Crew Resource Management and

Human Factors

CRM Module G132009 May 28

CRM & Human Factors

• Annual CRM training is integrated into annual aircraft training.

• Everything including ground school, flight preparation, training session briefings, de-briefings and training session exercises involve CRM

• The entire week of training is a CRM course and will be an opportunity to use and help you develop your CRM skills

Aims and Objectives

Effective CRM skills include, but are not limited to:

Cooperation Leadership and management Situational awareness Decision making Human Factors

Cooperation

Working together as a team Conflict resolution

Some Factors of Cooperation

Each crewmember backs up the other (monitoring and feedback)

Increased error avoidance, detection, and mitigation Teamwork enables crew to do better “task work” Synergy – better performance when working as crew Importance of establishing the “crew shell” WHAT is right – not WHO is right

Leadership

Authority and assertiveness

Managing workload

Planning and coordinating

Maintaining standards

Leadership and Managerial Skills

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Workload Management

The crew’s WORKLOAD is a result of demands

and threats that the crew must respond to;

One of the first things any pilot learns regarding

workload management is (?):

AVIATE – NAVIGATE – COMMUNICATE

To this we must add…..MANAGE

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Preventing Overload

Spread out the workload

Allow no casual conversation during high-workload periods

Treat any interruption of checklists as a serious hazard

Work hard to maintain the big picture in an unusual situation

Use all available resources Learn to say NO

How can we prevent overload?

Danger of Losing SA = CFIT (W)Danger of Losing SA = CFIT (W)

Controlled flight into terrain (and water) [(CFIT(W)] is the leading cause worldwide of airline accidents

(and it hurts if you do it in a helicopter)

CAUTION !!!

Barriers to Good SA

Preoccupation with minor mechanical problems

Inadequate leadership Failure to delegate tasks

and assign responsibilities

Failure to set priorities Inadequate monitoring Failure to utilize

available data Failure to communicate

intent and plans

Red Flags

High-workload phases Departure, arrival,

emergencies Low-workload phases Funnelling

Minor emergencies Changed situation

Unexpected/unplanned events

DANGER !!!

Dr. John Lauber, 1993

COMPLACENCY

Defintion: “self-satisfaction especially when accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers or deficiencies”

It could also be described as “A state of reduced conscious attention caused by a sense of security and self-confidence”

Overconfidence

Repetitive tasks (before takeoff checklist)

Periods of low stress, boredom

Monitoring for lengthy periods of time

Sense of security when working with experienced colleague

Automation

Fatigue

Review NOTAMs prior to flight and approach

Monitor nav and flight instruments

Follow SOPs

Back up GPS/FMS with raw data

Maintain terrain awareness

Plan for the unexpected

If in doubt, get to a known safe altitude and start

over

How to Improve SA?

Ask: Where are we? Where are we going? How are things going?

Good Situation Awareness (SA)

Knowing the location of the a/c and its proximity to terrain, traffic, weather, airports

Knowing the status of a/c systems, crew, pax, and other factors

Understanding current conditions Anticipating potential outcomes Continually review/monitor/predict Question status when it feels wrong Assess info relating to current conditions Communicate changes or expected changes

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Judgment

Definition:

Process of choosing which alternative will give the safest outcome in a situation

Factors affecting good judgment:

Lack of vigilance Distraction Peer pressure Insufficient knowledge Not aware of consequences Forgetful of consequences Ignoring consequences Overconfidence

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Risk Management Process

Estimation Evaluation Decision

Hazard/Threat Identification

Analysis/ Assessment

Risk Strategies

Terminate Treat Tolerate Transfer

RISK MANAGENENT ENABLES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSEQUENT PREVENTION STRATEGIES.

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Risk Management for Pilots

Pre-flight yourself The “IMSAFE” Checklist Decide ahead Aircraft, environment, operation, situation A matter of probabilities Identifying areas of risk Leave an “out” (Plan B)

Risk = P x C x ERisk = P x C x EP = ProbabilityP = ProbabilityC = CostC = CostE = ExposureE = Exposure

Communication Outline

How we communicate

How to improve communication

ATC readback/hearback loop

Type of Communication

Per Cent of Message

Words Only

Non-verbal

7 %

38 %

55 %

Tone and Volume

Internal Barriers

Technical Knowledge

Experience & Training

Prejudice & Stereotypes

Unresolved Conflict

Expectations

Relationships

Stress and Fatigue

Attitudes and Values

Some Barriers to Communication

External Barriers

Noise and Distance

Distractions

Language & culture

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

• Fatigue Fatigue

• Causes and effects of Causes and effects of

fatigue fatigue • Importance of sleepImportance of sleep• Symptoms of fatigueSymptoms of fatigue• Fatigue Fatigue

CountermeasuresCountermeasures

StressStress

• Causes and effects ofCauses and effects of stressstress• Stressors in aviationStressors in aviation• Symptoms of stressSymptoms of stress• Stress countermeasuresStress countermeasures

Flight Workload ManagementFlight Workload Management

• How to prevent stress from work overloadHow to prevent stress from work overload• How to recognize when a crew-member is How to recognize when a crew-member is stressedstressed• What to do when a crew-member is stressedWhat to do when a crew-member is stressed

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

NASA completed a 10 year program on the NASA completed a 10 year program on the Gradual and cumulative effects of fatigue.Gradual and cumulative effects of fatigue.

Fatigued pilots less vigilanteFatigued pilots less vigilanteMore willing to accept poor performanceMore willing to accept poor performanceShow signs of poor judgmentShow signs of poor judgment

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

1.1. Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm““Circa” = around Circa” = around

“ “Dian” = dayDian” = day 2.2. Sleep LossSleep Loss

The two main causes of fatigue are:The two main causes of fatigue are:

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

• The body’s Circadian Rhythm runs on a 25 hour The body’s Circadian Rhythm runs on a 25 hour clockclock

• It is adjusted to 24 hours by sunlightIt is adjusted to 24 hours by sunlight

• It is easier to reset when traveling west It is easier to reset when traveling west through time zonesthrough time zones

• With major changes, it takes up to 3 weeks to With major changes, it takes up to 3 weeks to reset the body’s clockreset the body’s clock

• To help reset the body’s clock:To help reset the body’s clock:• - exercise - exercise • - go to sleep during normal sleep times- go to sleep during normal sleep times• - get 8 – 10 hours of uninterrupted sleep- get 8 – 10 hours of uninterrupted sleep

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Other causes of fatigue include:Other causes of fatigue include:

• Intense physical or mental effortIntense physical or mental effort

• StressStress

• Large temperature variationsLarge temperature variations

• NoiseNoise

• VibrationVibration

• Strong or poor lightingStrong or poor lighting

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

A person who is fatigued:A person who is fatigued:

• fails to set or achieve targetsfails to set or achieve targets

• accepts a lower standard of performanceaccepts a lower standard of performance

• exhibits poor judgmentexhibits poor judgment

• has impaired memoryhas impaired memory

• displays irritabilitydisplays irritability

• has slow mental and physical reactionhas slow mental and physical reaction

• increases risk takingincreases risk taking

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Other effects of fatigue include:Other effects of fatigue include: visual illusionsvisual illusions forgetting or ignoring checks and forgetting or ignoring checks and

proceduresprocedures easily fixated & distractedeasily fixated & distracted becoming preoccupied easilybecoming preoccupied easily loss of situational awarenessloss of situational awareness poor communication skillspoor communication skills on-set of micro-sleepson-set of micro-sleeps

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Fatigue Countermeasures:Fatigue Countermeasures:

– Get at least 8 hours of uninterrupted Get at least 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep.sleep.

– Take naps (30-90 min.)Take naps (30-90 min.)– Maintain a proper diet.Maintain a proper diet.– Maintain a good physical condition.Maintain a good physical condition.– Reduce your stress creating activities.Reduce your stress creating activities.– Minimize the use of artificial stimulants.Minimize the use of artificial stimulants.

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

In-flight countermeasures:In-flight countermeasures:

Ventilate the cockpitVentilate the cockpit

Engage in constructive conversationEngage in constructive conversation

Review emergency proceduresReview emergency procedures

Think about “what if ?”Think about “what if ?”

Do stretching exercisesDo stretching exercises

Keep mentally activeKeep mentally active

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

SummarySummary

• Sleep-loss can degrade human performance by Sleep-loss can degrade human performance by

35%35%

• Plan for rest time - 8 hours of uninterrupted Plan for rest time - 8 hours of uninterrupted

sleepsleep

• It may take up to 2 – 21 days to recover from lost It may take up to 2 – 21 days to recover from lost

sleepsleep

• Stimulants will adversely effect quality of sleepStimulants will adversely effect quality of sleep

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Stress is caused by anything Stress is caused by anything that:that:

- - Worries;Worries;- Prods;- Prods;- Thrills; - Thrills; - Scares; or- Scares; or- Threatens us.- Threatens us.

StressStress

Stress is the bodies response to demands placed upon it.Stress is the bodies response to demands placed upon it.

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Over-stress breaks down the brains Over-stress breaks down the brains ability to produce:ability to produce:

• Serotonin Serotonin - lets you sleep- lets you sleep• Noradrenalin Noradrenalin - gives you energy- gives you energy• Dopamine Dopamine - sets your pleasure and pain - sets your pleasure and pain

levelslevels

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Often we create our own stressOften we create our own stress

• Much of our daily stress is created by our Much of our daily stress is created by our imagination.imagination.

• 80 % of the things we worry about never 80 % of the things we worry about never happen.happen.

• How can we relieve this type of stress?How can we relieve this type of stress?

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Stressors in AviationStressors in Aviation

•Noise and vibrationNoise and vibration•Temperature and humidityTemperature and humidity•Poor diet/hungerPoor diet/hunger•DehydrationDehydration•Pressure changesPressure changes•Confined spacesConfined spaces

•MedicalsMedicals•CheckridesCheckrides•IllnessIllness•ConflictConflict•Fears related to flyingFears related to flying•Time schedulesTime schedules•Passengers/customersPassengers/customers•Poor weatherPoor weather

HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORS

Stress Management Basics:Stress Management Basics:• Identify, recognize, eliminate, or reduce stressorsIdentify, recognize, eliminate, or reduce stressors

• Cope actively with demands placed on youCope actively with demands placed on you

• Get sufficient rest and proper nutritionGet sufficient rest and proper nutrition

• ExerciseExercise

• Communicate your problems to people that can helpCommunicate your problems to people that can help

• Check your attitude, sense of humor, and emotional Check your attitude, sense of humor, and emotional

statestate

• Change your perspective -- THINK POSITIVLY!Change your perspective -- THINK POSITIVLY!

Summary

In this module we highlighted the topics that will be focused on the entire week of your recurrent training:

CRM Skills

CooperationLeadership and managementWorkload ManagementSituational awareness

Risk Management Communication Human Factors and stressors