credit: cern credit: lucas tayloredu.lnf.infn.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/physicsatthe...femto!...
TRANSCRIPT
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Credit: Lucas Taylor
Credit: CERN
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Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
Big Ma
chines
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Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
Big Ma
chines
High Energies
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Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
High Energies
and Tiny Particles
Big Ma
chines
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Frederik Van der Veken
INSPYRE 2020
Physicsat the
Femtoscale
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Whát scale… ?
1
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5cm
(10-2m)
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5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
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5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
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5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
Femto!(10-15m)
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5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
1am
(10-18m)
Femto!(10-15m)
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Credit: CERN
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Credit: CERN
Credit: CERN
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Big machines
reach high energy
By accelerating protons
(of femtometer size)
and use them to search
for tiny particles
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Big Machines
2
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Particle Colliders
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
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Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
Humans, not machines (though this is changing…)
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Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider
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Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider
26.659 km 9593 magnets 1~2 billion collisions / s
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Magnets?
Accelerators
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Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicular
Accelerators
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Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction
Like pushing a swing from the side
Accelerators
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Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction
Like pushing a swing from the side
Accelerators
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Accelerators
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Electric field
Accelerators
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Electric field
Force is longitudinal
Credit: JLAB
Accelerators
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Electric field
: cavities
Field should be positive at right moment
Correct timing is crucial
Credit: CERNForce is longitudinal
Credit: JLAB
Accelerators
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But.. But..
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But.. But..
LHC has 9600 magnets!
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Then.. why?
But.. But..
LHC has 9600 magnets!
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Magnets
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dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
Magnets
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dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
quadrupole: focussing
Credit: CERN
Magnets
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higher orders: other stuff
dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
quadrupole: focussing
Credit: CERN
Magnets
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The Large Hadron Collider
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The Large Hadron Collider
Detectors
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The Large Hadron Collider
AccelerationDetectors
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The Large Hadron Collider
Acceleration
Beam dump
Detectors
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The Large Hadron Collider
Acceleration
Beam dump
Beam cleaning
Detectors
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The Accelerator Complex
LINAC 2
North Area
LINAC 3Ions
East Area
TI2TI8
TT41TT40
CLEAR
TT2
TT10
TT66
e-
ALICE
ATLAS
LHCb
CMS
SPS
TT20
n
p
p
RIBsp
1976 (7 km)
ISOLDE1992
2016
REX/HIE2001/2015
IRRAD/CHARM
BOOSTER1972 (157 m)
AD1999 (182 m)
LEIR2005 (78 m)
AWAKE
n-ToF2001
LHC2008 (27 km)
PS1959 (628 m)
2011
2016
2015
HiRadMat
GIF++CENF
p (protons) ions RIBs (Radioactive Ion Beams) n (neutrons) –p (antiprotons) e- (electrons)
2016 (31 m)ELENA
LHC - Large Hadron Collider // SPS - Super Proton Synchrotron // PS - Proton Synchrotron // AD - Antiproton Decelerator // CLEAR - CERN Linear
Electron Accelerator for Research // AWAKE - Advanced WAKefield Experiment // ISOLDE - Isotope Separator OnLine // REX/HIE - Radioactive
EXperiment/High Intensity and Energy ISOLDE // LEIR - Low Energy Ion Ring // LINAC - LINear ACcelerator // n-ToF - Neutrons Time Of Flight //
HiRadMat - High-Radiation to Materials // CHARM - Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility // IRRAD - proton IRRADiation facility //
GIF++ - Gamma Irradiation Facility // CENF - CErn Neutrino platForm
2017
The CERN accelerator complexComplexe des accélérateurs du CERN
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Detectors
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Detectors
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Tiny particles
3
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What are wemade of?
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What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
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What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
Why does everythingjust “work”?
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What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
Why does everythingjust “work”?
… ?
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
17particles
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The Standard Model
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High Energy
4
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High Energy Physics
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How do we do it?
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How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
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How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
p
p
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How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
p
p new
physi
cs
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Statistics!
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Statistics!Higgs found!
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Example process
Statistics!Higgs found!
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Example process
Statistics!Higgs found!
Black box: Can be everything; we don’t know (Higgs, photon, gluon, ….) Use statistics and probability to peek into process
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It walks like a Higgs…
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Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
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Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
quark, lepton
antiquark, antilepton
photon
gluon
weak boson
Notations
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Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
quark, lepton
antiquark, antilepton
photon
gluon
weak boson
Notations Interactions
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The Future
5
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Expanding the search…
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Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better
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Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better
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(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
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(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
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(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?
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(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?
Created asymmetrically?
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(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
Asymmetric decay?
Hidden somewhere far?
Created asymmetrically?
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Dark Matter
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Dark MatterBlack holes?
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Dark Matter
WIMPs?
Black holes?
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Dark Matter
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
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Dark Matter
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
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Dark Matter
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
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Dark Energy
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Dark Energy
Variable energy field?
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Dark Energy
Fundamental property of space?
Variable energy field?
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Dark Energy
Fundamental property of space?
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
Variable energy field?
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One more thing..
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
String Theory
?
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Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
String Theory
?Nah..
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These are open questions left to be explored…
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Thank you for your attention
Questions?