliion and not from te point of $ie# of te offender People vs. >aes,


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CRIME Nature o Crime 2ho are Lia&le I Element MissingProhibition,(nterr$ption and issol$tion of Peacef$l *eeting141)

Crime aainst tef'ndamental la# of testate

-'lic off icers>'tsiders

"f not y p'lic officer t'm'lts

(nterr$ption of -eligio$s orship142)

Crime aainst tef'ndamental la# of testate

-'lic off icers>'tsiders

"f y insider 'n/'st $eation"f not reliio's t'm'lt or alarms"f not notorio'sly offensi$e 'n/'st$eation

&ffending the-eligio$s eeling144)

Crime aainst p'lic order -'lic officerspri$ate personso'tsiders

"f not t'm'lts alarms and scandal"f meetin illeal at onset incitinto sedition or reellion

TITLE T8REE

CRIMES AGAINST +UBLIC OR(ER

Crimes against /u&lic or)er

1. eellion or ins'rrection (Art. 134);

Co'p dF etat (Art. 134A)

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit reellion (Art. 136);

3. Disloyalty to p'lic officers or employees (Art. 13!);

4. "ncitin to reellion (Art. 13%);

5. edition (Art. 13);

6. Conspiracy to commit sedition (Art. 141);

!. "ncitin to sedition (Art. 142);

%. Acts tendin to pre$ent te meetin of Conress and similar odies (Art. 143);

. Dist'rance of proceedins of Conress or similar odies (Art. 144);

1*. &iolation of parliamentary imm'nity (Art. 145);

11. "l leal assemlies (Art. 146);

12. "l leal associations (Art. 14!);

13. Direct assa'lts (Art. 14%);

14. "ndirect assa'lts (Art. 14);

15. Disoedience to s'mmons iss'ed y Conress its committees etc. y te constit'tional commissions itscommittees etc. (Art. 15*);

16. esistance and disoedience to a person in a'tority or te aents of s'c person (Art. 151);

1!. T'm'lts and oter dist'rances of p'lic order (Art. 153);

1%. 9nla#f'l 'se of means of p'lication and 'nla#f'l 'tterances (Art. 154);

1. Alarms and scandals (Art. 155);

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2*. Deli$erin prisoners from /ails (Art. 156);

21. E$asion of ser$ice of sentence (Art. 15!);

22. E$asion on occasion of disorders (Art. 15%);

23. &iolation of conditional pardon (Art. 15); and

24. Commission of anoter crime d'rin ser$ice of penalty imposed for anoter pre$io's offense (Art. 16*).

Article !:"REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

• ELEMENTS#

a. That there be –

1. p$blic $prising and

2. ta0ing arms against the government forceviolence )

b. That the p$rpose of the $prising or movement is either

1. to remove from the allegiance to said government or its laws –98 i. the territor! of the Philippines or an! part thereof, or <3 ii. an! bod! of land, naval or other armed forces, or

2 To deprive the chief eec$tive or congress, wholl! or partiall!, of an! of their powers or prerogatives

• +ersons lia&le or re&elliona. Any person who: 1. promotes

2. maintains or 3. eads a reellion or ins'rrection; or

&% Any person who( while holding any pu&lic office or employment( ta0es part therein &y:1. enain in #ar aainst te forces of te o$ernment

2. destroyin property or committin serio's $iolence

3. eactin contri'tions or di$ertin p'lic f'nds from te la#f'l p'rpose for #ic tey a$e eenappropriated (=ote di$ertin p'lic f'ndsG is mal$ersation asored in reellion);

4. Any person merely participatin or eec'tin te command of oters in reellion

Te essence of this crime is a p'lic 'prisin #it te taHin 'p of arms. "t re@'ires a m'ltit'de of people. "t aims too$ertro# te d'ly constit'ted o$ernment. "t does not re@'ire te participation of any memer of te military ornational police oraniIation or p'lic officers and enerally carried o't y ci$ilians. 8astly te crime can only ecommitted tro' force and $iolence.

Te crime of re&ellion cannot &e committed &y a single individual. "n$arialy it is committed y se$eral persons forte p'rpose of o$ertro#in te d'ly constit'ted or oraniIed o$ernment. "n te -ilippines #at is Hno#n to teordinary citiIen as a symol of Jo$ernment #o'ld e te aranay represented y its officials; te local o$ernmentrepresented y te pro$incial and m'nicipal officials; and te national o$ernment represented y te -resident te

Cief K'stice and te enate -resident and te peaHer of te 0o'se of epresentati$es.

• Success is immaterial purpose is al#ays political

Te crime of reellion is essentially a political crime. Te intention of te reel is to s'stit'te imself in place oftose #o are in po#er. 0is metod of placin imself in a'tority #it te 'se of $iolence d'ress or intimidationassassination or te commission of common crimes liHe m'rder Hidnappin arson roery and oter eino's crimes in#at #e call re&ellion.

• -ebellion 'sed #ere te o/ect of te mo$ement is completely to o$ertro# and s'persede te eistino$ernment

• (ns$rrection refers to a mo$ement #ic seeHs merely to effect some cane of minor importance to pre$ent teeercise of o$Ft a'tority #L respect to partic'lar matters or s'/ects

• Te prase to remove allegiance from the governmentF is 'sed to empasiIe tat te o/ect of te 'prisin

co'ld e limited to certain areas liHe isolatin a aranay or m'nicipality or a pro$ince in its loyalty to te d'lyconstit'ted o$ernment or te national o$ernment.

Allegiance is a eneric term #ic incl'des loyalty ci$il oedience and ci$il ser$ice.

Te la# on reellion o#e$er does not speaH only of alleiance or loss of territory. "t also incl'des te efforts of tereel to depri$e te -resident of te -ilippines of te eercise of is po#er to enforce te la# to eact oedience ofla#s and re'lations d'ly enacted and prom'lated y te d'ly constit'ted a'torities.

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• Act'al clas of arms #L te forces of te o$Ft not necessary to con$ict te acc'sed #o is in conspiracy #Loters act'ally taHin arms aainst te o$Ft

• -'rpose of te 'prisin m'st e so#n 't it is not necessary tat it e accomplised

• A cane of o$ernment #Lo eternal participation

• ""=J -9?8"C8: and TA"=J AM AJA"=T J>&E=ME=T B actual participation. "f tere is no pu&lic uprising tecrime is of direct assault.

en any of te o/ecti$es of reellion is p'rs'ed 't tere is no p'lic 'prisin in te leal sense ( the crime is directassault of the first form% ?'t if tere is reellion #it p'lic 'prisin( direct assault cannot &e committed%

• Mere i$in of aid or comfort is not criminal in te case of reellion. Merely sympatiIin is not participationtere m'st e ACT9A8 participation

Tere m'st e a p'lic apprisin and taHin 'p of arms for te specified p'rpose or p'rposes mentioned inArticle 134. Te acts of te acc'sed #o is not a memer of te 0'Halaap oraniIation of sendin ciarettes andfood s'pplies to a 0'H leader; te canin of dollars into pesos for a top le$el comm'nist; and te elpin of 0'Hs inopenin acco'nts #it te anH of #ic e #as an official do not constit'te eellion. #arino vs. People, et al., 3 +#-A B@@).

• =ot necessary tat tere is Hillin mere treat of remo$in -il is s'fficient

#e&ellion may &e committed even without a single shot &eing fired% No encounter needed% $ere pu&lic uprising witharms enough%

• -ebellion cannot be compleed with an! other crime.

Common crimes perpetrated in f'rterance of a political offense are di$ested of teir caracter as commonG offensesand assume the political complexion of the main crime which they are mere ingredients( and conse@'ently cannot ep'nised separately from te principal offense or compleed #it te same.

ORTEGA O+INION#

-ebellion can now be compleed with common crimes. =ot lon ao te 'preme Co'rt in Enrile %' Salaar0 !3,SCRA 6!. reiterated and affirmed te r'le laid do#n in +eo/le %' 8ernan)e0 55 +hil *!* tat reellion maynot e compleed #it common crimes #ic are committed in f'rterance tereof eca'se tey are asoredin reellion. "n $ie# of said reaffirmation some elie$e tat it as een a settled doctrine tat reellion

cannot e compleed #it common crimes s'c as Hillin and destr'ction of property committed on teoccasion and in f'rterance tereof.

This thin0ing is no longer correct. there is no legal &asis for such rule now%

Te statement in -eople $. 0ernandeI tat common crimes committed in f'rterance of reellion are asored y tecrime of reellion #as dictated y te pro$ision of Article 135 of te e$ised -enal Code prior to its amendment yte ep'lic Act =o. 66% (An Act -'nisin te Crime of Co'p DFetat) #ic ecame effecti$e on >ctoer 1*. -riorto its amendment y ep'lic Act =o. 66% Article 135 p'nised tose #o #ile oldin any p'lic office oremployment taHe part tereinG y any of tese acts enain in #ar aainst te forces of Jo$ernment; destroyinproperty; committin serio's $iolence; eactin contri'tions di$ertin f'nds for te la#f'l p'rpose for #ic teya$e een appropriated. ince a ier penalty is prescried for te crime of reellion #en any of te specified acts are committed inf'rterance tereof said acts are p'nised as components of reellion and terefore are not to e treated as distinctcrimes. Te same acts constit'te distinct crimes #en committed on a different occasion and not in f'rterance of

reellion. "n sort it #as eca'se Article 135 ten p'nised said acts as components of te crime of reellion tatprecl'des te application of Article 4% of te e$ised -enal Code tereto. "n te eyes of te la# ten said actsconstit'te only one crime and tat is reellion. Te 0ernandeI doctrine #as reaffirmed in Enrile $. alaIar eca'sete tet of Article 135 as remained te same as it #as #en te 'preme Co'rt resol$ed te same iss'e in te -eople$. 0ernandeI. o te 'preme Co'rt in$ited attention to tis fact and t's stated

/There is a an apparent need to restructure the law on re&ellion( either to raise the penalty therefore or to clearly define and delimit the other offenses to &e considered a&sor&ed there&y( so that it cannot &e conveniently utili)ed asthe um&rella for every sort of illegal activity underta0en in its name% The court has no power to effect such change( for it can only interpret the law as it stands at any given time( and what is needed lies &eyond interpretation%;opefully( Congress will perceive the need for promptly sei)ing the initiative in this matter( which is purely within its province%1

>$io'sly Conress tooH notice of tis prono'ncement and t's in enactin ep'lic Act =o. 66% it did not onlypro$ide for te crime of co'p dFetat in te e$ised -enal Code 't moreo$er deleted from the provision of Article 743that portion referring to those =

/Dwho( while holding any pu&lic office or employment ta0es part therein re&ellion or insurrectionF( engaging in war against the forces of government( destroying property or committing serious violence( exacting contri&utions or diverting pu&lic funds from the lawful purpose for which they have &een appropriated D1

6ence, overt acts which used to &e punished as components of the crime of re&ellion have &een severed therefrom &y #epu&lic Act No%


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To reiterate efore Article 135 #as amended a ier penalty is imposed #en te offender enaes in #ar aainstte o$ernment. NarN connotes anytin #ic may e carried o't in p'rs'ance of #ar. Tis implies tat all acts of#ar or ostilities liHe serio's $iolence and destr'ction of property committed on occasion and in p'rs'ance of reellionare component crimes of reellion #ic is #y Article 4% on comple crimes is inapplicale. n amending Article743(the acts which used to &e component crimes of re&ellion( li0e serious acts of violence( have &een deleted% These arenow distinct crimes% The legal o&stacle for the application of Article H( therefore( has &een removed% >rtea saysleislators #ant to p'nis tese common crimes independently of reellion. &rtega cites no case overt$rning nrile

v. +ala'ar.

• 0o#e$er illeal possession of firearms in f'rterance of reellion is distinct from te crime of reellion.

Te offense of illeal possession of firearm is a mal'm proiit'm in #ic case ood fait and asence of criminalintent are not $alid defenses.

• +'rtermore it is a contin'in crime s'c alon #it te crime of conspiracy or proposal to commit s'c

• A private crime may &e committed during re&ellion. Eamples Hillin possessions of firearms illeal associationare asored. ape e$en if not in f'rterance of reellion cannot e compleed

• "f Hillin roin #ere done for pri$ate p'rposes or for profit #ito't any political moti$ation te crime #o'lde separately e p'nised and #o'ld not e emraced y reellion People v. ernando)

• -erson deemed leader of re&ellion in case e is 'nHno#n Any person #o in fact

a. directed te oters. spoHe for temc. sined receipts and oter doc'ments iss'ed in teir named. performed similar acts on ealf of te reels

(istinctions &etween re&ellion an) se)ition

879 As to nat$re

n re&ellion( tere m'st e taHin 'p or arms aainst te o$ernment.

n sedition it is s'fficient tat te p'lic 'prisin e t'm'lt'o's.

8,9 As to p$rpose

n re&ellion( te p'rpose is al#ays political.

n sedition te p'rpose may e political or social. Eample te 'prisin of s@'atters aainst +ores parHresidents. Te p'rpose in sedition is to o aainst estalised o$ernment not to o$ertro# it.

Article !:">ACOU+ (9 ETAT

• ELEMENTS#a. +wift attac0

b. Accompanied b! violence, intimidation, threat, strateg! or stealth

c. irected against"

1. d$l! constit$ted a$thorities

2. an! militar! camp or installation

4. comm$nication networ0s or p$blic $tilities

9. other facilities needed for the eercise and contin$ed possession of power

d. +ingl! or sim$ltaneo$sl! carried o$t an!where in the Philippines

d. #ommitted b! an! person or persons belonging to the militar! or police or holding an! p$blicoffice or emplo!ment with or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation

e. ith or witho$t civilian s$pport or participation

f. P$rpose of sei'ing or diminishing state power

Te essence of the crime is a s#ift attacH 'pon te facilities of te -ilippine o$ernment military camps and

installations comm'nication net#orHs p'lic 'tilities and facilities essential to te contin'ed possession ofo$ernmental po#ers% t may &e committed singly or collectively and does not re+uire a multitude of people%

• The o&6ective may not &e to overthrow the government &ut only to desta&ili)e or paraly)e the government

through the sei)ure of facilities and utilities essential to the continued possession and exercise of governmental powers. t re+uires as principal offender a mem&er of the A>* or of the *N* organi)ation or a pu&lic officer withor without civilian support% +inally it may &e carried out not only &y force or violence &ut also through stealth(threat or strategy%

6ow do !o$ disting$ish between co$p dCetat and rebellionD

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#e&ellion is committed y any person #eter a pri$ate indi$id'al or a p'lic officer #ereas in coup detat( teoffender is a memer of te military or police force or oldin a p'lic office or employment.

"n re&ellion te o/ect is to alienate te alleiance of a people in a territory #eter #olly or partially from ted'ly constit'ted o$ernment; in coup detat( te o/ect or p'rpose is to seiIe or diminis state po#er.

"n ot instances te offenders intend to s'stit'te temsel$es in place of tose #o are in po#er.

Treason

(n Government +ervice %ot in Government +erviceAnyone #o leads directs commands oters to 'ndertaHe aco'p.

Anyone #o participates or in an manner s'pports financesaets aids in a co'p.

• erio's $iolence is tat inflicted 'pon ci$ilians #ic may res'lt in omicide. "t is not limited to ostilities aainst

te armed force.

• Di$ertin p'lic f'nds is mal$ersation asored in reellion

NOTES#a. -'lic officer m'st taHe acti$e part eca'se mere silence or omission not p'nisale in reellion

. "t is not a defense in reellion tat te acc'sed ne$er tooH te oat of alleiance to or tat tey ne$erreconiIed te o$ernment

c. eellion cannot e compleed #it m'rder and oter common crimes committed in p'rs'ance of temo$ement to o$ertro# te o$ernment

'$ersion /'st liHe te crimes of reellion conspiracy or proposal to commit te crimes of reellion or s'$ersion andcrimes or offenses committed in f'rterance tereof constit'te direct assa'lts aainst te tate and are in te nat'reof contin'in crimes Emil vs. -amos).

d. illin roin etc for pri$ate persons or for profit #ito't any political moti$ation #o'ld e separatelyp'nised and #o'ld not e asored in te reellion.

Article !:,CONS+IRACY TO COMMIT COU+ (9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

• ELEMENTS#a. 2 more persons come to an agreement to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms against the government

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b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

c. The! decide to commit it

+RO+OSAL TO COMMIT COU+ (9 ETAT0 REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

• ELEMENTS#

a. A person who has decided to rise p$blicl! and ta0e arms the government

b. or an! of the p$rposes of rebellion

c. Proposes its eec$tion to some other person/s

• >raniIin a ro'p of soldiers solicitin memersip in and solicitin f'nds for te oraniIation so# conspiracyto o$ertro# te o$Ft

• Te mere fact of i$in and renderin speeces fa$orin Comm'nism #o'ld not maHe te acc'sed 'ilty ofconspiracy if tereFs no e$idence tat te earers ten and tere areed to rise 'p in arms aainst te o$Ft

• Conspiracy m'st e immediately prior to reellion

• "f it is d'rin te reellion ten it is already taHin part in it.

Article !:.(ISLOYALTY O- +UBLIC O--ICERS AN( EM+LOYEES

• ACTS +UNIS8E(#a. ailing to resist rebellion b! all the means in their power

b. #ontin$ing to discharge the d$ties of their offices $nder the control of rebels

c. Accepting appointment to office $nder rebels

• -res'pposes eistence of reellion

• M'st not e in conspiracy #it reels or co'p plotters

• "f tere are means to pre$ent te reellion 't did not resist it ten tereFs disloyalty. "f tere are no means nofa'lt

• "f position is accepted in order to protect te people not co$ered y tis

• Te collaorator m'st not a$e tried to impose te #ises of te reels on te people.

Disloyalty as a crime is not limited to reellion alone 't so'ld no# incl'de te crime of coup detat% #e&ellion isessentially a crime committed y pri$ate indi$id'als #ile coup detat is a crime tat so'ld e classified as a crimecommitted y p'lic officers l iHe mal$ersation riery dereliction of d'ty and $iolations of te antiJraft and Corr'pt-ractices Act.

"f te p'lic officer or employee aside from ein disloyal does or commits acts constit'tin te crime of reellion orcoup detat( e #ill no loner e cared for te simple crime of disloyalty 't e sall e proceeded aainst for tera$e offense of reellion or coup detat%

Article !:3INCITING TO REBELLION OR INSURRECTION

• ELEMENTS#a. That the offender does not ta0e arms or is not in open hostilit! against the government

b. That he incites others to the eec$tion of an! of the acts of rebellion

c. That the inciting is done b! means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations tending to the same end

• "ntentionally calc'lated to sed'ce oters to reellion

• Tere m'st e 'prisin to taHe 'p arms and rise p'licly for te p'rposes indicated in Art 134

>ne #o promotes maintains or eads a reellion and #o act at te same time incites or infl'ences oters to /oinim in is #ar efforts aainst te d'ly constit'ted o$ernment cannot e eld criminally liale for te crime of incitinto reellion eca'se as te principal to te crime of reellion te act of incitin to commit a reellion is inerent tote ra$er crime of reellion.

+ro/osal to Commit Re&ellion

=ot re@'ired tat te offender as decided to commitreellion.

Te person #o proposes te eec'tion of te crime Te incitin is done p'licly.

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'ses secret means.

Article !:5SE(ITION

• ELEMENTS#

a. That the offenders rise –

1. P$blicl! if no pu&lic uprising I tumult and other distur&ance of pu&lic order )

2. T$m$lt$o$sl! vis5J5vis re&ellion where there must &e a ta0ing of arms )

b. That the! emplo! force, intimidation, or other means o$tside of legal methods

c. That the offenders emplo! an! of those means to attain an! of the following ob7ects"

1. to prevent the prom$lgation or eec$tion of an! law or the holding of an! pop$lar election

2. to prevent the national government, or an! provincial or m$nicipal government, or an! p$blicthereof from freel! eercising its or his f$nctions, or prevent the eec$tion of an! administrativeorder

4. to inflict an! act or hate or revenge $pon the person or propert! of an! p$blic officer or emplo!ee

9. to commit for an! political or social end, an! act of hate or revenge against private persons or an! social class hence( even private persons may &e offended parties )

8. to despoil, for an! political or social end, an! person, m$nicipalit! or province, or the nationalgovernment of all its propert! or an! part thereof

• Se)ition# raisin of commotion or dist'rances in te tate. "ts 'ltimate o/ect is a $iolation of te p'lic peaceor at least s'c meas'res tat e$idently enenders it.

• Te crime of sedition is committed y risin p'licly and t'm'lt'o'sly. Te t#o elements m'st conc'r.

• The crime of sedition does not contemplate the ta0ing up of arms against the government &ecause the purpose

of this crime is not the overthrow of the government% =otice from te p'rpose of te crime of sedition tat teoffenders rise p'licly and create commotion and dist'rance y #ay of protest to epress teir dissent and

oedience to te o$ernment or to te a'torities concerned. Tis is liHe te socalled civil diso&edience exceptthat the means employed( which is violence( is illegal%

• ifference from rebellion B o/ect or p'rpose of te 'prisin.

>or sedition B s'fficient tat 'prisin is t'm'lt'o's. n re&ellion B tere m'st e taHin 'p of arms aainst teo$ernment.

Sedition B p'rpose may e eiter political or social. n re&ellion B al#ays political

T$m$lt$o$sG is a sit'ation #erein te dist'rance or conf'sion is ca'sed y at least fo'r persons. Tere is nore@'irement tat te offenders so'ld e armed.• -re$entin p'lic officers from freely eercisin teir f'nctions

• n sedition B offender may e a pri$ate or p'lic person (E. oldier)

• -'lic 'prisin and te o/ect of sedition m'st conc'r

• ;# Are common crimes asored in sedition<

"n * v% !mali C eld tat =>. Crimes committed in tat case #ere independent of eac oter.

• -re$entin election tro' leal means B =>T sedition

• ?'t #en s'ar farmers demonstrated and destroyed te properties of s'ar arons B sedition

• Persons liable for sedition"a. leader of te sedition and

. oter persons participatin in te sedition

Te o/ecti$e of te la# in criminaliIin sedition is to p't a limit to te freedom of epression or te rit of te

people to assemle and petition te o$ernment for redress of rie$ance.

• Te demonstrations cond'cted or eld y te citiIenry to protest certain policies of te o$ernment is not acrime. ?'t #en te protest in manifested in te form of rallies #ere te participants in order to attain teiro/ecti$e of o$ercomin te #ill of te o$ernment resort to force or $iolence te mantle of protection'aranteed 'nder te Constit'tion to epress teir dissent peacef'lly sall cease to eist as in te meantimete participants a$e encroaced or stayed in te domain or realm of criminal la#.

Article !"!'Cons/iracy to Commit Se)ition

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"n tis crime tere m'st e an areement a

criminal law book 2 title 1 reviewer

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