cricket - christi sharing/cricket.pdf · 3 according to some other theories, cricket originated...

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CRICKETPresented by: Indunil Wanasinghe

Origins and DevelopmentA brief history

Cricket's likeliest birthplace is the Weald, an area of arable land in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. The game was probably devised by shepherds and farm workers sometime before 1300 and perhaps as early as the 11th century.

Playing on sheep-grazed land, the pioneers would have used a matted lump of sheep’s wool as the ball, a crook or other farm tool as the bat and a gate (i.e., a wicket gate) as the wicket. There seems little doubt that the game had a rustic upbringing and it is significant that the Wealden counties and neighbouring Surrey were the earliest centres of excellence. Eventually, it spread north to London and west to Hampshire, the two places that cemented its popularity in the 18th century.

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A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term cricket, which could refer to the bat or the wicket.In Flemish, krick(e)means a stick, and, in Old English, cricc or cryce means a crutch or staff (though the hard /k/ sound suggests the North or Northeastmidlands, rather than the Southeast, where cricket seems to havebegun).

Alternatively, the French criquet apparently comes from the Flemish word krickstoel, which is a long low stool on which one kneels in church which may appear similar to the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket, or the early stool in stoolball. The word stool is old Sussex dialect for a tree stump, and stool ball is a sport similar to cricket played by the Dutch.

Derivation of the name of "cricket"

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According to some other theories, cricket originated outside England and was brought there by the Normans after 1066. As early as the 8th century, bat and ball games were played in the Punjab region of southern Asia — the ancestors of games such as gilli-danda and perhaps polo. Like the other great recreational import of the time, chess, these sports are believed to have migrated via Persia and through Constantinople into Europe. There are 8th and 9th century accounts of bat and ball games being played in the Mediterranean region, sometimes as church-sponsored events to promote community spirit. If the games reached France in this manner, it is reasonable to assume they would cross the Channel and be introduced in England. But all ofthis is speculation and there is general agreement among crickethistorians that the sport did originate in south-east England.

A brief history

Origins and Development

Dates in cricket history1550 (approx) Evidence of cricket being played in Guildford, Surrey.

1598 Cricket mentioned in Florio’s Italian–English dictionary.

1624 Jasper Vinall becomes first man known to be killed playing cricket: hit by a bat while trying to catch the ball – at Horsted Green, Sussex.

1676 First reference to cricket being played abroad, by British residents in Aleppo, Syria.

1697 First reference to “a great match” with 11 players a side in Sussex.

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1709 First recorded inter-county match: Kent v Surrey.

1744 Kent beat All England by one wicket at the Artillery Ground.First known version of the Laws of Cricket, issued by the LondonClub, formalising the pitch as 22 yards long.

1771 Width of bat limited to 4 1/4 inches, where it has remained ever since.

1788 First revision of the Laws of Cricket by MCC.1794 First recorded inter-schools match: Charterhouse v Westminster.

Dates in cricket history


1877 First Test match: Australia beat England by 45 runs in Melbourne.

1880 First Test in England: a five-wicket win against Australia at The Oval.

1889 South Africa’s first Test match.Declarations first authorised, but only on the third day, or in a one-day match.

1900 Six-ball over becomes the norm, instead of five.


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1807 First mention of “straight-armed” (i.e. round-arm) bowling: by John Willes of Kent.

1836 (approx) Batting pads invented

1844 First official international match: Canada v United States.

1850 Wicket-keeping gloves first used.

1873 WG Grace becomes the first player to record 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in a season.



1909 Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC – now the International Cricket Council) set up, with England, Australia and South Africa the original members.

1948 First five-day Tests in England.

1957 Declarations authorised at any time.

1960 First tied Test, Australia v West Indies at Brisbane

1971 First one-day international: Australia v England at Melbourne.


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1975 First World Cup: West Indies beat Australia in final at Lord’s.

1976 First women’s match at Lord’s, England v Australia.

1977 Centenary Test at Melbourne, with identical result to the first match: Australia beat England by 45 runs.

1982 Sri Lanka’s first Test match.

1994 Brian Lara of Warwickshire becomes the only player to pass 500 in a firstclass innings: 501 not out v Durham

2004 Lara becomes the first man to score 400 in a Test innings, against England.


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What is Test cricket?

Test match cricket is the longest competitively played form of cricket. Each Test match takes up to five days, and usually forms part of a Test series of between two and six matches.

The first Test match of all took place at Melbourne in 1877 between Australia and England, and since then South Africa (1889), New Zealand (1930), West Indies (1930), India (1932), Pakistan (1954), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), and Bangladesh (2000) have become Test-playing sides.

In Test matches each side has two innings. To win a Test, a sidehas to not only dismiss the opposition team twice but also scoremore runs than them. Sometimes five days is not enough time for a definite result, and the game ends in draw.

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Test Ranking Table

785Bangaladesh10849Zimbabwe9956West Indies81036New Zealand71054Sri Lanka61059Pakistan51083India41126South Africa31160England21232Australia1RatingTeam

Sri Lanka’s Test Match History

Sri Lanka's first ever test match ( Vs England Feburary 1982)

President of the BCCSL Gamini Dissanayake

Bandula Warnapura, Sri Lanka's first test captain

18-year-old Arjuna Ranatunga (54)

England beat Sri Lanka by seven wickets

Sri Lanka's rebel tour of South Africa (September 1982)

Sri Lanka beat India to record their first ever test victory (September 1985)

The first ever overseas test and series victory in New Zealand (March 1995)

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Sri Lanka proudly enters into the world record books (August 1997)

highest ever test innings making 952 runs for six wickets.

Sanath Jayasuriya 340

Roshan Mahanama 225

Aravinda De Silva 126

Arjuna Ranatunga 86

One-Day Cricket

One-day cricket is a form of cricket which can be played in a singleday. It is also called "limited overs" cricket.

Organisation of a One-Day Match

A one-day match is a game of one innings per side, played on a single day. Each innings is restricted to a maximum number of overs - 50 is standard, but 40 or 60 are sometimes used. When the fielding side has bowled the allotted number of overs, the batting side's innings is complete, no matter how many wickets remain. If the batting side loses 10 wickets before its allotted overs are bowled, the innings also ends. Note that because each innings iscompleted, the match cannot end in a draw. It can, however, end in a tie if both sides score the same number of runs.

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A typical one-day match is scheduled as follows:

The first 50-over innings - scheduled for 3.5 hours of play.

•A 45-minute meal break.

•The second 50-over innings - another 3.5 hours.

Field Restrictions

A major difference between two-innings matches and a one-day match is that there are playing conditions that restrict where fielders may stand at various times duirng an innings. A field restriction circle is drawn on the field, made of two semi-circles of radius 27.34m (30 yards) centred on the wickets, joined by parallel lines running parallel to the pitch.

•During the first 15 overs of a 50-over innings:

•Only two fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler delivers the ball.

•Two fielders must be in stationary positions close to the batsman, primarily as catchers rather than run-savers.

•During the remainder of a 50-over innings:

•Only five fielders may be outside the circle when the bowler delivers the ball.

These restrictions are designed to prevent the fielding side simply stationing multiple fielders on the boundary to prevent the scoring of boundaries and keep the score down.

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ODI Ranking Table

14Bangaladesh1044Zimbabwe990West Indies897India7109England611South Africa5116Pakistan4116New Zealand3123Sri Lanka2136Australia1

RatingTeam

THE GAME

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Captain

If at any time the captain is not available, a deputy shall act for him.(a) If a captain is not available during the period in which thetoss is to take place, then the deputy must be responsible for the nomination of the players

(b) At any time after the toss, the deputy must be one of the nominated players.

Responsibility of Captains

The captains are responsible at all times for ensuring that play is conducted within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws.

Number of Players

A match is played between two sides, each of eleven players, one of whom shall be captain.By agreement a match may be played between sides of more or less than eleven players, but not more than eleven players may field at any time.

Nomination of Players

Each captain shall nominate his players in writing to one of the umpires before the toss. No player may be changed after the nomination without the consent of the opposing captain.

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The umpires

Appointment and attendance

Before the match, two umpires shall be appointed, one for each end, to control the game as required by the Laws, with absolute impartiality. The umpires shall be present on the ground and report to the Executive of the ground at least 45 minutes before the scheduled start of each day�s play.

Change of UmpiresAn umpire shall not be changed during the match, other than in exceptional circumstances, unless he is injured or ill. If there has to be a change of umpire, the replacement shall act only as the striker�s end umpire unless the captains agree that he should take full responsibility as an umpire.

Field and Equipments

There are certain rules regarding the measurement of the ball, bat, pitch, wicket and the creases. There is a boundary for the playing area. The boundary is marked either by a white line, a rope laidon the ground or a fence. Sometimes flags and posts are used instead of a boundary line.

The BallThe ball will be leather skinned and its weight must not be less than 155.9gms and not more than 163gms. The circumference of the ball must be in between 22.4cm and 22.9cm.

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The BatUsually a wooden bat of weight 2 lb 40z is used. It should be 10.8cm in width and 96.5cm in length including the handle.

The Wickets Each wicket is 22.80cm in width and consist of three wooden stumps with two wooden bails on the top. The wickets should be pitched opposite and parallel to each other at a distance of 20.12m between the center of the two middle stump. The stumps stand 70cm tall and each bail is 11.1cm in length.

Bowling and Popping CreasesThe bowling crease is marked in line with the stumps at each end and is 2.64m in length. The popping crease which is the back edge of the crease marking, is in front of and parallel with the bowling crease. The back edge of the crease is 1.22m from the center of the stumps and extended to a minimum of 1.83m on either side of the line of the wicket. The return crease is marked at each end of the bowling crease at right angles to it and extend forward to join the popping crease and aminimum of 1.22m behind the wicket.

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Fielding positions

Catching positions

Some fielding positions are used offensively. That is, players are put there with the main aim being to catch out. Being out caught is the most common method of dismissal. (Slip,Gully,Leg Slip, Leg Gully)

Other positions

Other positions worth noting include: Wicket-keeper wicket-keeper in cricket is the fielding player who stands behind the batsman on strike at the wicket. His major function is to stop balls that pass the batsman (to prevent a run or runs) but also to attempt to dismiss the batsman in various ways.Sweeper, an alternative name for deep cover, deep extra cover or deep midwicket (that is, near the boundary on the off side or the on side), usually defensive and intended to prevent a four being scored..

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Umpiring Signals

Signalling dead ball Signalling no ball Signalling four

Signalling out Signalling five penalty runs to the batting side

Revoking the last signal

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Signalling leg bye Signalling wide Signalling the commencement of the last hour

Signalling new ball

Signalling a short run

Signalling six

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INTERNATIONAL CRICKET GROUNDS

W.A.C.A. Ground

East Perth, Perth, Western Australia

Ground profile

Also or formerly known as Western Australia Cricket Association GroundEstablished 1890Capacity 22000Playing area 149.0 long, 139.0 wideFloodlights Yes

First Test

Australia v England - Dec 11-16, 1970

First ODI

India v New Zealand - Dec 9, 1980

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Sydney Cricket Ground

Moore Park, Sydney, New South Wales

Ground profile

Moore Park Road Paddington, NSW,

Also or formerly known as Sydney Cricket Ground No. 1; Garrison Ground (1848-1877), Association GroundEstablished 1848Capacity 43649Playing area 156.0m long, 154.0m wideFloodlights Yes

First Test Australia v England - Feb 17-21, 1882

First ODI Australia v England - Jan 13, 1979

Melbourne Cricket Ground

Jolimont, Melbourne, Victoria

Ground profile

Established 1854Capacity 96308Playing area 172.9m long, 147.8m wideFloodlights Since March 1985

First Test

Australia v England - Mar 15-19, 1877

First ODI

Australia v England - Jan 5, 1971

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Adelaide Oval

North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia

Ground profile

Established 1873Capacity 32,000Playing area 190.2m long, 126.2m wideFloodlights Yes

First Test

Australia v England - Dec 12-16, 1884

First ODI

Australia v West Indies - Dec 20, 1975

Lord's

St John's Wood Road, London, England

Ground profile

Also or formerly known as Lord's Cricket GroundEstablished 1814Named after Thomas LordCapacity 30000Floodlights No

First Test England v Australia - Jul 21-23, 1884

First ODI England v Australia - Aug 26, 1972

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Old Trafford

Stretford, Manchester, England

Ground profile

Established 1857Capacity 19000Floodlights No

First Test

England v Australia - Jul 10-12, 1884

First ODI

England v Australia - Aug 24, 1972

Eden Gardens

Kolkata, India

Ground profile

Established 1864Capacity 90,000Floodlights Yes

First Test

India v England - Jan 5-8, 1934

First ODI

India v Pakistan - Feb 18, 1987

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R.Premadasa Stadium

Khettarama, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Ground profile

Also or formerly known as KhettaramaStadium

First Test

Sri Lanka v Australia - Aug 28-Sep 2, 1992

First ODI

Sri Lanka v Pakistan - Mar 9, 1986

New Wanderers Stadium

Johannesburg, South Africa

Also or formerly known as Kent Park

First Test

South Africa v England - Dec 24-29, 1956

First ODI

South Africa v India - Dec 13, 1992

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The first attempt at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South Africa. Dogged by poor weather, the experiment was dropped and not repeated until 1975, when, following the success of domestic one-day competitions, the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan) were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa in the first World Cup in England. A resounding success, the tournament was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England, before moving abroad, maintaining a four-year cycle. The next tournament takes place in the Caribbean in 2007.

The World Cup – A brief history

World Cup 1975

Venue : Lords, EnglandTeams : England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India, Pakistan, Srilanka and East AfricaFinals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and Australia led by Ian Chappell on June 21, 1975.Winner : West Indies beat Australia for 17 runsScore : 291 for 8 off 60 OversMan of the match : Clive Lloyd scoring 102 runs off just 85 ballsSponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup

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World Cup 1979

Venue : Lords, EnglandTeams : Australia, Canada, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka and West IndiesFinals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and England led by Mike Brearley on June 23, 1979.Winner : West Indies beat England by 92 runsScore : 286 runs for 9 wickets Man of the match : Vivian Richards scoring an unbeaten 138 runsSponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup

World Cup 1983Venue : Lords, EnglandTeams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies and ZimbabweFinals : Between West Indies led by Clive Lloyd and India led by Kapil Dev on June 25, 1983.Winner : India beat West Indies by 43 runsScore : 183 runs all out off 54.4 OversMan of the match : Indian Vice Captain Mohinder Amarnath for picking 3 wickets for 12 balls. Also took 26 runs Sponsors : Prudential Insurance Company, hence called the Prudential World Cup

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World Cup 1987

Venue : Eden Gardens, Kolkata, IndiaTeams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies and ZimbabweFinals : Between Australia led by Allan Border and England led by Mike Gatting on November 8, 1987.Winner : Australia beat England by 7 runsScore : 253 runs for 7 wickets off 50 OversMan of the match : David Boon scoring 75 runsSponsors : Reliance company, hence called the Reliance World Cup. Jointly hosted by India and Pakistan.

World Cup 1992

Venue : AustraliaTeams : Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, Srilanka, West Indies, Zimbabwe and South AfricaFinals : Between Pakistan led by Imran Khan and England led by Graham Gooch on March 25, 1992.Winner : Pakistan beat England by 22 runsScore : 249 runs for 6 wickets off 50 oversMan of the match : Wasim Akram, who picked up three important wickets late in the England inningsPlayer of the tournament : New Zealand captain Martin Crowe for scoring 456 runs Sponsors : Jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand called the Benson and Hedges World Cup.

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World Cup 1996

Venue : Lahore, PakistanTeams : Australia, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Netherlands, Pakistan, South Africa, Srilanka, United Arab Emirates, West Indies and ZimbabweFinals : Between Srilanka led by Arjuna Ranatunga and Australia led by Mark Taylor on March 17, 1996.Winner : Srilanka beat Australia by 7 wickets. For the first time in the history of the tournament, the team chasing won.Score : 241 runs with 22 deliveries to spare off 50 oversMan of the match : Aravinda da Silva for his unbeaten 107 runsPlayer of the Tournament : Sanath Jayasurya for aggressive batman ship with runs at the amazing rate of 1.32 per ball faced.Sponsors : Jointly hosted by India, Pakistan and Srilankacalled the Wills World cup

World Cup 1999Venue : Lords, EnglandTeams : Australia, Bangladesh, England, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West Indies and ZimbabweFinals : Between Australia led by Steve Waugh and Pakistan led by Wasim Akram on June 20, 1999.Winner : Australia beat Pakistan by 8 wickets.Score : 133 runs in 29.5 overs to spareMan of the match : Shane Warne for picking 4 wickets for 33 ballsPlayer of the tournament : South Africa's All rounder, Lance Klusener for scoring 281 runs at an average of 140.50, with his strike rate an amazing 1.22 runs per ball faced. He also captured 17 wickets, just three off the tournament’s leading wicket-taker, at an average of just over 20.Sponsors : ICC World Cup hosted by England

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World Cup 2003

Commencing : 8th FebruaryVenue : Johannesburg, South AfricaTeams : Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, England, India, Kenya, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Scotland, Srilanka, West Indies and ZimbabweFinals : March 23Winner : Australia beat India by 125 runs.Sponsors : ICC World Cup jointly hosted by South Africa, Zimambwe and Kenya

Australian cricket team poses for photographers with Cricket World Cup trophy after defeating India in the finals at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg on March 23, 2003. Reuters

Sachin Tendulkar, Man of the Tournament, receives the trophy from Sir Garfield Sobers after the final in Johannesburg, South Africa, on March 23, 2003. Reuters

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Great Players

Steve Waugh

Australia

Full name Stephen Rodger WaughBorn June 2, 1965, Canterbury, Sydney, New South WalesCurrent age 40 years 67 daysMajor teams Australia, Ireland, Kent, New South Wales, SomersetPlaying role Lower middle order batsmanBatting style Right-hand batBowling style Right-arm mediumRelations Brother - DP Waugh, Twin brother - ME Waugh

Test 168 10927 51.06

ODI 325 7569 32.90

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Arjuna Ranatunga

Sri Lanka

Full name Arjuna RanatungaBorn December 1, 1963, ColomboCurrent age 41 years 250 daysMajor teams Sri Lanka, Sinhalese Sports ClubBatting style Left-hand batBowling style Right-arm mediumRelations Brother - D Ranatunga, Brother -N Ranatunga, Brother - S Ranatunga

Test 93 5105 35.69

ODI 269 7456 35.84

Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1999

ArjunaRanatungareceives the

World Cup, Sri Lanka v

Australia, Lahore, March 17, 1996

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Muttiah Muralitharan

Sri Lanka

Full name Muttiah MuralitharanBorn April 17, 1972, KandyCurrent age 33 years 113 daysMajor teams Sri Lanka, ACC Asian XI, Kent, Lancashire, Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic ClubBatting style Right-hand batBowling style Right-arm offbreak

Test 93 549 wkts

ODI 24 375 wkts

Brian Lara

West Indies

Full name Brian Charles LaraBorn May 2, 1969, Cantaro, Santa Cruz, TrinidadCurrent age 36 years 98 daysMajor teams ICC World XI, West Indies, Northern Transvaal, Trinidad & Tobago, WarwickshireBatting style Left-hand batBowling style Legbreak

Test 117 10818 54.09

ODI 256 9354 41.94

Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1995

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Sir Garry Sobers

West Indies

Full name Garfield St Auburn SobersBorn July 28, 1936, Chelsea Road, Bay Land, St Michael, BarbadosCurrent age 69 years 11 daysMajor teams West Indies, Barbados, Nottinghamshire, South AustraliaAlso known as Garry SobersBatting style Left-hand batBowling style Left-arm fast-medium, Slow left-arm orthodox, Slow left-arm chinaman

Test 93 8032 57.58 235wkts

Knighted for services to cricket 1975Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1964Selected as one of five Wisden cricketers of the century, 2000

• the finest allround player in modern cricket

• Born with an extra finger on each hand (removed at birth),

• 365 not out against Pakistan at Kingston. It was his first hundred in a Test, made at the age of 21, and it was to stand as the highest Test score for 36 years, until Brian Lara surpassed it in April 1994

• six consecutive sixes hit off an over from Malcolm Nash, a superb innings of 254 for the Rest of the World against Australia in 1971

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WHAT IS SWING?

The cricket ball often moves in the air towards or away from a batsman when a pace bowler is bowling.

It is this deviation most fast bowlers strive for because of theproblems it causes batsmen.

Swing is all about aerodynamics

Batsmen are used to facing orthodox swing - which happens when the ball is still relatively hard and new in the first 10 to 15 overs.

However, over the past 20 years fast bowlers have developed a new method of making the ball move in the air with the older ball called 'reverse swing'.

But to obtain any sort of movement, there are a number of factors to consider.

THE BALL

You will often see fielders constantly shining one side of a ball by rubbing it on their trousers.

The rubbing helps to maintain a smooth, shiny side while the opposite is left to deteriorate through normal wear and tear.

In simple terms, the aerodynamics of bowling means the shiny side travels faster through the air, while the rough side acts as a brake, pushing the ball in that direction.

But other factors also play a part too.

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SEAM POSITION

The stitching around the centre of the ball is called the seam, which acts as a rudder for faster bowlers.

All fast bowlers grip the seam vertically, with the middle and index fingers on either side, with the ball resting in the third finger and thumb.

The straighter the seam when the ball is delivered, the greater the chance of swing, especially when the ball is older with one shiny and one rough side.

WHAT IS REVERSE SWING?

Once the ball becomes older and more worn, it will begin to move in the opposite direction to where it would usually swing with no great change in the bowling grip.

For example, an outswinger's grip will move towards the batsman in the air while an inswinger will move away from the bat.

All this tends to happen very late on in the delivery, making itdifficult for the batsman to pick up the changes in the air.

Not every single bowler can obtain reverse swing - the ball needs to be propelled above 80mph or thereabouts to make it move in the air.

Former Pakistan international Sarfraz Nawaz was the founder of reverse swing during the late 1970s, and he passed his knowledge on to former team-mate Imran Khan.

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Bernoulli Equation

A non-turbulent, perfect, compressible, and barotropic fluid undergoing steady motion is governed by the Bernoulli Equation:

where g is the gravity acceleration constant (9.81 m/s2; 32.2 ft/s2), V is the velocity of the fluid, and zis the height above an arbitrary datum. C remains constant along any streamline in the flow, but varies from streamline to streamline. If the flow is irrotational, then C has the same value for all streamlines.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

"As the ball gets older, the air changes its preference for the side of the ball it will go faster around.

"The rough side is too worn while the once-shiny side has reached a point where it is rough enough for the air to flow quicker around.

"So, without changing the position of the seam, the ball begins to swing in the opposite direction."

For the ball to reverse, the seam needs to be angled approximately 15 degrees away from the direction the bowler wants the ball to move.

So for the ball to reverse into the batsman, the bowler will grip the ball with an outswinger's grip.

cricket - christi sharing/cricket.pdf · 3 according to some other theories, cricket originated...

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