crime prevention part i history & principals of crime prevention ©tcleose course #2101 crime...

Crime Prevention Part ICrime Prevention Part I

HISTORY & HISTORY & PRINCIPALS PRINCIPALS

of CRIMEof CRIME PREVENTION PREVENTION

©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2010)TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2010)

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice Studies

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesTexas School Safety CenterTexas School Safety Center

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice Studies

Institute for Criminal Justice StudiesInstitute for Criminal Justice StudiesTexas School Safety CenterTexas School Safety Center

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to identify

and explain the history of crime prevention• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to identify

and explain where the concept of crime prevention originated.

• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to identify the three elements necessary for a crime to occur.

• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to define crime prevention.

• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to identify and explain the advantages of proactive vs. reactive policing.

• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to identify and explain the 9-principals of policing.

• Learning Objective:Learning Objective: The student will be able to explain why law enforcement must gain public support to be more effective.


FOREWARDFOREWARD

Criminologist have debated for years why crimes are committed and what causes a person to commit a crime. The focus of these debates has varied from looking at the actual event, the person who commits the crime or the entire environment where the crime occurs.


Crime PreventionCrime Prevention, by definition does not focus on any one theory of criminology but considers elements from many schools of thought to foster a variety of preventive techniques. Bt taking a combination of steps, based on the various schools of criminology, the potential for success should be increased.

FOREWARD – Cont’dFOREWARD – Cont’d


A community can employ many techniquestechniques that may positively influence the criminal; three areas of action are recommended:

1. improving personal and property security

2. increasing surveillance levels, expanding public involvement

3. developing new approaches to resist crime.



Crime Prevention is a form of resistanceresistance for individual and group use. By Taking specific steps, a person may improve security of his environment in a way that a potential attacker will feel is “so formidable that he/she does not believe his/her abilities will enable him/her to reach the single forbidden fruit” or the opportunity of his/her desire.



Security measuresSecurity measures refers to;installation and operation of more sophisticated locking devicesmore conscientious utilization of devices that are currently installed

argument is that simply using existing locks and latches can reduce burglaries many times, a perpetrator takes advantage of unlocked doors and windows as a means of entering a building or vehicle. If they are properly secured, the crime may not occur.



The most important elementelement in the crime prevention formula is the public.Crime is truly a community problem and must be viewed as such if we are to significantly reduce it. Community security cannot be achieved unless every individual is convinced that he/she has an important obligation not only to his/her own security but also to the safety and security of others.



Developing new approachesapproaches to crime prevention, is critical to sustaining interest and maintaining momentum in preventionThe prevention field is new to the public sector, and we are constantly learning new techniques and approaches. Citizens and practitioners alike must continually evaluate their programming and strategies in order to modify or redirect their efforts when necessary.

FOREWARD – ConclusionFOREWARD – Conclusion


DESIREDESIRE

OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY

ABILITYABILITY


Theory of Opportunity ReductionTheory of Opportunity Reduction

Criminal behavior is learnedlearned

Reducing criminal opportunity reduces the opportunity to learn criminal behavior

Criminal opportunity is lessened by improved security and increased surveillancesurveillance by the public


4 D’s of Crime Prevention4 D’s of Crime Prevention

Deter the criminal attack.

DetectDetect the attack.

DelayDelay the attack.

DenyDeny access to selected targets.©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

Definition of Crime PreventionDefinition of Crime Prevention

Crime PreventionCrime Prevention is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime

risk and the initiation of actionaction to remove or reduce it.

National Crime Prevention InstituteNational Crime Prevention Institute


Role of Crime PreventionRole of Crime Prevention

AnticipateAnticipate when crimecrime will occur when risks are high

Recognize when a high-crime risk exist (Risk Assessment)Appraise the seriousness of the particular risk (Risk Analysis)Encourage and stimulate action to remove or reduce the risk.


Evaluation DemonstratesEvaluation DemonstratesEffectiveness in 6 Key AreasEffectiveness in 6 Key Areas

1.1. Increasing KnowledgeIncreasing Knowledge

2.2. Changing Changing AttitudesAttitudes

3.3. Altering ActionsAltering Actions..

4.4. Mobilizing Mobilizing CommunitiesCommunities

5.5. Reducing Crime RatesReducing Crime Rates..

6.6. Enhancing Quality of LifeEnhancing Quality of Life©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

HISTORYHISTORY of CRIME PREVENTIONCRIME PREVENTION

Earliest responses to crime were left up to the individual and his family (clanclan))

The Code of Hammurabi (1900 BC) outlined retribution by the victim.

Lex talionisLex talionis the principle of “An eye for “An eye for an eye”.an eye”.

Norman conquest of England 1066 an obligatory form of a vocational citizen policing. (Shire Sheriff’s)


Crime was rampant England and Wales

Oliver Cromwell establish an establish an organized body oforganized body of professionalprofessional policepolice.

Strongly opposed, by the wealthy

Cromwell prevailed, England and Wales were divided into 12 police districts.

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

HISTORYHISTORY of CRIME PREVENTION – Cont’dCRIME PREVENTION – Cont’d

Earliest Watch and Ward - rotated responsibility to keep watch over town (hue and cry) or town criers.

New WorldNew World – Vigilante movement

Merchant Police of England and parochial police hired by wealthy. (1692)

Entrepreneurial policing “Highwayman Act (1729) known as “Thief Takers & InformersThief Takers & Informers”. Introduced by Thomas de VeilThomas de Veil

Thomas deVeilThomas deVeil

1729, Thomas deVeilThomas deVeil was appointed as the Commissioner of Peace for the County of Middlesex in the city of Westminster

First important milestoneimportant milestone in the history of the British Police & Crime Prevention

A common feeling at the time was that those who enforcedwho enforced the law had a had a vested interestvested interest in crime prevention

Henry FieldingHenry FieldingIs given credit for taking the first positive steps in forming a “responsibleresponsible” policepolice organizationorganization. Specifically. Fielding has been heralded as “The Originator of the change in attitude toward policing generally and the prevention of crimeprevention of crime in particularin particular”. He is the “FATHER of FATHER of CRIME PREVENTIONCRIME PREVENTION” as we know it today.


Henry FieldingHenry FieldingBirth of Crime Prevention Concept

Mid-1700’s Mid-1700’s - Henry Fielding took first positive steps to:

Stamp out crime

PreventPrevent future outbreaks

Elicit PublicElicit Public help

Remove crime conditions

Establish a Strong police force

Henry FieldingHenry FieldingHenry Fielding is give credit for taking first positive steps in forming a “responsible”“responsible” police organization

Fielding had three objectivesthree objectives:1. Development of a strong policepolice force.

2. Organization of active group of citizens.

3. Actions to remove causes of crime and the conditionsconditions in which it flourished


Sir Robert PeelSir Robert PeelConsidered a “fatherfather” of law enforcement

Are his principles Are his principles of policing still of policing still applicable todayapplicable today??

Absolutely!Absolutely!

Sir Robert PeelSir Robert PeelNINE PRINCIPALS OF NINE PRINCIPALS OF POLICINGPOLICING:

1.1. The basic mission for which the The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime police exist is to prevent crime and disorderand disorder

2.2. The ability of the police to The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police upon public approval of police actionsactions


3.3. Police must secure the willing Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the publicthe respect of the public

Earn publics trust, dual respectEarn publics trust, dual respect(for the law & them) and Support!(for the law & them) and Support!

Sir Robert Peel’s 9 - Principals of Sir Robert Peel’s 9 - Principals of PolicingPolicing



4.4. The degree of cooperation of the The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured public that can be secured diminishes proportionally to the diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the use of forcenecessity of the use of force

5.5. Police seek and preserve public Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to public favor not by catering to public opinion but by constantly opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute demonstrating absolute impartial service to the lawimpartial service to the law


6.6. Police use physical force to the Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to observance of the law or to restore order only when the restore order only when the expertise of persuasion, advice expertise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be and warning is found to be insufficientinsufficient


7.7. Police at all time should maintain Police at all time should maintain a relationship with the a relationship with the publicpublic that that gives reality to the historic gives reality to the historic tradition; the police are public and tradition; the police are public and the public are the police. The the public are the police. The police being only full-time police being only full-time individuals charged with the individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of duties that are incumbent on all of the citizensthe citizens


8. Police should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary



9.9. The test of police efficiency is the The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with itaction in dealing with it


HISTORYHISTORY of CRIME PREVENTION – Cont’dCRIME PREVENTION – Cont’d

20th Century formal police forces 20th Century formal police forces become the norm. Growth of become the norm. Growth of scientific study of crime and scientific study of crime and criminal behaviorcriminal behavior

One of the prime examples of One of the prime examples of early crime prevention in America early crime prevention in America was the advent of the was the advent of the JuvenileJuvenile Court SystemCourt System


CRIME PREVENTION TODAYCRIME PREVENTION TODAY

Program focus is to be geared to the local levellocal level as crime prevention is a community-based program


Law enforcementLaw enforcement should establish specific policies, goals and objectives by which its commitment can be realized

All agencies should understand that allall officers officers are responsible for achieving the goals and assisting others in this regard

Sheriff/Chief to Deputy/PatrolmanSheriff/Chief to Deputy/Patrolman


Crime prevention takes place at the neighborhoodneighborhood level of every community

More specifically the blockblock is the natural organizing point


QQUUEESSTTIIOONNWhat are the advantages What are the advantages of being PROACTIVE of being PROACTIVE verses REACTIVE in verses REACTIVE in regards to Policing?regards to Policing?

PROPRO CONCON©TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)TCLEOSE Course #2101 Crime Prevention Part I Curriculum is the intellectual property of ICJS (2009)

QQUUEESSTTIIOONNWhy must we as law enforcement gain public support and trust to be more effective?

We will discuss this more in depth in our next lesson.


YYOOUURR Q QUUEESSTTIIOONSNS

ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?


BREAK TIMEBREAK TIME


DEFINE & PROCESSDEFINE & PROCESS• Identify and explain the history of crime

prevention• Identify and explain where the concept of crime

prevention originated.• Identify the three elements necessary for a crime

to occur.• Define crime prevention.• Identify and explain the advantages of proactive

vs. reactive policing.• Identify and explain the 9-principals of policing.• Explain why law enforcement must gain public

support to be more effective.


SOURCESSOURCES• Handbook of Loss Prevention and Loss

Prevention by Fennelly (Third Edition).

• National Crime Prevention Council

• Crime Prevention Sixth Edition by Steven P. Lab

• Community Policing a contemporary perspective by Robert Trojanowicz and Bonnie Bucqueroux


Contact InformationContact Information

INSTITUTE for CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES350 N. Guadalupe, Suite 140, PMB 164

San Marcos, Texas 78666.

512-245-6232 www.criminaljusticestudies.com


http://www.criminaljusticestudies.com/

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