Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemasTan

dapirispireba

rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba kerZo

repetitorobis sxvadasxva formas?

M

mark brei

mTargmneli: mariam orkodaSvili

Confronting the shadow education system

What government policies for what private tutoring?

Mark Bray

Translated by: Mariam Orkodashvili

Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemasTan

dapirispireba

rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba

kerZo repetitorobis sxvadasxva formas?

mark brei

winamdebare wignSi gamoTqmuli azrebi ekuTvnis mxolod

avtors da ar aris aucilebeli gamoxatavdes iuneskos

(UNESCO) an ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis

(IIEP) azrebs. wignSi gamoyenebuli aRniSvnebi da masalis ward-

gena ar gamoxatavs iuneskos (UNESCO) an ganaTlebis dageg-

mvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP) pozicias moxseniebuli

qveynebis, teritoriebis, qalaqebis, raionebis an maTi mTavrobebis

sazRvrebis legaluri statusis Sesaxeb.

wignis gamosacemad Catarebuli kvleva dafinansda iuneskos

da misi wevri qveynebis mier nebayoflobiT gaRebuli TanxebiT,

romlebic wignis bolos aris CamoTvlili.

© mTargmneli: mariam orkodaSvili

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti

International Institute for Educational Planning7-9 rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris, Franceinfo@iiep.unesco.orgwww.iiep.unesco.org

gamomcemeli: polaris printi

dizaini da dakabadoneba: polaris printi

dabeWdilia Sps globusSi

ISBN 978-9941-9164-1-0

UNESCO 2009

4

sarCevi

madlobis gamoxatva 6

Semoklebebis sia 7

cxrilebis sia 10

CarCoebis sia 12

1. Sesavali 13

metafora “Crdilovani”-s Taobaze 15

wignis struqtura 18

2. diagnostika 21

masStabi, intensivoba da saxeobebi 21

ekonomikuri, socialuri da saganmanaTleblo

zegavlena da mniSvneloba 43

sami SemTxvevis ganxilva 68

3. sapasuxo politika 104

konteqstebis, miznebis da struqturebis

dagegmva da monaxazi 104

repetitorobaze moTxovnis problemis

gadaWra 111

repetitorobis miwodebis problemis

gadaWra 117

bazris moTokva / regulireba 127

maregulirebeli struqturebis gaumjobeseba 130

4. monitoringi da Sefaseba 141

erovnuli da adgilobrivi gamoxmaurebis

da rCevebis kvanZebi 141

saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi 149

5. daskvnebi 154

mimdinareobebis aRwera 154

swavla Crdilisgan 158

literaturis sia 163

sagnobrivi saZiebeli 182

5

madlobis gamoxatva

bevri adamiani dagvexmara winamdebare wignis SeqmnaSi. mTavari

wvlili, ra Tqma unda, ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-

stitutis (IIEP) politikis forumis monawileebs miuZRviT,

romlebic parizSi 2007 wlis 5-7 ivliss Seikribnen. wignis

udidesi nawili am forumis masalebzea dafuZnebuli. movlenam

sxvadasxva qveynis 37 monawiles mouyara Tavi, romlebmac sain-

tereso diskusiebi da analizi warmarTes. forums mniSvnelo-

vani mxardaWera aRmouCina ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso

institutis (IIEP) mkvlevarTa jgufma, romelTagan florens

aperi (Florence Appéré) da emanuel suso (Emmanuelle Suso)gansakuTrebul moxseniebas da madlobas imsaxureben. didi dax-

mareba aRmogviCina mravalma ganaTlebis mesveurma, kanonmdebelma

da mkvlevarma sxvadasxva qveynidan xangrZlivi periodis gan-

mavlobaSi. xelnawerze komentarebisTvis da sxva daxmare-

bisTvis aseve gansakuTrebul madlobas imsaxureben karl hainc

gruberi (Karl Heinz Gruber), ora quo (Ora Kwo), izumi mori(Izumi Mori), stiven obigado (Steven Obeegadoo), armoogum par-surameni (Armoogum Parsuramen), laura pavio (Laura Paviot),nevil postelTuaiti (Neville Postlethwaite), iveta silova (IvetaSilova), SiniCi suZuki (Shin’ichi Suzuki) da aleqsandre ventura

(Alexandre Ventura).

6

Semoklebebis sia

ADEA Association for the Development of Education in Africaafrikis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis asociacia

CLAP Community Learning Assistance Projectsazogadoebis swavlaSi daxmarebis proeqti

CPE Certificate of Primary EducationdawyebiTi ganaTlebis serTifikati

CPS Chicago Public Schools Cikagos sajaro skolebi

CSAT College Scholastic Ability Testkolejis akademiuri SesaZleblobebis testi

DST Department of Science and Technologymecnierebisa da teqnologiebis depertamenti

GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Educationzogadi saSualo ganaTlebis serTifikati

GDP Gross Domestic ProductmTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

GNP Gross National ProductmTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)

GPA Grade Point Averagedagrovebuli qulebis saSualo ariTmetikuli

IEA International Association for the Evaluation of Educational AchievementsaganmanaTleblo miRwevis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso

asociacia

IIEP International Institute for Educational PlanningganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti

INRP Institut national de recherché pédagogiquepedagogikis kvlevis erovnuli instituti

ICT Information and communication technologysainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi

HCEC Haut Conseil à l’evaluation de l’écoleskolebis Sefasebis umaRlesi sabWo

7

MENDAKI Council on Education for Malay / Muslim Childrenmalaizieli / musulmani bavSvebis damxmare

ganaTlebis sabWo

NCLB No Child Left BehindarcerTi CamorCenili bavSvi

NGO non-governmental organizationarasamTavrobo organizacia

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizacia

OSI Open Society InstituteRia sazogadoebis instituti

PISA Programme for International Student AssessmentmoswavleTa saerTaSoriso Sefasebis programa

QTS Qualified Teacher Statuskvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi

SACMEQ Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational QualityganaTlebis xarisxis monitoringis samxreT da

aRmosavleT afrikis konsorciumi

SES Socio-economic statussocio-ekonomikuri statusi

SINDA Singapore Indian Development Associationsingapur indoeTis ganviTarebis asociacia

SPH Special Purpose High [School]specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi [skola]

SPL School Pilot Leaderskolis sapilote programebis lideri

TIMSS Third International Mathematics and Science Study / Trends in International Mathematics and Science StudymaTematikis da mecnierebis mesame saerTaSoriso

kvleva / maTematikis da mecnierebis

saerTaSoriso kvlevis mimdinareobebi

8

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizationiunesko, gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da

kulturis organizacia

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fundgaeros bavSvTa daxmarebis fondi

USA United States of Americaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, aSS

ZEP Zone d’éducation prioritaire prioritetuli ganaTlebis zona

9

cxrilebis sia

cxrili 1. kerZo repetitorobis maCveneblebi

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi 22

cxrili 2. kerZo repetitorobis masStabi aRmosavleT

evropis da aziis SerCeul qveynebSi 27

cxrili 3. aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi

meeqvseklaselebis procentuloba, romlebic

kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen

1995 da 2000 wlebSi 29

cxrili 4. studentebis procentuloba, romlebic

kerZo repetitorebTan dadian, indoeTis

oTx StatSi, klasebis mixedviT 30

cxrili 5. repetitorobis intensivoba meTormete

klasebSi, portugaliis oTx skolaSi,

2005-2006 wlebSi 35

cxrili 6. moswavleTa procentuloba kerZod

momzadebuli saganTa raodenobis

mixedviT indoeTSi, 2005 weli 37

cxrili 7. moswavleTa procentuloba sxvadasxva

saganSi kerZo repetitorTan momzadebis

mixedviT indoeTis saSualo skolebis

zeda klasebSi, 2005 weli 38

cxrili 8. soflis da qalaqis gansxvavebebi kerZo

repetitorobis tendenciebSi aRmosavleT

evropaSi da aziaSi (%) 53

10

cxrili 9. qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa

procentuloba, romlebic kerZo

repetitorebTan emzadebian indoeTis

oTxi Statis qalaqebSi da soflebSi 54

cxrili 10. kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena saskolo

ganaTlebaze 65

cxrili 11. moswavleTa procentuloba koreaSi,

romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan

emzadebodnen 1980-2007 wlebSi 77

cxrili 12. ZiriTadi sarepetitoro kompaniebi

safrangeTSi 100

cxrili 13. kerZo repetitorobis klasificirebis

sistema 107

cxrili 14. inglisis „mniSvnelovani progresis

gakeTebis” programisTvis Seqmnili

repetitorobis modelebi 123

cxrili 15. repetitorobis maregulirebeli

sakanonmdeblo CarCoebi evropisa

da aziis eqvs qveyanaSi 130

cxrili 16. Sefasebis meTodologia sapilote

programisTvis „mniSvnelovani

progresis gakeTeba” 146

11

CarCoebis sia

CarCo1. kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis

klasifikacia 33

CarCo 2. Sefaseba da analizi 43

CarCo 3. zewolasTan gamklaveba 78

CarCo 4. ratom aris mavrikSi repetitoroba

ase Zlieri? 95

CarCo 5. repetitorobis finansuri ariTmetika

safrangeTSi 102

CarCo 6. juku-s (juku) tipebis gansxvaveba iaponiaSi 109

CarCo 7. profesionali repetitori

egvipteSi 116

CarCo 8. monopolia + moswavleebis TviTneburi

gamorCeva _ angariSvaldebuleba 119

12

1. Sesavali

mTel msoflioSi ganaTlebis dargSi momuSave specialistebi

da kanonmdeblebi am sistemis oficialur mxareze amaxvileben

yuradRebas. es sistema moicavs sabavSvo baRidan universite-

tamde yvela safexurs. am sistemis dawesebulebebi mniSvnelo-

van resursebs iyeneben da sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovan

socialur da ekonomikur rols asruleben.

ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sistemis paralelurad sul ufro

farTod vrceldeba kerZo repetitorobis Crdilovani

ganaTlebis sistemebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Crdilovani

ganaTlebis sistemebic mniSvnelovan socialur da ekonomikur

zegavlenas axdenen sazogadoebebze, maT naklebi yuradReba eqce-

vaT. es wigni asabuTebs, rom Crdilovani ganaTleba ufro met

yuradRebas imsaxurebs ganaTlebis dargSi momuSaveTagan.

msoflios zogierT kuTxeSi, gansakuTrebiT iaponiaSi da aR-

mosavleT aziis sxva nawilebSi, Crdilovani ganaTleba ukve

didi xania ZiriTadi ganaTlebis TvalsaCino nawilia. am bolo

wlebSi kerZo repetitorobis formebi da zegavlena msoflios

sxva kuTxeebSic farTod vrceldeba. kerZo repetitoroba sul

ufro metad sistemur xasiaTs iZens da scildeba araofi-

cialuri saqmianobis sazRvrebs. kerZo repetitorobis cen-

trebi erTmaneTTan xSirad SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben da ucxo

qveynebis centrebTanac ki TanamSromloben.

1999 wels iuneskos ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso

institutma (IIEP) kerZo repetitorobis dargSi pirveli

mniSvnelovani kvleva gamoaqveyna, romelic moicavda ramdenime

qveynis SedarebiT analizs da winamdebare wignis avtoris mier

iyo momzadebuli (brei, Bray, 1999a). wignma akademiuri da pro-fesiuli wreebis mniSvnelovani yuradReba miipyro. amave dros

es wigni xazs usvamda wamoWrili sakiTxebis Semdgomi kvlevis

aucileblobas (gv. 87).

1999 wlis naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg am sakiTxis kvleva

marTlac gagrZelda. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-

stitutma (IIEP) am seriis meore wigni gamouSva, romelic

13

eTikas da korufcias exeboda (brei, Bray, 2003). sxva mravalma

avtormac wamoWra es sakiTxi. zogierTi maTgani am wignis bib-

liografiaSia miTiTebuli. es Tema mravali saerTaSoriso da

arasamTavrobo organizaciis opoziciur dokumentSi iqna ganx-

iluli, romlebSic miTiTebulia ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTa-

Soriso institutis naSromi (mag.: World Bank, msoflio banki,

2004, 2005; OECD, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-

bis organizacia, 2006a; ADEA, afrikis ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

asociacia, 2008; Open Society Institute, Ria sazogadoebis insti-tuti, 2008; UNESCO, iunesko, 2004, 2007, 2008; UNICEF, iu-nisefi, 2007; Transparency International, Transfarensi

inTerneSeneli, 2009). analizis aseTi gaRrmaveba asaxavs kerZo

repetitorobis fenomenis mniSvnelobis farTod gacnobierebas,

rac Tavis mxriv, kerZo repetitorobis gavrcelebaze

metyvelebs.

mzardma yuradRebam wamoWra kiTxvebi, Tu rogor unda mi-

udgnen ganaTlebis mesveurebi kerZo repetitorobis arsebobas

da gavrcelebas. am sakiTxs 1999 wels gamoqveynebuli wigni

Seexo, romelSic aRniSnulia (brei, Bray, 1999a, gv. 74-77), rommsoflioSi kerZo repetitorobisadmi damokidebuleba farTod

cvalebadobs sruli ugulebelyofidan mis mkacr akrZalvamde,

da rom sxvadasxva midgoma miesadageba sxvadasxva konteqsts

da periods. wigni xazs usvams mudmivi monitoringis da

Sedegebis analizis aucileblobas gamocdilebis SesaZenad.

cvalebadma mdgomareobam am wignis gamoqveynebis Semdeg Rrma

kvleva ufro metad aucilebeli gaxada.

2007 wels ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti

(IIEP) kerZo repetitorobis sakiTxs kvlav miubrunda da

parizis mTavar ofisSi forumi Caatara. wakiTxuli moxsenebebi

da kvlevebi, da ori dRis ganmavlobaSi warmarTuli diskusiebi,

winamdebare wignis birTvs Seadgens.

forumis saxelwodeba igive iyo, rac am wignis saTauria.

monawileebma kerZo repetitorobis sxvadasxva formebi gamoav-

lines sxvadasxva konteqstSi, da ganixiles TiToeuli

formisTvis da konteqstisTvis Sesaferisi samoqmedo strate-

gia. monawileebi kargad acnobierebdnen am Temis bundovan xas-

14

iaTs da rekomendaciebsac Sesabamisi sifrTxiliT gvTavazobd-

nen. miuxedavad amisa, am diskusiebma axali mecnierul-koncep-

tualuri niadagi moamzada am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad da

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP)tradiciis kvalobaze, msgavsi forumebi yuradRebas amaxvileben

iseT Temebze, romlebic aqtualuria CrdiloeTis da samxreTis,

aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis. kerZo repeti-

toroba am kriteriums namdvilad akmayofilebs, da forumma

saintereso Sedarebebi gaakeTa iseT geografiulad daSorebul

qveynebs Soris, rogorebicaa avstralia, botsuana, safrangeTi

da koreis respublika. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso in-

stitutis forumebi aseve cdiloben Tavi mouyaron am qveynebis

ganaTlebis dargSi moRvawe mklevarebs, mecnierebs, praqtikosebs

da kanonmdeblebs. Fforumi, romelic kerZo repetitorobas

mieZRvna, am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda da uaRresad

saintereso azrTa gaziarebas Seuwyo xeli sxvadasxva jgufebsa

da mxareebs Soris. amas damatebiTi ganzomileba SesZina im

faqtma, rom, mravali monawile iyo mSobeli, romelic fiqrobda

aeyvana Tu ara kerZo repetitori Tavisi SvilisTvis. qvemoT

warmodgenili naSromi efuZvneba forumis diskusiebs,

moxsenebebs, damatebiT samecniero literaturas, da profesiul

da akademiur wreebSi warmarTul diskusiebs, romlebic foru-

mis Sedegad warmoiSva.

metafora „Crdilovani“-s Taobaze

2007 wlis forumma (IIEP) saxelwodebaSi gamoiyena

metafora, romelic 1999 wlis wignSi iyo Tavis droze

naxsenebi (brei, Bray, 1999a). am ukanasknelma, Tavis mxriv, es

metafora ganavrco marimuTus, singis da a. S. (1991), stivenso-

nis da beikeris (1992) da jorjis (1992) Sromebidan

(Marimuthu, Singh et al. (1991), Stevenson and Baker (1992) andGeorge (1992). rogorc amas 1999 wlis gamocema ganmartavs

(gv.17), „Crdilovani“, rogorc metafora, ramdenime mizeziT

Sesaferisia am konteqstisTvis. pirvel rigSi, kerZo repeti-

15

toroba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs ZiriTadi for-

maluri ganaTlebis sistema. garda amisa, ZiriTadi formaluri

ganaTlebis zomisa da formis zrdasTan erTad, kerZo repeti-

torobis masStabebi da formebic izrdeba. TiTqmis yvela sazo-

gadoebaSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba ZiriTad ganaTlebas, vidre

mis Crdilovan mxares. Dda bolos, Crdilovani sistemis maxasi-

aTeblebi ufro naklebad gamokveTilia, vidre ZiriTadi ganaTlebis

sistemis maxasiaTeblebi. wigni dasZenda, rom (gv.17-18):

Crdilebi ra Tqma unda SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos.

iseve rogorc mzis saaTis Crdils SeuZlia

damkvirvebels miuniSnos drois gasvla, ganaTlebis

sistemis Crdilsac (Crdilovan mxares) SeuZlia

damkvirvebels amcnos sazogadoebebSi mimdinare

cvlilebebi. Tumca, zogierT qveynebSi, mSoblebi,

ganaTlebis mesveurebi da politikosebi uaRresad

kritikulad udgebian kerZo repetitorobis aseTi

zegavlenis zrdas ojaxebze da moswavleebze.

repetitoroba qmnis da aRrmavebs socialur uTanas-

worobas, da STanTqavs im adamianur da finansur

resursebs, romlebic sxva saqmianobaSi ufro efeq-

turad SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli. kritikosebi

dasZenen, rom kerZo repetitorobas ZiriTadi

ganaTlebis sistemis saswavlo programebis damaxin-

jeba SeuZlia, rac aisaxeba adreul saswavlo geg-

mebSi, klasebSi mzard uTanasworobaSi da swavlis

doneebis gamravalferovnebaSi. am mxriv, umetesi

Crdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, kerZo repetitoroba ara

mxolod pasiuri movlenaa, aramed SeuZlia moaxdinos

uaryofiTi gavlena im ZiriTad sistemaze, romelsac

is baZavs.

warmodgenili wignis saTauria „Crdilovani ganaTlebis sis-

temasTan dapirispireba“, radganac is asabuTebs, rom namdvilad

saWiroa im sakiTxebTan dapirispireba, romlebic kerZo repeti-

torobasTanaa asocirebuli. es ar gulisxmobs, rom kerZo

16

repetitorobis yvela aspeqti uaryofiTia. kerZo repeti-

toroba exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi, da Sesabamisad, zrdis

maT adamianur kapitals, romelsac Tavis mxriv, ekonomikur gan-

viTarebaSi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia. mas aseve Rirebuli so-

cialuri funqciac akisria da axalgazrdebs erTmaneTTan

urTierTobis damyarebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. kerZo mecadi-

neobebi repetitorebisTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaroa.

repetitoroba aseve exmareba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sistemis

maswavleblebs, rom ukeT auxsnan masala mowafeebs, romlebic

ver iTviseben programas. miuxedavad amisa, kerZo repeti-

torobas mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi Sedegic mohyveba. rogorc

wesi, is socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas aRrmavebs. is

dominirebs bavSvebis cxovrebaze da zRudavs maT Tavisufal

dros, rac fsiqologiurad da saganmanaTleblo kuTxiT

arasasurvelia. zogierT konteqstSi ki repetitoroba Sei-

Zleba korufciad CaiTvalos da daakninos socialuri ndoba.

umetes qveynebSi, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebis

aseTi Serwyma rTul suraTs qmnis: Zalian cota qveyanas Tu

aqvs ganviTarebuli Sesabamisi meqanizmi, raTa es problemebi

moagvaros. bevri ganaTlebis mesveuri da kanonmdebeli ki saer-

Tod rTuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas Tavs aridebs am fenome-

nis ugulebelyofiT da misi sabazro Zalebis anabarad

datovebiT. Tumca, bevr konteqstSi saxelmwifosgan aseTi Cau-

reveli damokidebuleba problematuria, radgan Crdilovani

ganaTleba dapirispirebas moiTxovs. swori qmedeba da

gadawyvetilebebis miReba Znelia, magram ganaTlebis mesveurebma

da kanonmdeblebma unda aRiaron kerZo repetitorobis arse-

boba da misi Tanamdevi Sedegebi. es wigni uRrmavdeba am sakiTxs

da msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdilebebis gaziarebiT

exmareba ganaTlebis mesveurebs da kanonmdeblebs TavianTi

kerZo SemTxvevebisTvis Sesabamisi zomebis miRebaSi.

17

wignis struqtura

raime movlenis Sedegebis dadgenis nebismieri mcdeloba

unda daiwyos am movlenis aRweriT da im ganzomilebebis

gamovleniT, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben. am faqtis gaT-

valiswinebiT, wignis pirveli nawili iwyeba kerZo repeti-

torobis zomis da formis aRweriT. is sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

da msoflios regionSi arsebuli kerZo repetitorobis

gavrcelebul formebs adgens da ganaTlebis sxvadasxva doneze

mis nairsaxeobebs aSuqebs. wigni agreTve aRniSnavs kerZo

repetitorobis saxeobebis mravalferovnebas. kerZo repeti-

torobis klasebis zoma SeiZleba meryeobdes erT mowafesTan

individualuri gakveTilebidan didi zomis jgufebamde, rom-

lebsac mecadineobebi did saleqcio darbazebSi utardebaT.

kerZo repetitoroba SeiZleba warimarTos individebs Soris

pirispir, mimoweriTi formiT, satelefono saubriT, an inter-

netis saSualebiT. misi intensivoba SeiZleba sezonur xasiaTs

atarebdes, da biWebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ufro didi naw-

ili iyos masSi CarTuli, vidre gogonebis.

kerZo repetitorobis movlenis aRweris Semdeg, wigni ganix-

ilavs mis ekonomikur, socialur da saganmanaTleblo Sedegebs.

kerZo repetitorobas SeiZleba dadebiTi ganzomilebebi hqon-

des, magram amave dros qmnides problemebs misi Tvisebisa da

masStaburobis gamo. samTavrobo politikiT stimulirebuli

kerZo repetitoroba, romelic moswrebis moswavleTa dax-

marebisTvisaa gamiznuli, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sabazro

ekonomikiT gavrcelebuli kerZo repetitorobisgan, romelic

maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs emsaxureba. aseve

gansxvavdeba universitetis studentebis mier gaweuli

araformaluri repetitoroba profesionalebis mier Semo-

Tavazebuli repetitorobisgan komerciul kompaniebSi. zogierT

konteqstSi moswavleebi mniSvnelovani zewolis qveS arian, rom

mimarTon kerZo repetitors, radgan maTi Tanatolebi emzade-

bian repetitorebTan, maTi maswavleblebi ki skolebSi xazs

usvamen kerZo repetitorobis aucileblobas, xolo maTi

ojaxebi kerZo repetitorobas saganmanaTleblo da

18

ekonomikuri winsvlis sawindarad Tvlian. Tu ufro farTo

speqtridan SevxedavT am sakiTxs, bevria damokidebuli sazoga-

doebebSi arsebul kulturul tradiciebze. kulturuli

tradiciebi icvleba, rac gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom

gavrcelda kerZo repetitoroba erT qveyanaSi ufro metad

vidre meoreSi.

diagnozidan ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ra unda gaakeTon kanonmde-

blebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma imisTvis, rom daupirispird-

nen Crdilovan saganmanaTleblo sistemas. wigni sTavazobs

mkiTxvelebs, rom maT upirveles yovlisa ganixilon konte-

qstebi, miznebi da struqturebi, da Semdeg moTxovnisa da mi-

wodebis gzebi gaanalizon. kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis

muSakebma unda daareguliron sabazro Zalebi, da gaaumjobeson

maregulirebeli struqturebi. gansxvavebuli iqneba sapasuxo

reaqciebi im situaciebSi, rodesac skolis maswavleblebi ze-

wolas axdenen moswavleebze, rom isini maT sagnebSi damatebiT

moemzadon, da rodesac kerZo repetitoroba aris klasgareSe,

skolisgan damoukideblad warmarTuli. gansxvavebuli sapasuxo

reaqciebi iqneba sxvadasxva intensivobis finansuri, adamianuri

da sxva SeszRudvebis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac kanonmdeblebs maTi

politikis gatareba surT, da rac Tavis mxriv kulturuli,

administraciuli da sxva faqtorebis zegavlenis qveS iqneba

moqceuli. kanonmdeblebisa da ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis aseve

sxvadasxva meqanizmi iqneba saWiro kerZo repetitorobis

cvalebadi formebis da tendenciebis monitoringisa da Sefase-

bisTvis.

da bolos, dasawyisSive saWiroa wignis konceptualuri

sazRvrebis dadgena. upirveles yovlisa, is ganixilavs

dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebis kerZo repeti-

torobas. ra Tqma unda, repetitoroba dawyebiTi skolis wina

da saSualo skolis Semdgom doneebzec aris, magram mas sxva

maxasiaTeblebi aqvs da gansxvavebul sakiTxebs wamoWris. garda

amisa, wigni exeba fuladi anazRaurebiT warmarTul repeti-

torobas: is gamoricxavs naTesavebis, maswavleblebis da sxvebis

mier ufasod SemoTavazebul kerZo repetitorobas. aseT

repetitorobas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs kanonmde-

19

blebisaTvis da ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis, magram isev da isev,

mas sxva maxasiaTeblebi aqvs da fuladi anazRaurebiT warmar-

Tuli repetitorobisgan gansxvavebul sakiTxebs wamoWris.

Ggarda amisa, es wigni exeba ZiriTadi formaluri ganaTlebis

mier moTxovnil sagnebSi kerZo repetitorTan momzadebas.

wigni ar exeba, magaliTad, baletis gakveTilebs, fexburTis var-

jiSebs, religiur ganaTlebas an umciresobaTa enebis

Seswavlas, romlebic ZiriTad skolebSi Cveulebriv ar

iswavleba. es Temebi aris aRiarebuli rogorc mniSvnelovani,

magram imsaxureben calke ganxilvas, rac am wignis CarCoebs

scildeba.

20

2. diagnostika

masStabi, intensivoba da saxeobebi

kerZo repetitorobis zomasa da formebze zusti monaceme-

bis mopoveba Zalian Znelia. amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs, rac mim-

wodeblebTan da momxmareblebTan aris dakavSirebuli:

▪ repetitorebi, kerZo maswavleblebi, Cveulebriv cdiloben

yuradReba ar miiqcion, radgan bevri maTgani atarebs

araformalur gakveTilebs, da iRebs Semosavals, romlis

dabegvrac ar xdeba.

▪ studentebi, ar iqceven yuradRebas, radgan kerZo repeti-

torTan siaruli niSnavs usamarTlo upiratesobis mopove-

bas TanasworebTan SedarebiT; aseve SeiZleba gamoxatavdes

undoblobas skolis maswav lebisadmi; da aseve SeiZleba

moswavleebs eSinodeT, rom Tanasworebi maT naklebi gone-

brivi SesaZleblobebis mqoneebad CaTvlian.

▪ mSoblebsac ar surT yuradRebis miqceva, radgan ar undaT

gamoaCinon sazogadoebaSi, rom TavianTi SvilebisTvis upi-

ratesobas arasamarTliani gziT yiduloben. aseve ar undaT

gamomJRavndes maTi undobloba ZiriTadi formaluri

ganaTlebis sistemisadmi, da eSiniaT, rom maTi Svilebi

naklebi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqoneebad CaiTvlebian,

Tu amas sxvebi Seityoben.

kerZo repetitorobis gazomva aseve rTulia, radgan misi

formebi, xangrZlivoba da intensivoba sxvadasxva sezonze

cvalebadobs. umetes wilad is erT moswavlesTan pirispir

mimdinareobs, magram did jgufebTanac SeiZleba tardebodes.

repetitoroba SeiZleba mimoweriT warimarTos, an internetiT.

garda amisa, zogierTi moswavle bevr saganSi erTdroulad, reg-

ularulad da xangrZlivad emzadeba, zogi ki mxolod ramdenime

saganSi periodulad emzadeba. miuxedavad aseTi cvalebadobisa,

sakmarisi raodenobiT kvleva Catarda, raTa zogadi suraTi

Seiqmnas. es suraTi ufro detaluri gaxda, mas Semdeg rac

21

farTo sazogadoebam gaacnobiera kerZo repetitorobis so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, da mas Semdeg, rac

damoukidebelma mkvlevarebma da profesiulma organizaciebma

es movlena Rrmad Seiswavles.

masStabis cvalebadoba

pirveli cxrili (cxrili 1) warmoadgens monacemebs sx-

vadasxva konteqstidan. is ar iZleva statistikur maCveneblebs

standartuli formatiT, radgan kvlevebi sakiTxisadmi midgomis

mixedviT cvalebadobda. Tumca, ZiriTadi formebi mainc asaxulia

TvalnaTliv. pirveli saintereso faqti aris is, rom kerZo

repetitoroba msoflios mraval kuTxeSi arsebobs. es moicavs

rogorc dabalSemosavlian qveynebs, rogorebicaa kamboja da

kenia, aseve iseT maRalSemosavlian qveynebs, rogorebicaa kanada

da iaponia. repetitoroba ufro SeiniSneba urbanul dasaxle-

bebSi, vidre provinciebSi, da zog kulturaSi biWebi ufro in-

tensiurad emzadebian repetitorebTan, vidre gogonebi.

cxrili 1. kerZo repetitorobis maCveneblebi sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi

22

adgilmdebareoba maxasiaTeblebi

bangladeSi2005 wlis erovnuli gamokiTxvis monace-

mebi 16,400 ojaxidan Sedarebuli iyo

1998 wlis msgavs monacemebTan, romelic

32,229 ojaxidan Segrovda. monacemebma

aCvena, rom kerZo repeti to roba did

rols asrulebda am sazogadoebaSi, da

ufro gavrcelda Seswavlili periodis

ganmavlobaSi. 2005 wels, dawyebiTi

klasebis moswavleebis 31% emzadeboda

repetitorebTan (28.2% soflebSi, 51,7%

urbanul dasaxlebebSi). 1998 wels 21.4%

emzadeboda repetitorebTan (18.1% sof -

lebSi, 44.3% urbanul dasaxlebebSi).

23

kamboja 1997/1998 wlebSi Catarebulma gamokiTx -

vam gamoavlina, rom 77 skolidan 31.2%-

Si respondentebma aRniSnes, rom

moswavleebi emzadebodnen kerZo repeti-

torebTan, rac dawyebiT ganaTlebaze

saerTo danaxarjis 6.6%-s Seadgenda.

2004 wels Catarebulma Semdgomma gamo -

kiTxvam gamoavlina, rom es maCvenebeli

saSualo skolaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda.

qveda saSualo klasebis bolo safexurze

ojaxis danaxarjebi kerZo repeti-

torobaze oTxjer aRemateboda dawyebiTi

klasebis bolo safexurze imave mizni -

sTvis gaRebul Tanxebs.

kanada 997 wlis nacionaluri satelefono

gamokiTxvis mixedviT, 501 zrdasruli re-

spondentidan 9.4 %-ma, romelTac skolis

asakis Svilebi hyavdaT, miuTiTa, rom maTi

Svolebi kerZo repetitorebTan emzade-

bodnen, arasaskolo periodSi. 8.4%-ma

miuTiTa, rom maTi Svilebi emzadebodnen

warsulSi.

CineTi2004 wels Catarda urbanuli ojaxebis

ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis gamokiTxva,

romelmac 4,773 komli moicva.

gamokiTxvam gamoavlina, rom dawyebiTi

klasebis moswavleTa 73.8%, qveda saSu-

alo klasebis moswavleTa 65.6% da zeda

saSualo klasebis moswavleTa 53.5%

emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan.

24

kviprosi

2003 wels 1,120 kolejis moswavlesTan

Catarebulma gamokiTxvam gamoavlina, rom

moswavleTa 86.4% saSualo skolaSi

yofnis dros emzadeboda kerZo repeti-

torTan.

egvipte2004 wels Catarebulma kvlevam cxაd yo,

rom ojaxebi ganaTlebis xarjebis 61.0%-s

kerZo repetitorobas axmardnen. 1997

wlis kvlevam ki Seafasa, rom ojaxebis

danaxarjebi kerZo repeto robaze skolis

yvela doneze mTliani Sida produqtis

1.6%-s Seadgenda. 1994 wels Catarebulma

4,729 ojaxis kvlevam daadgina, rom

dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebis 64.0%

urbanul regionebSi, xolo 52.0%

soflebSi, emzadeboda kerZo repetitorTan.

hong-kongirogorc amaze samTavrobo oficialuri

statistika miuTiTebs, 2006 wels

dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis moswav -

leebis 34% emzadeboda kerZo repeti-

torTan. 2004-2005 wlebSi gamokiTxuli

13,600 komlidan gamovlinda, rom

dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleTa 36.0%,

qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa

28.0%, saSualo klasebis moswavleTa

33.6% da zeda saSualo klasebis

moswavleTa 48.1% emzadeboda

repetitorTan.

iaponia

2007 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam

daadgina, rom juku-d (juku) cnobili

kerZo sarepetitoro skolebi dawyebiTi

1 klasebis moswavleebis 15.9% emsaxure-

boda. E procenti Semdgom klasebSi erT-

gvarovnad gaizarda da saSualo junior

wyaroebi: sxvadasxva kvlevebi moxsenebuli brei-Si (Bray,2006, gv.517-518). ganaxlebuli informacia bangladeSze naT-Si

(Nath 2008, gv.57); egvipte msoflio bankis monacemebSi (2008,

gv.190); hong kongi quoqSi (Kwok, 2009, gv.106) da enjiSi

25

3 klasebSi 65.2%-s miaRwia. garda amisa,

junior 3 saSualo klasebis moswavlee-

bis 6.8% kerZo repetitorebs saxlebSi

Rebulobda, xolo 15.0% mimoweriT (sako-

respondencio) repetitorobis formas

misdevda.

kenia1997 wels gamokiTxuli 3,233 me-6 kla-

sis moswavlidan 68.6% emzadeboda kerZo

repetitorTan. Aqedan 39.0% Crdilo aR-

mosavleT provinciaSi, 74.4% ki nianzas

provinciaSi emzadeboda. sam geografiu-

lad gansxvavebul ubanSi paralelurad

Catarebulma kvlevam daadgina, rom kerZo

repetitoroba qalaqebSi ufro xSiri

iyo, vidre soflebSi, da biWebi ufro

metad mimarTavdnen kerZo peretitorebs,

vidre gogonebi.

vietnami 2001 wels 3,639 dawyebiT skolaSi

gamoikiTxa 72,660 mexuTe klaseli. 38%-

ma miuTiTa, rom dadioda kerZo repeti-

torTan. 2002 wels ganaTlebaze saojaxo

xarjebis 20% kerZo repetitorobaze

modioda. es cifri 29%-s aRwevda im

moswavleebSi, romlebic sauniversiteto

misaRebi gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen, da

maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo

urbanul raionebSi, centralur maRalmT-

ian da samxreT aRmosavleT regionebSi.

(Ng, 2009, gv.1); iaponia ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis da

sportis saministros monacemebSi (2008, gv.13); monacemebi

CineTze Su-Si da ding-Si (Xue and Ding, 2009, gv.119); 2001 wlis

monacemebi vietnamze msoflio bankis angariSSi (2004, gv. 81).

ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso institutis 2007

wlis forumi (IIEP Policy Forum) ufro met monacemebs gvTava-zobs. silova (Silova, 2007) warmogvidgens aziisa da aRmosavleT

evropis Tormeti qveynis statistikur monacemebs sabWoTa

kavSirTan istoriuli paralelebis gavlebiT (cxrili 2). is aR-

niSnavs (gv.4), rom kerZo repetitoroba 1990–ian wlebSi mokrZa-

lebuli masStabis iyo, Semdeg ki farTomasStabiani formebi

miiRo. silovas statistikuri monacemebi Ria sazogadoebis mier

2004-2005 da 2005-2006 wlebSi dafinansebuli kvlevebidan iyo

miRebuli (ixileT agreTve silova, budieni da brei, 2006; silova

2009; Silova, Būdienė and Bray, 2006; Silova, 2009). mkvlevarebma

universitetis pirvelkursel studentebSi Caatares gamokiTxva.

studentebs unda moeyolaT maTi kerZo repetitorebTan momzade-

bis Sesaxeb saSualo skolis bolo wels. mkvlevarebma da-

matebiTi gamokiTxva Caatares Aazerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da

xorvatiis saSualo skolis moswavleebs Soris. amiT gafar-

Tovda respondentTa wre da kvlevis masStabi. saerTo monace-

mebiT pirveli kvlevis dros 8,713 respondenti gamoikiTxa, xolo

meore kvlevis dros 3,101. kvlevam kerZo repetitorobis ori

ZiriTadi tipi gamoavlina: individualurad SeTavazebuli

gakveTilebi da sauniversiteto misaRebi gamocdebisTvis dawese-

bulebebis mier organizebuli mosamzadebeli kursebi.

kerZo individualuri gakveTilebi ufro farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli monRoleTSi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris

qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi da lit-

vaSi), xolo mosamzadebeli kursebi ufro farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli yofili iugoslaviis qveynebSi (xorvatiaSi,

slovakeTSi da bosnia-hercogovinaSi), sadac ufro kargad gan-

viTarebuli da Zlieri bazrebi iyo. yvelaze gasaocari sta-

tistikuri monacemebi azerbaijanidan iyo mopovebuli, sadac

universitetis studentebis 90%-ma aRniSna, rom saSualo sko-

lis bolo wels kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda.

26

cxrili 2. kerZo repetitorobis masStabi aRmosavleT

evropis da aziis SerCeul qveynebSi

orive tipis mxolod kerZo mxolod mosamzadebeli

repetitoroba repetitoroba kursebi

wyaro: silova (Silova, 2007), gv,5.

27

Both types of tutoring

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Ukraine

Mongolia

Poland

Kazakhstan

Lithuania

Tajikistan

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Slovakia

Croatia

Kyrgyzstan

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Only private tutoring lessons

Only preparatory courses

azebaijani

saqarTvelo

ukraina

monRoleTi

poloneTi

yazaxeTi

litva

tajikeTi

bosn. herc.

slovakeTi

xorvatia

yirgizeTi

sxva konteqstSi paviom (Paviot, 2007) ganaTlebis xarisxis

monitoringis samxreT da aRmosavleT afrikis konsorciumis

(SACMEQ, saqmeqi) mier Sedgenili kiTxvaris Sesaxeb gaakeTa

moxseneba. 1995-2000 wlebSi meeqvseklaselebisgan iyo

Segrovebuli Sesadarebeli monacemebi (cxrili 3). es monace-

mebi bundovani iyo, radgan Seicavda rogorc araanazRaurebad

kerZo repetitorobas, romelsac maswavleblebi da ojaxis

wevrebi eweodnen, aseve anazRaurebad kerZo repetitorobas. mi-

uxedavaT amisa, am monacemebma gamoavlina farTod gavrcele-

buli kerZo repetitoroba zogierT qveyanaSi da misi swrafad

mzardi tendenciebi. 1995 wels meeqvse klaselebis 49.0%

emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan, xolo 2000 wlisTvis es

ricxvi 68.3%-mde gaizarda.

es monacemebi exmaureboda eiloris mier (Eilor, 2007) aRw-eril ugandis nimuSs. is wuxda sxvadasxva klasebSi zusti

statistikuri monacemebis naklebobis gamo, magram aRniSnavda

(gv.14), rom kerZo repetitoroba „yvela did urbanul centrSi

iyo damkvidrebuli da gavrcelebuli“. soflebSi kerZo

repetitoroba arsebobda im klasebSi, romlebSic moswavleebi

gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen, xolo urbanul adgilebSi repeti-

toroba yvela klass axasiaTebda. eilori dasZenda (gv.14), rom

Tumca kerZo repetitoroba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavdeboda,

is mainc „mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi, da amJamad yvela dargSi farTod SeiniSneba“.

2000 wlis saqmeqis (SACMEQ) mier meeqvse klaselebSi

Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom ugandaSi gamokiTxuli

moswavleebis 81,8 procenti aRniSnavda, rom dadioda damatebiT

gakveTilebze klasgareSi saaTebSi, xolo am moswavleTa 51.4

procenti damatebiTi gakveTilebisTvis fuls ixdida (bia-

mugiSa da senabulia; Byamugisha and Ssenabulya, 2005, gv.71-72).

28

cxrili 3. aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi meeqvseklaselebis

procentuloba, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan

emzadebodnen 1995 da 2000 wlebSi

wyaro: pavio, hainsoni da qorqmani; Paviot, Heinsohn and Kork-man (2008), gv.152.

kidev erT konteqstSi, sujaTa (Sujatha, 2007, gv.3) ganixilavs

indoeTis oTx Stats. Mis mier 6,498 SerCeuli moswavlis pa-

suxebi saSualo skolis mecxredan meTormete klasebamde State-

bisa da klasebis mixedviT cvalebadobda, magram saSualod

41.3%-ma aRniSna, rom emzadeboda kerZo repetitorTan (cxrili

4). biWebi ufro metad dadiodnen kerZo repetitorebTan, vidre

gogonebi, Sesabamisi proporciiT 54.9% da 39.6%. es monacemebi

emTxveva jalaladinis (Jalaluddin 2007, gv.1) mier Catarebuli

kvlevis Sedegebs, romelTa mixedviTac dasavleT Bbengalis Sta-

tis ojaxebis 70% fuls abandebda kerZo repetitorobaSi da-

sawyis klasebSi, da danaxarji repetitorobaze ganaTlebaSi

saerTo saojaxo danaxarjis mesameds Seadgenda.

29

SACMEQ I /saqmeqi I (1995)SACMEQ II /saqmeqi II

(2000)

procentuloba SerCevis

cdomileba

procentuloba SerCevis

cdomileba

kenia 68.6 2.53 87.7 1.91

malavi 22.1 1.96 79.7 3.47

mavriki 77.5 1.44 86.6 1.07

namibia 34.7 2.08 44.7 2.33

zambia 44.8 2.35 55.1 3.56

zanzibari 46.1 1.26

(tanzania)

saSualo 49.0 1.94 68.3 2.22

55.9 0.95

cxrili 4. studentebis procentuloba, romlebic kerZo

repetitorebTan dadian, indoeTis oTx

StatSi, klasebis mixedviT

SeniSvna: gamokiTxulTa jgufi Aandhra pradeSSi mxolod IX

da X klasebs moicavda. N=IX da X klasebi: 4,031; XI da XII

klasebi: 2,917. wyaro: sujaTa (Sujatha, 2007, gv.3).

kerZo repetitorebTan siarulis sixSire TurqeTSic maR-

ali iyo, da fexs swrafad ikidebda. Tanselma da berqanma

(Tansel and Bircan, 2007, gv.5-6) kerZo repetitorobaSi sami Zir-iTadi kategoria ganasxvaves. erTi iyo kerZod SeTanxmebul

fasad moTxovnil saganSi individualurad momzadeba. meore

tipi iyo skolis maswavleblebis mier damatebiT safasurad

skolis teritoriaze Catarebuli gakveTilebi, magram ara Zir-

iTadi mecadineobis dros. Aam kursebs awyobdnen skolis sab-

Woebi erovnuli ganaTlebis saministros nebarTviT dawyebiT

klasebSi. fasebsac saministro adgenda. mesame tipi iyo kerZo

momzadebis centrebi, romlebic dersani-s (dersane) saxeliT

iyvnen cnobili, emsaxurebodnen dawyebiT da saSualo klaseb,

da aseve sTavazobdnen sajaro samsaxurSi Sesasvlelad

30

IX X IX-X XI XII XI-XII IX-XII

andhra 11.3 52.7 32.3 - - - -

pradeSi

kerala 43.0 71.6 55.0 31.5 36.0 33.5 43.7

maharaSTra 43.2 56.0 49.3 41.0 38.5 40.0 44.7

uTar 31.4 62.0 45.7 31.4 38.6 34.9 40.7

pradeSi

saSualo 32.0 58.8 44.6 36.0 53.8 36.8 41.3

mosamzadebel kursebs. kerZo mosamzadebelma centrebma 1965

wels kanonieri statusi miiRo. maT moeTxovebaT erovnuli

ganaTlebis saministroSi daregistrireba da saSemosavlo be-

garis gadaxda. 1975-1976 wlebSi TurqeTSi 157 daregistrire-

buli kerZo mosamzadebeli centri iyo. ori aTeuli wlis

Semdeg centrebis raodenoba 1,292-mde gaizarda. 2005-2006

wlebisTvis ki ukve 3,986 centri iyo – saSualo skolebis

saerTo raodenobaze (3,406) meti. mosamzadebel centrebs

1,072,000 dawyebiTi klasebis moswavle hyavdaT, da 2,076,000

saSualo skolebis moswavle (Tanseli da berqani, Tansel andBircan, 2007, gv.16-17).

avstriaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli suraTi iyo. rogorc

gruberi (Gruber 2007, gv.3) aRniSnavda, ganaTlebis saministros

ar hqonda “aranairi monacemebi kerZo damatebiTi repetitoro-

bis saerTo erovnul masStabebze, sxvadasxva tipis mimwodeblis

SedarebiT mniSvnelobaze, misi gamoyenebis mizezebsa an im sxvada -

sxva meTodebze, Tu rogor Wrian sxvadasxva skolebi repeti-

torobis problemas”. Tumca, 2006 wels avstriis momsaxureTa

palatis momxmarebelTa dacvis ganyofilebam, romelic gamud-

mebiT ikvlevs kerZo repetitorobis fasebs, Seafasa, rom kerZo

repetitorobaze wliuri erovnuli danaxarji €140 milioni

iyo. avstriis momsaxureTa palatis gamoTvlebi Seesabameboda

venis universitetis mier Catarebuli kvleviTi proeqtiT dad-

genil monacemebs, romlebmac daadgines, rom avstriis saSualo

skolis moswavleTa 20% ama Tu im saxiT kerZo repetitorTan

emzadeboda (vagneri da sxv., 2003, citirebuli gruberis mier,Wagner et al., 2003, quoted by Gruber, 2007, gv.3).

sxva monacemebi gviCveneben, rom kerZo repetitoroba

dasavleT evropis sxva kuTxeebSic mniSvnelovani movlenaa. in-

glisSi, 2008 wels Catarebulma 1,500 mSobelis gamokiTxvam

aCvena, rom dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebis 12 procenti da

saSualo skolis moswavleebis 8 procenti kerZo repeti-

torebTan emzadeboda (pitersi, qarfenTeri, da sxv., Peters, Car-penter, et al., 2009, gv.2). safrangeTSi, 1992 wlis kvlevam

gamoavlina, rom erT regionSi moswavleTa 25 procenti emzade-

boda kerZo repetitorTan (glasmani, Glasman, 2007, gv.1).

31

safrangeTis mTavrobis mier Semdgom aTwleulebSi wamowye-

bulma iniciativebma seqtors mniSvnelovnad xeli Seuwyo ga-

farToebaSi (melo, 2007; angleidi, Melot, 2007; Anglade, 2008).saberZneTSi 2000 wels Catarebulma pirvelkurselTa gamok-

iTxvam gamoavlina, rom studentTa 80 procenti dadioda inten-

siuri momzadebis skolebSi, romlebic frontistirio-s

(frontistirio) saxeliT iyvnen cnobili; 50 procenti emzadeboda

kerZo repetitorebTan, da erTi mesamedi emzadeboda jgufSic

da individualuradac (saxaropolusi da papakonstantinou,

Psacharopoulos and Papakonstantinou, 2005, gv.5). irlandiaSi, 1,496

studentis gamokiTxvam, romelTac zeda saSualo klasebi 2003

daasrules, gamoavlina, rom 45 procenti skolis bolo wels

fasian kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda. es iyo mniSvnelovani

zrda 32 procentidan, romelic igive asakobriv jgufSi 1994

wels iyo dafiqsirebuli (smiTi, Smyth, 2009, gv.9).kerZo repetitorobis tendenciebi avstraliaSi, amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi da kanadaSi aseve dasavleT evropis ten-

denciebis msgavsia. uotsoni (Watson, 2007) aRniSnavda, romkerZo repetitoroba avstraliaSi ar iyo didi yuradRebis

qveS, magram federalurma mTavrobam 2004 wels pilotireba

gaukeTa vauCerul gegmas im studentebis kerZo momzadebis

dasafinanseblad, romlebic mesame wels akademiurad CamorCnen

ZiriTad masas. sqema 2005 wels 6,200 students daexmara, anu

Sesaferis kandidatTa erT mesameds. mTavrobis mier dafinanse-

bul gegmasTan erTad sxva kerZo iniciativebic vrceldeboda.

es movlenebi aSS-Si Catarebuli siaxleebis analogebi iyo.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia “arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi”-is

saxeliT cnobili kanonmdebloba, romelic aSS-Si 2002 wels

SemoiRes da romliTac samTavrobo saxsrebiT daexmarnen kerZo

mimwodeblebs (aSeri, 2006; berCi, donovani, da stainbergi, 2006;

vergari, 2007; Ascher, 2006; Burch, Donovan and Steinberg, 2006;Vergari, 2007). kanadas msgavsi samTavrobo kanonmdebloba ar

miuRia, magram kerZo repetitorobis zrda aqac didia. rogorc

devisma da aurinim (Davies and Aurini, 2006, gv.123) aRniSnes, maTSerCeul regionebSi sarepetitoro institutebis raodenoba

gasuli 30 wlis manZilze 200 procentidan 500 procentamde

32

gaizarda. ontarioSi mSobelTa 24 procenti aRniSnavda, rom

maT axlaxan daiqiraves kerZo repetitori, da 50 procenti ki

adasturebda, rom daiqiravebda kerZo repetitors finansuri

saxsrebi rom SeswevdeT.

laTinur amerikaSi naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli, magram re-

gionis zogierT nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT urbanul terito-

riebze, zeda saSualo skolis doneebze kerZo repetitoroba

sagrZnoblad gavrcelebulia. magaliTad, braziliaSi, maTosma

(Mattos, 2007) Seiswavla rio de JaneiroSi kerZo repetitore-

bis saqmianobis saxeobebi da saSualebebi, da barosma (Barros,2008) igive movlena bahiaSi Seiswavla.

CarCo1. kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis klasifikacia

msoflioSi arsebuli repetitorobis saxeobebis mimoxilva

gviCvenebs Tu rogor SeiZleba qveynebis dajgufeba repeti-

torobis masStaburobis da Tvisebebis mixedviT. aseTi da-

jgufeba unda efuZnebodes repetitorobis, rogorc

mniSvnelovani saqmianobis, warmoSobis istoriul monacemebs,

kulturul faqtorebs, romlebic xels uwyoben an zRudaven

repetitorobas, da Crdilovan sistemasa da samTavrobo

saganmanaTleblo politikas Soris kavSiris Taviseburebebs.

• aRmosavleT aziis sazogadoebebSi, rogorebicaa iaponia,

hong kongi, korea da taivani, repetitoroba mniSvnelovani

saqmianobaa da kulturaSi Rrmadaa gamjdari. es nawilobriv

konfucianuri tradiciebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, romelic

ganaTlebas da Sromis moyvareobas Zlier afasebs. repeti-

toroba niWier da maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs

emsaxureba.

• yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi da aRmosavleT

evropaSi, repetitoroba mokrZalebuli masStabebis iyo

adreul 1990-ian wlebamde. magram ekonomikis daSlis Semdeg

farTod gavrcelda, radgan maswavleblebi iZulebulebi

gaxdnen repetitorobiT damatebiTi Semosavali eSovnaT, rom

siRaribis zRvris miRma ar darCeniliyvnen. nebismieri

33

akademiuri SesaZleblobebis moswavle SeiZleba iyos Car-

Tuli am procesSi.

• dasavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da avstraliaSi,

repetitoroba mokrZalebuli masStabebisaa aRmosavleT azi-

isa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebTan SedarebiT, magram

ufro gavrcelda mas DSemdeg, rac kanonmdeblebma yuradReba

gaamaxviles skolebs Soris konkurenciis gazrdaze da

mSoblebma dainaxes repetitorobaSi investirebidan miRe-

buli dadebiTi Sedegebi. zogierTma mTavrobam waaxalisa

repetitoroba, rogorc moswrebis moswavleebis daxmarebis

saSualeba.

• repetitoroba aseve TvalsaCino gaxda afrikaSi. es ten-

dencia nawilobriv asaxavs im faqts, rom maswavleblebma

gaacnobieres Semosavlis Sovnis SesaZleblobebi angariS-

valdebulebebis da zedamxedvelobis ar arsebobis pirobebSi.

am mxriv, afrikuli ganaTlebis sistemebi samxreT aziis sis-

temebs daemsgavsa, sadac repetitoroba yoveldRiuri cxovre-

bis nawilad iqca, gansakuTrebiT urbanul regionebSi.

yofili sabWoTa qveynebis msgavsad afrikaSic, maswavleblebi

repetitorobas damatebiTi Semosavlis wyarod miiCneven

araadekvaturi xelfasis fonze.

• laTinur amerikaSi, repetitoroba SedarebiT mokrZale-

buli masStabebisaa, garda saSualo skolis zeda klasebisa.

es isev ganaTlebis sistemis tradiciebs asaxavs. magram ten-

dencia SeiZleba Seicvalos, rogorc es dasavleT evropaSi,

CrdiloeT amerikaSi da avstraliaSi moxda.

repetitorobis saxeobebis sxvadasxva kategoriebad da-

jgufeba sasargebloa imdenad, ramdenedac maT SeiZleba

sxvada sxva politikis gatarebis saWiroeba gamoavlinon.

ganaTlebis mesveurebma ar unda CaTvalon, rom qmedeba ar

aris aucilebeli Tu masStabi mokrZalebulia. piriqiT: es

SeiZleba swored is droa, rom zomebi iyos miRebuli, radgan

problemebis droulad aRmofxvra ukeTesia vidre ukve

gavrcelebuli problemis mkurnaloba.

34

intensivobis cvalebadoba

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze

warmodgenilma statistikurma monacemebma kerZo repetitoro-

bis intensivobis amsaxveli ZiriTadi tipebisa da cvladebis

farTo diapazoni gamoavlina. magaliTad, neto-mendesma da

kostam (Neto-Mendes and Costa, 2007) sami wlis ganmavlobaSi

portugaliuri qalaqis oTx saSualo skolaSi Catarebuli

kvlevis Sedegebi moaxsenes forums. monacemebi Segrovebuli

iyo am skolebis yvela meTormete klaselisagan. mexuTe

cxrili asaxavs 2005-2006 wlebis monacemebs am oTxi skol-

idan, romlebsac anonimurobis dasacavad namdvili saxelebi

ferebad gadaerqva. studentebis 52 procentidan 65 procen-

tamde kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda. moswavleebis umete-

soba kerZo gakveTilebze kviraSi erTidan sam saaTamde

atarebda, magram bevri kviraSi oTxidan aT saaTamde uTmobda

kerZo gakveTilebs, xolo ramdenime moswavle kerZo gakveTile-

bze kviraSi aT saaTze mets atarebda. bunebrivia es gansxvave-

buli xangrZlivoba gansxvavebul fasebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

cxrili 5. repetitorobis intensivoba meTormete klasebSi,

portugaliis oTx skolaSi, 2005-2006 wlebSi

35

pa = pasuxi ar aris.

wyaro: neto-mendesi da kosta, Neto-Mendes and Costa (2007), gv.7.

skola

moswav-

leebis

raode-

noba

repeti-

torTan

mosiaru -

leTa

procentu-

loba

kerZo repetitorTan

erT kviraSi gata re -

buli saaTebis raode-

noba

Tviuri

xarjebi

— (€) –

-3 4-10 10+ pa 70 71-210 210+ pa

lurji

skola161 65% 54% 42% 2% 2% 31% 56% 7% 6%

yviTeli

skola97 52% 56% 36% 4% 4% 46% 50% - 4%

mwvane

skola122 52% 59% 38% - 3% 38% 53% 3% 6%

vardisferi

skola167 63% 54% 45% 1% - 24% 66% 8% 2%

msgavsi monacemebi Segrovda portugaliis ganaTlebis

saministros mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romlis drosac

31,035 abiturienti iyo gamokiTxuli, romlebic erovnuli uni-

versitetis misaRebi gamocdebisTvis emzadebodnen (kosta, neto-

mendesi da ventura, Costa, Neto-Mendes and Ventura, 2008). amkvlevam gamoavlina, rom abiturientTa 54.7 procenti emzade-

boda kerZo repetitorTan meaTe-meTormete klasebSi. am

klasebSi yvelaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli repetitorTan

momzadeba, radgan gamokiTxulTa mxolod 7.7 procenti emzade-

boda repetitorTan meSvide-mecxre klasebSi, da mxolod 1.6

procenti emzadeboda repetitorTan mexuTe-meeqvse klasebSi.

gamokiTxulTa 55.9 procenti wlis ganmavlobaSi sistemat-

urad dadioda repetitorTan. 27.5 procenti naxevari wlis

ganmavlobaSi emzadeboda repetitorTan da mxolod 16.6 pro-

centi mivida repetitorTan gamocdebis win.

gamocdebis wina periodSi repetitorobis zrda sxva qveyneb-

Sic gamovlinda. magaliTad, mavrikSi dawyebiTi klasebis bolos

da saSualo skolis qveda da zeda klasebis damTavrebisas

moswavleebi mniSvnelovan gamocdebs abareben, romlis drosac

kerZo repetitorobis intensivoba maqsimums aRwevs (obigado,

Obeegadoo, 2007). namibiaSi kerZo repetitorobis intensivobameaTe da meTormete klasebis gamocdebis win izrdeba (ngio-

nanie, Nghiyoonanye, 2007). vietnamSi da singapurSi es inten-sivoba dawyebiTi da saSualo klasebis bolos izrdeba (dangi,

2007; Tani, 2009; Dang, 2007; Tan, 2009).

cxrili #6 warmoadgens monacemebs indoeTis oTxi Stati-

dan da asaxavs intensivobis gansxvavebul ganzomilebas. is

aCvenebs sagnebis raodenobas, romlebSic moswavleebi repeti-

torebTan emzadebodnen. qveda saSualo klasebis doneze ker-

alas kerZo repetitorobis yvelaze didi sixSire da yvelaze

Zlieri intensivoba hqonda (ix. cxrili #4 zemoT). Aandhra

pradeSSi repetitorobis intensivoba da sixSire yvelaze da-

bali iyo. saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi naklebad dadiodnen

kerZo gakveTilebze bevr saganSi erTdroulad, radgan

saswavlo programis mixedviT maT nakleb saganSi unda mieRoT

specializacia. saSualo skolis qveda klasebSi saswavlo pro-

36

gramiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi sagnebi iyo mSobliuri

enebi, inglisuri, hindi, maTematika, zogadi mecniereba da so-

cialuri mecnierebebi. moswavleTa 90 procenti maTematikaSi

emzadeboda, xolo momdevno adgilebs bunebis mecnierebebi da

inglisuri ikavebdnen (sujaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv.12). keralaSi

moswavleTa 98.8 procenti emzadeboda maTematikaSi. uTar

pradeSSi ki 73 procenti emzadeboda am saganSi, savaraudod

imitom, rom am StatSi maTematika savaldebulo sagani ar aris.

saSualo skolis zeda klasebSi mecnierebebis da maTematikis

ganxris ufro metad emzadebodnen kerZod vidre sxva ganxris

(cxrili #7).

cxrili 6. moswavleTa procentuloba kerZod momzadebuli

saganTa raodenobis mixedviT indoeTSi, 2005 weli

wyaro: sujaTa, Sujatha (2007), gv.11.

37

qveda saSualo klasebi zeda saSualo klasebi

Statebi 1 2 3 yvela 1 2 3 yvela

sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani sagani

andha pradeSi 58.1 36.7 3.4 1.7 - - - -

kerala 7.0 12.9 12.4 67.6 18.8 47.4 13.1 20.7

maharaSTra 12.0 21.8 55.3 10.9 38.0 55.9 6.1 0.0

uTar pradeSi 7.8 21.0 46.8 24.3 35.1 40.6 21.7 2.6

saSualo 13.3 20.7 39.1 27.0 33.0 49.5 12.4 5.1

cxrili 7. moswavleTa procentuloba sxvadasxva saganSi

kerZo repetitorTan momzadebis mixedviT

indoeTis saSualo skolebis zeda klasebSi,

2005 weli

wyaro: sujaTa, Sujatha (2007), gv.13.

Tu kerZo gakveTilebze gatarebul saaTebs davumatebT sko-

laSi gatarebul saaTebs, saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba

Zalian didi gamovides. es aRniSna soum (Sou 2007, gv.5),

romelic saubrobda makaoze CineTSi. dawyebiTi klasebis s

oficialuri saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 5.5 saaTi iyo, magram

radgan damatebiT 2-4 saaTs kerZo gakveTilebze atarebdnen,

saerTo saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 7.5-9.5 saaTs aRwevda.

saSualo skolaSi oficialuri saswavlo dRe 7 saaTs

grZeldeboda, magram moswavleebi damatebiT 2-3 saaTs kerZo

maswavlebelTan atarebdnen. saswavlo dRis xangrZlivoba 9-

10 saaTs aRwevda. sou aRniSnavda (gv.5), rom kerZo momzadebis

saaTebis damateba „seriozulad arRvevda drois ganawilebis

normalur proporcias”.

kerZo repetitorobis saxeobebis cvalebadoba

kerZo repetitoroba SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxiT warimarTos,

rac teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba. kerZo

gakveTilebi ZiriTadad pirispir Sexvedris saxes atarebs, magram

SeiZleba telefonis, televizoris da internetis saSualebiTac

38

ganxra/nakadi kerala maharaSTra uTar saerTo

pradeSi jami

mecniereba da maTematika 45.4 55.7 52.1 52.3

xelovneba/humanitaruli sagnebi 23.4 19.4 15.0 17.5

komercia 20.1 17.8 47.4 19.8

sxva 0.0 1.6 10.0 4.3

iyos warmarTuli. adre kerZo repetitoroba safosto kore-

spondeciiT warmaTuri kursebiT xdeboda, magram axla es veb

gverdebma da eleqtronulma fostam Secvala. pirispir warmar-

Tuli kerZo gakveTilis formatic SeiZleba cvalebadobdes.

maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebma SeiZleba airCion kerZo

repetitoris daqiraveba, romelic individualurad imuSavebs

maT bavSvebTan. aseve SeiZleba kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba

patara jgufebSi, did jgufebSi, did saleqcio darbazebSi, rom-

lebic video teqnikiT aris aRWurvili. TviTveul am saxeobas

gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs pedagogikaze, samomxmareblo fase-

bze da samTavrobo politikaze.

zog qveynebSi kerZo gakveTilebs ZiriTadi skolis maswavle-

blebi atareben, romlebic ukve isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian

TavianT moswavleebze. erTis mxriv es SeiZleba sasargeblod

Candes maswavleblebisTvis, romelTac SeuZliaT damatebiTi

daxmarebis aRmoCena im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac ukve kar-

gad icnoben. magram, meores mxriv, aman SeiZleba problemebi

gamoiwvios, da uares SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba SantaJis elementsac

Seicavdes. maswavleblebma SeiZleba gamotovon ZiriTadi

saswavlo programis nawilebi saskolo gakveTilebis dros,

raTa miizidon moswavleebi skolis Semdeg Catarebul kerZo

gakveTilebze. bevr saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi maswavleblebi

TviTon wyveten, Tu romel moswavles gadaiyvanen Semdeg klasSi.

amitom mSoblebi iZulebuli xdebian gadaixadon kerZo

momzadebis safasuri, da ician, rom winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ufro

Zviri daujdebaT TavianTi Svilis swavla, radgan is iZulebuli

iqneba gaimeoros saswavlo weli.

kerZo gakveTilebis dros satelevizio programebis

gamoyeneba gvxvdeba iseT gansxvavebul qveynebSi, rogorebic aris

korea da samxreT afrika. samxreT afrikaSi aseTi programebi

aris rogorc sajaro televiziis, aseve komerciuli tele-

viziis arxebze (redi, Reddy 2007, gv.14). kerZo maswavleblebma

SeiZleba romelime sakiTxze kontaqti daamyaron erTerT sko-

lasTan, romlis moswavleebs SeeZlebaT SekiTxvebis gagzavna.

maswavleblebi ki axsnian am sakiTxs magaliTebis moyvaniT. es

sistema moswavleebsa da kerZo maswavleblebs Soris ufro

39

xSiri urTierTobis saSualebas ar iZleva da iSviaTad atarebs

personaluri kontaqtis xasiaTs. aseTi telegadacemebis dros

maswavleblebi da maTi moswavleebi distanciaSi SezRudulebi

ar arian, magram aseTi saxis gakveTilebi Cveulebriv erovnul

sazRvrebs ar scildeba.

internetiT warmarTuli kerZo gakveTilebi kidev ufro met

Tavisuflebas iZleva distanciis mxriv. is SeiZleba erTi qvey-

nis da kontinentis sazRvrebsac ki gascdes (ventura, Ventura,2008a). eleqtronuli fosta, internetiT kavSirebi da veb

kamerebi saSualebas iZleva momsaxureba morgebuli iyos

sxvada sxva klientze da mis moTxovnebze. kerZo maswavleblebi,

romlebic moswavleebs pirispir xvdebian irCeven mWidrod

dasaxlebul da transportisTvis advilad misadgom adgilebs,

radgan maT sakmao raodebnobis klientebi esaWiroebaT war-

matebuli saqmianobisTvis. kerZo gakveTilebis internetiT mim-

wodeblebs SeuZliaT Soreul mosaxleobasac moemsaxuron, da

saqmianoba nebismier xelsayrel enaze awarmoon. magaliTad, in-

doeTidan maswavleblebs SeuZliaT moemsaxuron klientebs aSS-

Si inglisur enaze; xolo CineTidan maswavleblebs SeuZliaT

TavianTi saqmianobis warmoeba Cinur enaze hong kongSi,

malaiziaSi an singapurSi.

es dakvirvebebi cxadyofs, rom kerZo repetitorobis sax-

eobebi da saSualebebi ganpirobebulia rogorc mimwodeblebis,

aseve momxmareblebis moTxovnebiT. bevri kerZo maswavlebeli

aris universitetis studenti, romelic damatebiTi Semosavlis

saSovnelad amzadebs saSualo skolis moswavleebs; amave mo-

tiviT saSualo skolis moswavleebi amzadeben dawyebiTi

klasebis moswavleebs. universitetis studentebs iSviaTad

aqeT saWiro profesiuli kvalifikacia kerZo maswavleblo-

bisTvis, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT saSualo skolis moswavleebze.

magram maT SeuZliaT ukeTesi urTierToba daamyaron

moswavleebTan, radgan momijnave asakobriv jgufebs

ganekuTvnebian.

asakobrivi Skalis meore ukiduresobas pensionrebi war-

moadgenen, romlebic siamovnebiT agrZeleben saqmianobas sazo-

gadoebaSi wvlilis Sesatanad da damatebiTi Semosavlis

40

saSovnelad. radgan pensionrebi sxva Taobas miekuTvnebian, maT

gansxvavebuli swavlebis meTodebi aqvT da naklebad erkvevian

kompiuterul da komunikaciur teqnologiebSi. zogierTi maT-

gani aris yofili srul Statze momuSave maswavlebeli, romel-

sac pensiaze wasvla aiZules sapensio kanoniT. kerZo

repetitorobis bazarze naklebad ainteresebT oficialuri

sapensio asaki, aramed ufro met interess iwvevs fasisa da Se-

moTavazebul momsaxurebas xarisxs Soris balansi.

Tumca kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili yovelTvis

araoficialur sawyisebze muSaobda, bolo xanebSi is ufro

formalizebul da komerciul xasiaTs iZens. es kidev erTi

maCvenebelia imisa, rom Crdilovani ganaTleba sul ufro metad

sistemuri xasiaTis xdeba. Camoyalibda rogorc patara da adg-

ilobrivi, aseve didi da saerTaSoriso kompaniebi. qumoni

(Kumon) erTerTi msxvili mravalerovnuli kompaniaa, romelic

iaponiaSi 1954 wels daarsda, rodesac misi damaarsebeli toru

qumoni (Toru Kumon, 1914-1995) Tavisi vaJiSvilisTvis maTem-

atikis donis gaumjobesebas cdilobda. naxevari saukunis

Semdeg, qumoni 45 qveyanaSi 4 milionze met students emsax-

ureba, gansakuTrebuli privilegiebis da uflebebis miniWebis

sistemiT muSaobs, da maTematikaSi da inglisurSi special-

izdeba (qumoni, Kumon, 2008).

sxva kerZo mosamzadebeli centrebi, romlebic oficialuri

uflebebiT sargeblobdnen aris silvani (Sylvan), maTematikisda mecnierebis akademia da oqsfordis saswavlo centri.

deivisi da aurini (Davies and Aurini, 2006, gv. 124) aRniSnavdnen,rom oficialuri uflebebis miniWeba xels uwyobs am biznesis

zrdas da xazi gausves kerZo repetitorobis oficialuri

uflebebis miniWebis sagrZnob zrdas kanadaSi.

teqnologiac saSualebas aZlevs kerZo repetitorobis

sxvada sxva saxeobis warmoSobas. Amisi nimuSia squlsiTi

(School-City), iaponuri juku-s (juku) axali stili, romelic

saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, rom iswavlon rogorc saxlSi

aseve regionaluri TavSeyris adgilebSi personaluri kompi-

uterebis qselis saSualebiT (suZuki, Suzuki, 2009). neT-

squlis (Net-School) mier SemoTavazebul kursebs sami moduli

41

aqvT: (i) satelevizio konferenciebi da gakveTilebi; (ii) vebgverdebis daxmarebiT damoukidebeli swavla da (iii) nabeWdisaSualebebiT swavla. squlsiTis aqvs Tavisi organizaciuli

struqturebi da aris dadastureba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba

kerZo repetitoroba aRmocendes rogorc damoukidebeli sis-

tema ZiriTadi saskolo sistemis mibaZvis gareSe. im „qalaqebs”

romelTa meSveobiTac squlsiTi funqcionirebs, aqvT TavianTi

sakuTari kursebi da hyavT sakuTari klientebi. isini farTo

geografiul teritorias emsaxurebian. squlsiTis aseve aqvs

damatebiTi kompaniebi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben

reklamirebaze, kompiuterul programebze, Sefasebis sistemebze

da interpretaciaze.

aRwerili kerZo repetitorobis mravalsaxeobebi mniSvnelo-

vania ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis, raTa maT SeimuSaon pasuxi

kiTxvaze „rogori samTavrobo politika esadageba kerZo

repetitorobis ama Tu im formas?”

aqedan gamomdinare:

• gansxvavebuli midgomaa saWiro im kerZo repetitoro-

bisadmi, romelic sabazro ekonomikiT imarTeba da im repeti-

torobisadmi, romelsac mTlianad an nawilobriv samTavrobo

uwyebebi marTavs. aseTia magaliTad aSS-s proeqti „arcerTi

CamorCenili bavSvi”, romelsac samTavrobo kanonmdebloba

uwyobs xels.

• internetiT sxva qveynidan miwodebuli kerZo repeti-

toroba gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs, vidre pirispir Semo-

Tavazebuli repetitoroba, romelsac registrirebuli

mimwodeblebi gvTavazoben dasaxlebul punqtebSi.

• skolis maswavleblebis mier iZulebiT Tavsmoxveuli

kerZo gakveTilebi im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebzec isini

isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi, gan-

sxvavdeba im kerZo gakveTilebisgan, romlebsac mSoblebi Ta-

vianTi SvilebisTvis nebayoflobiT iTxoven.

• momzadebuli profesionalebis mier SemoTavazebuli kerZo

gakveTilebi gansxvavdeba moumzadebeli saSualo skolis

moswavleebis an universitetis studentebis mier SemoTavaze-

buli kerZo gakveTilebisgan.

42

• erTi erTze SemoTavazebuli individualuri gakveTilebi

gansxvavdeba video ekranebiT aRWurvil da did gadaWedil

saleqcio darbazebSi Catarebuli gakveTilebisgan.

yvela am nairsaxeobis klasificirebis Semdeg ganaTlebis

dargSi momuSave specialistebs SeeZlebaT gaanalizon da

Seafason kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri, socialuri da

saganmanaTleblo zegavlena da mniSvneloba. es ganzomilebebi

aris am wignis momdevno nawilis ganxilvis sagani.

CarCo 2. Sefaseba da analizi

„aSkaraa, rom kerZo repetitoroba rogorc aseTi arc kargia

da arc cudi. bevria damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor da ra

pirobebSi miewodeba is sazogadoebas. vin sTavazobs

gakveTilebs: ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebi, kerZo repeti-

torebi, Tu kerZo centrebi? vis sTavazoben maswavleblebi

gakveTilebs: TavianT sakuTar moswavleebs Tu sxvebs? aris

Tu ara kerZo repetitoroba ZiriTadi skolis damatebiTi

nawili? iwvevs Tu ara is ZiriTadi sistemis korumpirebas

sxvadasxva gziT?” (puasoni, Poisson 2007, gv.4).

ekonomikuri, socialuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlena da

mniSvneloba

wignis wina Tavebma gamoavlina, rom kerZo repetitorobis

masStabi, intensivoba da miwodebis saxeebi gansxvavdeba da

mravalferovania. ekonomikuri sistemebis, kulturebis da sxva

cvladebis simravlesTan erTad es faqti mniSvnelovan sir-

Tules warmoadgens kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri, so-

cialuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlenis da mniSvnelobis

dadgenaSi. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ramis swavla SeiZleba

SedarebiTi analizis Catarebisas.

43

ekonomikuri zegavlena da mniSvneloba

aSkaraa, rom kerZo repetitoroba msoflios zogierT naw-

ilSi didi biznesia. is yvelaze TvalsaCino koreaSia, sadac

ojaxebis mTeli danaxarji kerZo repetitorobaze 2006 wels

24 miliard aSS dolars, anu mTliani Sida produqtis 2.8

procents, Seadgenda (qimi da li, Kim and Lee 2008, gv.3). ko-

reuli kerZo repetitorobis industria uzrunvelyofs Se-

mosavals repetitorebisTvis da masTan dakavSirebul sferoSi

momuSave TanamSromlebisTvis, romelTa danaxarjebs saerTo

ekonomikuri Sedegebi mohyveba. kerZo repetitorobaze saojaxo

danaxarjebis sxva nimuSebi:

• safrangeTSi, 2006 wels seqtori Sefasebuli iyo €2.21miliardad, 10 procentiani wliuri zrdiT (melo, Melot 2007,

gv.50).

• saberZneTSi, intensiuri momzadebis skolebi zeda saSualo

klasebSi 1.1 miliard evros moixmardnen 2000 wels, rac aRe-

mateboda mTavrobis danaxarjebs ganaTlebis am safexurze

(saxaropolusi da Tasulasi, Psacharopoulos and Tassoulas 2004,gv.247).

• TurqeTSi, 2004 wlis SefasebiT, kerZo repetitorobis

centrebis fasi 2.9 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda, rac

mTliani erovnuli produqtis 0.96 procenti iyo – Tumca sxva

Sefasebebi naklebi aRmoCnda (Tanseli da berqani, Tansel and Bir-can 2007, gv.14).

• egvipteSi, 2002 wels ojaxebi kerZo repetitorobaze 81

milion egvi ptur girvanqas (daaxloebiT 18 milion aSS

dolars) xarjavdnen wina-sauniversiteto safexurze, rac

mTliani Sida produqtis 1.6 procents (msoflio banki, WorldBank 2002, gv.26).

ra Tqma unda, sxvagan kerZo repetitorobis ekonomikuri ze-

gavlena ufro mokrZalebulia. Tumca, is im maswavlebelTa Se-

mosavlis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens, romelTac dabali

xelfasebi aqvT da romlebic iZulebulebi arian kerZo

gakveTilebi Caataron, raTa Seinaxon ojaxebi. magaliTad, Sri

lankaSi, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi maswavleblis yovelTvi-

44

uri xelfasi 2007 wels 108 aSS dolaridan 135 aSS

dolaramde cvalebadobda (samaTi, Samath 2007, gv.1). korpo-

raciul seqtorTan SedarebiT es Tanxa umniSvnelo iyo. maTem-

atikis maswavlebels ki kolombos skolaSi (Colombo school)kerZo repetitorobiT saaTSi 10 aSS dolari SeeZlo eSovna

kerZo repetitorobiT, rac niSnavda 3-4 dReSi saxelmwifo

xelfasis Tviuri eqvivalentis gamomuSavebas. tajikeTSi, 2006

wels maswavleblebis oficialuri xelfasi TveSi 24 aSS

dolars Seadgenda; xolo kerZo repetitorobidan damatebiTi

Semosavali saaTSi aSS 1-2 dolari iyo (kodirovi da amonovi,

Kodirov and Amonov 2009, gv.144). studentebis mier kerZo

repetitorobiT gamomuSavebul damatebiT xelfass ufro

farTo ekonomikuri sargebeli aqvs. damatebiTi Semosavali

saSualebas aZlevs studentebs gaagrZelon ganaTlebis miReba

da SeiZinon codna da Cvevebi, rac qveynis ekonomikis ganviTare-

bisTvis iqneba sasargeblo.

Tu repetitorebis Semosavlidan yuradRebas moswavleebis

codnaze gadavitanT, vnaxavT, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis mixed-

viT, maTematikis da enebis Seswavla adamianur kapitalSi da-

bandebis erTerTi mniSvnelovani formaa, romelsac ekonomikur

zrdaSi didi wvlili Seaqvs. saWiroa daisvas kiTxva, Tu riTi

dasaqmdebian adamianebi im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar iswavlian. Aam

SemTxvevaSi saWiroa „SesaZleblobis xarjis” (e.i. CaTvlili

xarjebi, gamowveuli alternatiuli kursis arCeviT) dadgena.

magram, radgan skolis moswavleebi ekonomikurad pro-

duqtiulebi ar arian, „SesaZleblobis xarji”, savaraudod,

SedarebiT dabali iqneba.

amave dros, zogierT SemTxvevaSi kerZo repetitorobam, ro-

gorc SerCevis meqanizmma resursebis ganawilebaSi SeiZleba

uTanasworobebi da xarvezebi warmoSvas (qimi da li, Kim andLee 2008, gv.31). koreaSi aRniSnes, rom:

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom finansuri bazari unaklo

ar aris, kargi gonebrivi monacemebis mqone bavSvi,

romelsac Raribi mSoblebi hyavs, SeiZleba moxvdes

dabali xarisxis universitetSi, radgan mas kerZo

45

maswavleblebisTvis gadasaxdeli fuli ar aqvs.

aseTi uTanasworoba kerZo gakveTilebze siarulis

SesaZleblobaSi aseve gamoiwvevs niWis araTanabar da

araefeqtur gadanawilebas, radgan Senacvlebadobis

zRvruli xarisxi ganaTlebasa da sxva produqtebs

Soris ojaxidan ojaxSi cvalebadobs.

sxvebmac gaaSuqes repetitorobis araefeqturi mxareebi.

maTi azriT, kerZo repetitoroba resursebis sasargeblo da-

bandebas sxva mimarTulebiT ubiZgebs. gansakuTrebul problemas

qmnis is SemTxvevebi, rodesac ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebi

ganzrax amcireben saswavlo programas da nakleb dros uT-

moben Sesaswavl sakiTxebs ZiriTadi saskolo gakveTilebs

dros, raTa kerZo repetitorobaze moTxovna gazardon. magal-

iTad, sujaTa (Sujatha 2007, gv.20) aRniSnavs, rom indoeTSi:

...kerZo repetitorobaSi CarTuli maswavleblebi

ZiriTad saskolo gakveTilebs seriozulad ar

ekidebian da xandaxan aiZuleben moswavleebs mimar-

Ton maT an konkretul mosamzadebel centrebs kerZo

repetitorobisTvis. ase rom skolis maswavleblebsa

da kerZo momzadebis centrebs Soris erTgvari

kavSiria Camoyalibebuli.

kidev erTi problema warmoiSoba gadasaxadebTan dakav -

SirebiT. kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili araoficialu-

rad mimdinareobs, sadac samTavrobo gadasaxadebis amkrefs xeli

ar miuwvdeba. mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom bevri

adamiani, visac wvlili unda Sehqondes saerTo biujetSi, amas

Tavs aridebs. is faqti ki, rom sagadasaxado Semosavali iklebs

niSnavs, rom mTavrobebs aRar SeuZliaT miznobrivad daxarjon

resursebi qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri keTildReo-

bisTvis.

46

socialuri zegavlena

kerZo repetitorobis umetesi nawili aSkarad aRrmavebs

socialur uTanasworobas, radgan maRalSemosavlian ojaxebs

xeli miuwvdebaT ufro met da ukeTesi xarisxis kerZo

gakveTilebze, vidre dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs. gamonaklisebs

warmoadgenen mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli iseTi proeqtebi,

rogoricaa „arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi” aSS-Si, sadac

mTavroba afinansebs moswrebis moswavleebs Raribi ojaxe-

bidan, rom maT SeZlon kerZo gakveTilebze siaruli.

zewola ojaxidan da socialuri sivrce

kerZo repetitoroba aris is sfero, romelSic ojaxebi so-

cialuri zewolis qveS SeiZleba moeqcnen. rogorc qimma (Kim,

2007. Ggv.11) Caiwera erTerTi koreeli dedis sityvebi, Ziri-

Tadi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom uSveben mSoblebi Svilebs kerZo

repetitorebTan aris is, rom isini grZnoben socialur wnexs:

„Tu bavSvi kargad ar swavlobs skolaSi da kerZo gakveTile-

bzec ar dadis, maSin xalxi ambobs, rom deda an srul Wkuaze

ar aris an Raribia”. kerZo repetitorobis gafarToeba aseve

iwvevs cvlilebebs ojaxis struqturaSi (qimi, Kim 2007,

gv.12).

koreuli ojaxebi erTi an ori bavSvisgan Sedgeba.

mSoblebis TaobaSi ki samidan xuT bavSvamde iyo.

radgan ojaxebSi bavSvebis raodenoba iklebs, da

izrdeba moTxovna karg ganaTlebaze, raTa adamianebma

maRali statusi moipovon sazogadoebaSi, mSoblebi

sul ufro metad moiTxoven individualur zrunvas

TavianTi SvilebisTvis, raTa maT ukeTesi akademiuri

miRwevebi hqondeT, vidre amas wina Taobebis mSoblebi

moiTxovdnen. axalgazrda mSoblebis azriT, skolebi

maT moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebdnen: skolebi indi-

vidualurad ar ekidebian moswavleTa saWiroebebs,

aramed aswavlian maT jgufurad.

47

msgavsi dakvirveba Catarda safrangeTSi, sadac ojaxebis zoma

wina TaobebTan SedarebiT Semcirda. mSoblebi da bavSvebi be-

biebTan da babuebTan aRar cxovroben da, Sesabamisad, maTgan dax-

marebas naklebad iReben. glasmani (Glasman 2007, gv.1)

amtkicebs, rom Tu mSoblebs finansuri SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom

Svilebi kerZo repetitorebTan miiyvanon, es aris ojaxSi simS-

vidis damkvidrebis erTerTi saSualeba. saSinao davaleba

xSirad xdeba:

...daZabulobis mizezi mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris

(gansakuTrebiT Tu bavSvebi Tineijerebi arian).

aqedan gamomdinare, bavSvebis gagzavna kerZo momzade-

bis centrSi, sadac maT daexmarebian skolis

davalebis SesrulebaSi, ojaxis wevrebs Soris mSvi-

dobis damyarebis da daZabulobis moxsnis erTerTi

saSualebaa. saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis dawyeba

rTuli momentia, radgan bavSvebs ar surT samuSaos

dawyeba. mozardis daxmareba im samuSaos garkvevaSi,

romelic mas gauWirda, ar aris advili maSinac ki

(an gansakuTrebiT maSin?), rodesac mama an deda am

saganSi kvalificiurebi arian. ase rom, gacilebiT

ukeTesia, Tu es problemebi sadme sxvagan gadaiWreba.

am sakiTxis Seswavlis dros glasmanma SeniSna, rom „mSvidobis

damyareba” mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris SeiZleba ufro advili

iyos arasaskolo dawesebulebaSi, vidre skolaSi:

arasaskolo struqtura SeiZleba iyos saSuamavlo

adgili, romelic arc ojaxia (didi molodinebiT da

daZabulobiT, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT), da arc skolaa

(romelic afasebs da niSnebs uwers moswavleebs).

aseT gardamaval adgilas moswavleebs SeuZliaT aRi-

aron, rom maT ver gaiges masala an aqvT didi

xarvezebi, maSinac ki, roca ar unda hqondeT. maT Seu-

ZliaT aRiaron, rom ar umuSaviaT, maSinac ki roca

unda emuSavaT. SeuZliaT mravaljer cadon

48

davalebis Sesruleba, dauSvan Secdomebi da isev

scadon da nel-nela gaxdnen Tavdajerebulebi, Tu

iqnebian mSoblebis mouTmenlobisgan da skolis sas-

jelis SiSisgan Sors.

Tu am sakiTxs sxva kuTxidan SevxedavT, kerZo gakveTilebma

SeiZleba moswavleebs SeTavazon is socialuri sivrce, romel-

sac isini verc ojaxSi da verc skolaSi ver pouloben. maga-

liTad, egvi pteSi saSualo skolebis umravlesobaSi aris

genderuli segregacia. kerZo gakveTilebi ki moswavleebs

sTavazoben megobrebTan Sexvedris da gansakuTrebiT

sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis saSuale-

bas (harTmani, Hartmann 2008, gv.58) gvTavazobs erTerTi kerZo

repetitorobis centris menejeris Sexedulebebs: “vfiqrob,

rom moswavleebis 50% aq modis... raTa namdvilad iswavlon,

xolo danarCeni 50% megobrebTan Sesaxvedrad modis”.

genderuli ganzomilebebi

rodesac genderul ganzomilebebs ganvixilavT, kerZo

repetitiroba sxvadasxva ZalebTan sxvadasxvanair mimarTebaSia.

amaTgan yvelaze naTeli magaliTia gansxvavebebi moswavleTa

CaricxvaSi. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis

2007 wlis forumze Tanselma da berqanma (Tansel and Bircan,2007, gv.7) aRniSnes, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi gogonebi

CamorCebian biWebs ganaTlebaSi da „TurqeTi ar aris am mxriv

gamonaklisi”. maT dasZines, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom

qalebisTvis ekonomikuri mogeba ganaTlebidan iseTive maRalia,

an ufro maRalic, vidre kacebisTvis, mSoblebi mainc biWebSi

ufro met investicias deben, radgan biWebi iTvlebian

mSoblebis moxucebulobis asakSi maT finansur sayrdenad.

Tanseli da berqani aRniSnaven, rom (gv.18) 2005-2006 wlebSi

genderuli sxvaoba moswavleebs Soris kerZo repetitorobis

centrebSi iyo 5 procentuli erTeuli, rac niSnavs, rom Car-

icxuli moswavleebis 52.5 procenti biWebi iyvnen da 47.5 pro-

centi ki gogonebi. Tumca es saSualo skolis kurs damTav rebulebis

sxvaobasTan SedarebiT ufro naklebi sxvaoba iyo. iq sxvaoba

49

9.2 procents Seadgenda (54.6 procenti biWebi, 45.4 procenti

gogonebi). am mxriv, kerZo repetitorobis centrebi ufro

metad genderulad dabalansebuli aRmoCnda, vidre ZiriTadi

saSualo skolis sistema. amisi axsna SeiZleba im faqtiT, rom

maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi gogoebisTvisac da biWebisTvisac

uzrunvelmyofdnen kerZo gakveTilebs, da aqedan gamomdinare, iq

naklebi genderuli diskriminacia iyo, vidre dabalSemosavlian

ojaxebSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sujaTam (Sujatha, 2007) aseve miu-TiTa genderul uTanasworobaze indoeTSi, sadac kerZo

gakveTilebze biWebis ufro maRali procentuli Caricxva kul-

turuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebis kombinaciiT aixsneba.

qvemoT moyvanilia magaliTebi im qveynebis monacemebidan, rom-

lebSic msgavsi tendenciebia:

• baqmani (Buchmann 2002, gv.142-143) aRniSnavda, rom keniaSi

mniSvnelovani winsvla moxda ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi gen-

deruli Tanasworobis mxriv, magram amave dros dasZenda, rom

dasaqmebis perspeqtivis mxriv, genderuli stereotipebis arse-

boba da saxlis saqmeSi bavSvebis wvlilis Setanis molodini

gansazRvravs mSoblebis gadawyvetilebas, rom qaliSvilebis da-

matebiT ganaTlebaSi naklebi resursebi daabandon, vidre biWe-

bis ganaTlebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, rodesac ojaxis

biujeti sakmaod SezRudulia (Raribi an mravalSviliani

ojaxebi). baqmani aRniSnavda, rom gogonebi ufro met saojaxo

saqmes akeTeben, vidre biWebi. es faqti ki gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobs gogonebis Sansebis SemcirebaSi, rom moemzadon kerZo

repetitorebTan.

• koreaSi, qimis da lis (Kim and Lee 2008, gv.25) mier

Catarebulma kvlevam daadgina kerZo repetitorobaze 0.51 Se-

mosavlis elastiuroba biWebisTvis da 0.57 gogonebisTvis. es

miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom biWebisTvis kerZo repetitoroba au-

cilebelia, xolo gogonebisTvis fufunebad iTvleba. qimi da

li aRniSnavdnen, rom qalebis dasaqmebis xarisxi kacebisaze

mniSvnelovnad naklebi iyo, da Sesabamisad, dabandebuli fulis

ukan dabrunebis molodini kacebisgan ufro maRali iyo.

• bangladeSSi, naTis (Nath 2008, gv.58) mier Caterebulma

50

kvlevam daadgina, rom dawyebiT klasebSi biWebis 33.8 procenti

emzadeboda kerZo maswavlebelTan, da gogonebis mxolod 28.1

procenti.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es tendenciebi yvelgan erTg-

varovani ar aris. dengma (Dang 2007, gv.692) ver aRmoaCina

mniSvnelovani genderuli gansxvavevbebi vietnamis dawyebiT da

saSualo klasebSi. saqmeqis (SACMEQ) monacemebic keniaze ar

Seesabameba baqmanis (Buchmann) monacemebs (pavio da sxva,Paviot et al., 2008, gv.153). elbadavim, alburgma da sxv. (El-badawy, Ahlburg et al., 2006) aseve ver ipoves genderuli gan-

sxvavebebi egvipteSi, romlebic vlindeba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis

sistemaSi. mkvlevarebi moelodnen, rom 1998 wlis egviptis

SromiTi bazris kvleva ufro did gansxvavebebs kerZo repeti-

torobis seqtorSi aRmoaCenda. maTi azriT, ganaTlebis upi-

ratesoba qorwinebis bazarze, sadac ufro meti ganaTlebis

mqone gogonebi mdidar da ganaTlebul qmrebs Souloben, Sei-

Zleba iyos imis mizezi, rom gansxvavebebi mosalodnelze

naklebi aRmoCnda. sxvagan genderuli gansxvaveba qalebis

sasargeblodaa. magaliTad, bagdasarovam da ivanovma (Bag-dasarova and Ivanov, 2009, gv.134) aRmoaCines, rom yirgizeTSi,gogonebis 65.4 procenti da biWebis 34.6 procenti emzadeba

kerZo maswavlebelTan. am faqtis axsna im garemoebiT SeiZleba,

rom moswavleTa ori mesamedi ganaTlebuli ojaxebidan iyo.

amaTgan 65-70 procenti iyo ojaxidan, sadac, sul mcire, erT

mSobels mainc hqonda sauniversiteto ganaTleba da xarisxi.

es faqtori genderul Tanasworobaze ufro did gavlenas ax-

denda, vidre balansis darRvevaze, sadac gogonebs upiratesoba

eniWebaT.

genderuli ganzomilebis meore mxare exeba maswavleblebs.

zogierT sazogadoebebSi kerZo gakveTilebs ufro metad kaci

maswavleblebi atareben. kambojaSi Catarebulma erTerTma kvl-

evam gamoavlina cvalebadoba, romlis mixedviTac erTerTi

konkretuli soflis skolis arcerTi moswavle ar dadioda

kerZo maswavlebelTan klasebSi, magram me-4, me-5 da me-6

klasebSi proporciebi iyo 50, 25 da 90 procenti. rodesac

51

direqtors kiTxes, Tu ratom iyo proporcia me-5 klasSi

gacilebiT naklebi, vidre me-4 da me-6 klasebSi, man upasuxa,

rom me-5 klasis maswavlebeli ojaxis saqmiT iyo dakavebuli

da ar SeeZlo regularuli gakveTilebis Catareba (brei, Bray1999b, gv.60). harTmanmac (Hartmann 2008, gv.68) aRniSna, rommaSin rodesac qali maswavleblebi egvi pteSi kerZo

gakveTilebs saxlSi atarebdnen, kerZo momzadebis centrebSi

kaci maswavleblebis sruli dominireba igrZnoboda. Aam gare-

moebas is xsnida im faqtiT, rom:

mizezebi imisa, Tu ratom sTavazoben qali maswavle-

blebi kerZo gakveTilebs naklebad, aSkaraa. saSinao

valdebulebebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu maT ojaxebi hyavT,

qalebis drois da energiis udides nawils ikavebs.

amis garda, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda gauTxovari

qalebisTvis socialurad miuRebelia naSuadRevis

Semdeg Sin ar yofna, studentebis monaxuleba an maTi

saxlSi dapatiJeba... qali maswavleblebi finansurad

qmrebze da ojaxebze arian damokidebuli, amitom da-

matebiT Semosavals imdenad ar saWiroeben, ramde-

nadac maTi kaci kolegebi.

kulturebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba msoflios sxvadasxva

nawilSi, magram saerTo jamSi, kaci maswavleblebi ufro metad

arian CarTuli kerZo repetitorobis bazarze, vidre qali

maswavleblebi, da zewolas axorcieleben ZiriTadi saskolo

procesis moswavleebze, rom maTTan moemzadon damatebiT

gakveTilebze.

soflis/qalaqis maxasiaTeblebi

socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erTi ganzomileba exeba

soflis/qalaqis gansxvavebas kerZo repetitorobis saxeebSi.

kerZo repetitoroba ufro gavrcelebulia qalaqebSi sami Zir-

iTadi mizezis gamo. pirveli mizezi aris qalaqis mosaxleobis

ufro maRali Semosavali. maT finansurad xeli miuwvdebaT

kerZo gakveTilebze. meore mizezi aris maRali konkurenciuli

52

garemo qalaqSi, sadac samuSao bazarze sul ufro izrdeba

moTxovna ganaTlebaze da kvalifikaciebze. mesame mizezi aris

mosaxleobis simWidrove qalaqebSi, rac xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnis kerZo repetitorobis bazris gazrdisTvis da wamaxalise-

beli faqtoria maswavleblebisTvis, rom mosaxleobas SesTava-

zon kerZo gakveTilebi.

forumze warmodgenili empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi Se-

icavdnen monacemebs aRmosavleT evropidan da aziidan (silova,Silova 2007, gv.7). me-8 cxrilSi warmodgenil yvela 12

qveyanaSi kerZo repetitoroba qalaqSi ufro metad iyo

gavrcelebuli, vidre sofelSi.

yvelaze didi 24.2 procentiani sxvaoba yazaxeTSi iyo. su-

jaTas (Sujatha, 2007) mier warmodgenili indoeTis soflis

skolebis monacemebis mixedviT, qveda saSualo klasebis

moswavleebis 29 procenti emzadeboda kerZo repetitorebTan,

maSin rodesac qalaqSi imave klasebis moswavleebis 64 pro-

centi dadioda kerZo gakveTilebze (ix. cxrili 9). saerTo

suraTi ki iyo iseTi, rom soflis skolebSi moswavleebi, rom-

lebic akademiurad CamorCenilebi iyvnen da ver axerxebdnen

kerZo maswavleblebTan siaruls, xSir SemTxvevaSi swavlas

Tavs anebebdnen an skolidan iricxebodnen.

cxrili 8. soflis da qalaqis gansxvavebebi kerZo

repetitorobis tendenciebSi aRmosavleT

evropaSi da aziaSi (%)

sofeli qalaqi

azerbaijani 87.8 95.0

bosnia da hercogovina 56.9 57.7

xorvatia 50.1 61.6

saqarTvelo 76.9 81.2

yazaxeTi 56.6 70.1

53

yirgizeTi 37.7 61.9

litva 54.9 69.7

monRoleTi 69.8 71.6

poloneTi 59.9 70.1

slovakeTi 54.7 58.2

tajikeTi 41.0 49.9

ukraina 77.7 82.0

wyaro: silova (Silova 2007, gv.7).

cxrili 9. qveda saSualo klasebis moswavleTa procen-

tuloba, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan

emzadebian indoeTis oTxi Statis qalaqebSi

da soflebSi

soflebi qalaqebi

andhra pradeSi 20.7 38.7

kerala 66.5 70.6

maharaSTra 29.3 72.7

uTar pradeSi 32.0 52.7

jami 29.0 64.0

N = sofeli 1,492; qalaqi 2,539.

wyaro: sujaTa (Sujatha 2007, gv.5).

es statistikuri monacemebi exmaureba sxva literaturaSi

mocemul monacemebs. magaliTad, 1998 wels egviptis Sromis

bazris kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda Semdegi monacemebi: qveynis

54

27 guberniidan 22 guberniaSi 4,816 gamokiTxul ojaxSi

moswavleebis 39.6 procenti dadioda kerZo maswavlebelTan

soflebSi, xolo 52.0 procenti qalaqebSi (elbadavi da sxv.,

Elbadawy et al., 2006, gv.16). bavSvebis ganaTlebaze daxarjuli

Tanxebi kidev ufro metad gansxvavdeboda: 188.9 egvi pturi

funti / girvanqa soflebSi, da 491.5 egvipturi funti / gir-

vanqa qalaqebSi. bangladeSSic (naTi, Nath 2008, gv.58) dawyebiTi

skolebis pirvelklaselebis 19.6 procenti emzadeboda kerZod

soflebSi, da 43.6 procenti qalaqebSi. me-5 klasSi, dawyebiTi

skolis bolos, sxvaoba kidev ufro didi iyo: 35.6 procenti

soflebSi da 62.2 procenti qalaqebSi. es statistikuri

monacemebi asaxaven rogorc moTxovnas, aseve miwodebas. am

ukanasknels rac Seexeba, uotsoni (Watson 2008, gv.10) aR-

niSnavda, rom avstraliis soflebSi da moSorebul regionebSi

kerZo maswavleblebis ukmarisoba mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas

warmoadgenda mTavrobis vauCeruli gegmis ganxorcielebisTvis.

studentebi am regionebSi erTian standartul gamocdebze mud-

mivad iRebdnen erovnul saSualo maCvenebelze nakleb qulebs.

eTnikuroba da rasa

socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erTi ganzomileba eT-

nikurobas da rasas exeba. magaliTad, 1997-1998 wlebSi, viet-

namSi Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom dawyebiTi skolis

eTnikuri umravlesobis moswavleebis 37.0 procenti da eT-

nikuri umciresobis 7.1 procenti kerZo repetitorTan emzade-

boda (dengi, Dang 2007, gv.688). saSualo skolis qveda

klasebSi proporciebi iyo 60.7 da 19.0 procenti; xolo saSu-

alo skolis zeda klasebSi – 78.0 da 55.9 procenti.

sxva garemoebebSi, eTnikuri umciresobis moswavleebi Sei-

Zleba ufro metad emzadebodnen kerZo repetitorebTan. air-

sonma da raSforTma (Ireson and Rushforth 2005, gv.6) daadgines,

rom inglisSi bazriT dominirebul garemoSi samxreT azieli,

Cineli da afro-karibuli warmoSobis moswavleebi ufro metad

emzadebodnen kerZo maswavleblebTan, vidre TeTri evropelebi.

kanadaSi, kerZo repetitorobis udidesi nawili vankuverSi da

torontoSi hong kongel, taivanel da Cinel migrantebze modis.

55

gansxvavebul konteqstSi, aSS-Si samTavrobo proeqti „arc erTi

CamorCenili bavSvi” warmatebiT afinansebda dabali akademiuri

moswrebis afro-amerikuli da espanuri warmoSobis mos -

wavleebs (cimeri da sxv., Zimmer et al., 2007; mori, Mori, 2009).

saganmanaTleblo zegavlena

sxva Crdilebisgan gansxvavebiT, Crdilovanma ganaTlebam Sei-

Zleba zegavlena iqonios im sxeulze, romelsac is baZavs.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom kerZo repeti-

toroba mxars ubams ZiriTad saskolo sistemas da moswavleebs

sTavazobs damatebiT gzas saswavlo masalis aTvisebaSi. magram,

zogierT garemoebaSi is akninebs ZiriTad saskolo sistemas.

mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli kerZo momzadebis proeqtebi,

romlebic gamiznulia dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavlee-

bis dasaxmareblad, gansxvavdeba sabazro ZalebiT marTuli

kerZo repetitorobisgan. Tumca TiToeul maTganSi farTo sax-

ecvlilebebi SeiZleba aRmoCndes. puasonma (Poisson, 2007) gaa-Suqa saganmanaTleblo zegavlenis ramdenime ganzomileba. esenia:

saskolo aRWurvilobis gamoyeneba, saswavlo dro, saswavlo

programis Sinaarsi da pedagogika, maswavleblebis mier Catare-

buli gakveTilebis xarisxi, moswavleebis mier masalis

aTviseba, da klasis dinamika (ix. agreTve dengi da rojersi;Dang and Rogers 2008, gv.8-14). Semdegi Tavebi nimuSebs ganix-

ilavs.

dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleTa dasaxmareblad

mTavrobis mier

dafinansebuli proeqtebi

ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso institutis forumis monawileebs

Soris iyo inglisis bavSvTa skolebis da ojaxebis departa-

mentis (DCSF) TanamSromeli, romelmac moxseneba gaakeTa 2007

wels dawyebul sapilote proeqtze (teilori, Taylor, 2007).„mniSvnelovani progresis” gegma gulisxmobs individualur

kerZo gakveTilebs, bavSvebis swavlaSi dasaxmareblad, raTa aR-

moifxvras uTanasworoba ganaTlebaSi miRwevebis SesaZle-

blobaSi. proeqtis mosamzadebeli nawilSi, misma Semqmnelebma

56

Seafases kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena inglisSi, avs-

traliasa da aSS-Si.

monacemebi inglisze, romlebzec dokumentSi iyo saubari,

airsonma (Ireson, 2004) da airsonma da raSforTma (Ireson andRushforth, 2005) Seagroves. am ukanasknelma naSromma daadgina,

rom (gv.4) SerCeuli me-6, me-11 da me-13 klaselebis 27 pro-

centi kerZo maswavlebelTan emzadeboda. mkvlevarebma aRniSnes,

rom yvelaze popularuli sagani maTematika iyo, romelsac mos-

devda inglisuri (kiTxva da wera me-6 klaselebisTvis), da mec-

niereba. sxva mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi iyo Semdegi:

• kerZo repetitorTan siarulis mTavari mizezi iyo teste-

bis da gamocdebis kargad dawera (moswavleTa ori mesamedis

mosazrebiT).

• saSualo skolis moswavleebs xandaxan ahyavdaT kerZo

maswavleblebi, raTa maT daxmarebodnen im masalis aTvisebaSi,

romelic gamotoves avadmyofobis gamo.

• kerZo gakveTilebis xarisxi akademiur miRwevebze axdens

zegavlenas. kerZo gakveTilebis programebic sagZnoblad gan-

sxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan.

• kerZo repetitorobas umniSvnelo zegavlena hqonda saSu-

alo skolis damamTavrebel serTifikatze (atestatze) TeTrka-

niani moswavleebisTvis, magram ufro dadebiTi zegavlena hqonda

feradkanian moswavleebze (Tumca mcire raodenoba iyo gamok-

iTxuli). saerTo jamSi, efeqti iyo mciredi da dadebiTi. maTem-

atikaSi, kerZo gakveTilze siaruli biWebs ufro metad

exmareboda, vidre gogonebs saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli

saserTifikato (saatestato) gamocdebze.

radgan kerZo repetitoroba gansxvavdeboda sxvadasxva kon-

teqstSi, sistemuri monacemebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT

moipoveboda imaze, Tu visTvis ra iyo ufro sasargeblo da ra

garemoebebSi.

rac Seexeba avstralias, teilori (Taylor 2007, gv.5-6) ganix-ilavda samTavrobo iniciativas, romelic gamiznuli iyo im

CamorCenili moswavleebis dasaxmareblad, romlebmac 2003

wels mesame wlis erovnuli kiTxvis unaris minimaluri zRva -

ri ver gadalaxa. iniciativa uzrunvelyofda mSoblebs an

57

momvlelebs vauCerebiT, raTa 700 avstraliuri dolaris far-

glebSi daefaraT bavSvebis individualuri gakveTilebis Tanxa

kiTxvis gasaumjobeseblad (ix. agreTve uotsoni, Watson, 2007,gv.6). proeqti Semdeg Sefasebuli iyo kerZo gakveTilebis wina

da Semdgomi kiTxvis unarebis SefasebiT, da kerZo maswavle-

blebis da mSoblebis gamokiTxviT, Tu ramdenad daexmara kerZo

gakveTilebi maT Svilebs kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebaSi. 2003

wels 19,000 mesame safexuris moswavlem ver gadalaxa mini-

mumis zRvari (mTeli raodenobis 7.6 procenti). amaTgan 6,200-

ma moswavlem miiRo monawileoba am proeqtSi, xolo 5,443

moswavle mTlianad kerZo gakveTilebiT iyo datvirTuli. Se-

fasebam cxadhyo, rom am proeqtma SesaZlebloba misca

moswavleebs gaeumjobesebinaT koncentracia da meti yuradReba

gaemaxvilebinaT swavlaze. is agreTve daexmara maT, rom

eswavlaT sircxvilis gareSe da aRudgina sakuTari Tavis pa-

tiviscema. skolasTan da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma faqtorebmac

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula warmatebis miRwevaSi, rac zo-

gierT StatSi mniSvnelovani iyo. magaliTad, viqtorias StatSi,

moswavleebis 89 procentma gamoaswora kiTxvis Cvevebi 1.7

wlis mogebiT. Tumca, es mainc sapilote gegmad rCeboda, rac

damajerebeli daskvnebisTvis ufro met gamocdilebas moiTx-

ovda. uotsoni (Watson 2007, gv.9) dasZenda, rom sxva sagan-

manaTleblo proeqtebTan SedarebiT gegmis finansuri

efeqturobis (xarjebis efeqturobis) dasasabuTeblad sakmao

monacemebi iyo xelmisawvdomi.

mesame proeqti, romelic teilorma (Taylor, 2007, gv.6-7)ganixila, iyo CikagoSi ganxorcielebuli „arc erTi CamorCe-

nili bavSvi”. 2005 wels Cikagos sajaro skolebma kontraqti

daudes 30 kerZo kompanias da saagentos, rom 50 milioni aSS

dolaris sanacvlod daxmarebodnen 343 skolis 60,000

moswavles. kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazobdnen rogorc mogebaze

momuSave aseve aramogebaze momuSave saagentoebi. Cikagos sa-

jaro skolebi TavianT programasac afinansebdnen, rac

moswavleTa naxevars moicavda. Sefasebam gamoavlina, rom im

moswavleebSi, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen,

gacilebiT sagrZnobi winsvla SeiniSneboda, vidre imaTSi, visac

58

kerZo repetitoroba SesTavazes, magram maT uari ganacxades

kerZo gakveTilebze. proeqtSi monawile moswavleebs yvelaze

dabali akademiuri moswreba hqondaT. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,

im moswavleebs, romlebic kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen,

1.09 wliani winsvla hqondaT kiTxvaSi da 0.94 wliani winsvla

maTematikaSi. es maCveneblebi im winsvlis maCveneblebze maRali

iyo, rac im moswavleebs hqondaT, romlebic akmayofilebdnen

repetitorobis programaSi monawileobis moTxovnebs, magram

uari ganacxades monawileobaze. maT 1.03 da 0.92 wliani

winsvla hqondaT. magram repetitorobis proeqtSi monawilee-

bis maCveneblebi saerTo saqalaqo maCveneblebze mainc naklebi

iyo. am ukanasknelis maCveneblebi Sesabamisad 1.06 da 1.01 iyo.

teilorma oTxi ZiriTadi problema wamoWra Cikagos

gamocdilebidan:

• kerZo repetitorobis SemoTavazeba xdeboda ufaso sko-

lis sauzmis kriteriumis dakmayofilebis mixedviT (e. i. kerZo

repetitorobas sTavazobdnen im moswavleebs, visac ufaso

saskolo sauzme ekuTnoda). es ki ekonomikuri statusiT ufro

iyo gadawyvetili, vidre akademiuri saWiroebiT. zogierTi

moswavle, romelsac repetitoroba esaWiroeboda, ver moxvda

am proeqtSi. mSoblebi irCevdnen im sagnebs, romlebSic bavSvebi

unda momzadebuliyvnen. isini xSirad araswor arCevans akeTebd-

nen. kerZo momzadebis kompaniebi farTo reklamiT, waxalise-

bebiT da intensiuri repetitorobiT izidavdnen mSoblebs,

magram es moswavleebisTvis akademiurad momgebiani ar iyo.

• kerZod mosamzadebeli jgufebis zoma mniSvnelovnad

varirebda. gakveTilebis nawili individualurad tardeboda,

magram umravlesoba mimdireobda 20-kacian jgufebSi.

• Sefasebis da mimwodeblis pasuxismgeblobis universaluri

meTodebi da kriteriumebi ar arsebobda. moswavlis warmatebis

SemTxvevaSi dafasebas kerZo repetitori iRebda da ara skola.

Zalian cota kompania afasebda gakveTils, da Zalian cota rea-

girebda mSoblebis an maswavleblebis moTxovnaze.

• kompaniebi, romlebic bavSvebis maswavleblebs repetitore-

bad qiraobdnen, ufro didi zegavlena hqondaT. bevri am

maswavlebelTagani micemul masalebs adaptirebas ukeTebda,

59

raTa moergo moswavleebis saWiroebebze. aseT kerZo repeti-

torebs Cveulebriv kargi akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi

hyavdaT, da mSoblebis kargi rekomendaciebiT da skolebis maR-

ali ndobiT sargeblobdnen.

am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2007 wels inglisSi sapilote

proeqti daiwyo, romelic erTi-erTze mecadineobis srul xar-

jebs faravda sabaziso stadiebis 2 da 3 doneebis (7-11 wlis

da 11-14 wlis bavSvebi) 484 skolis moswavlis 10 procen-

tisTvis. es moicavda kerZo gakveTilebis 10 saaTs da da-

matebiT TiTo moswavlesTan skolisa da repetitoris

2-saaTian kontaqts TiTo saganSi, inglisurSi da / an maTem-

atikaSi.

msgavsi programa muSaobs singapurSi (Teni, Tan 2009). 1980-

ian wlebSi mTavroba Relavda akademiur miRwevaSi rasul dis-

balansze, gansakuTrebiT dabal maCveneblebze eTnikur

malaizielebSi CinelebTan da indoelebTan SedarebiT. mTavro-

bis warmomadgenlebma gamohyves Tanxebi, raTa malaizeli /

musulmani bavSvebis damxmare ganaTlebis sabWos (mendaki, MEN-DAKI) maTTvis kerZo maswableblebTan momzadeba uzrunveleyo.

mTavrobam aseve neba darTo sabWos gamoeyenebina sajaro

skolebi ZiriTadi saswavlo procesis Semdgom saaTebSi, da

maswavleblebs treiningi Cautara, romlebic moxaliseebad an

dabal xelfasze muSaobdnen. repetitorobis programebi pirve-

lad mendakim (MENDAKI) wamoiwyo da Semdeg singapuris in-

douri ganviTarebis asociaciam (SINDA), romelic dRemde

efeqturi, Sedegiani da kargad reklamirebulia (ix. MENDAKI,2009; SINDA, 2009).

aseve aRsaniSnavia paraleluri gegma samxreT afrikaSi,

romelzec ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis fo-

rumze redim gaakeTa moxseneba (Reddy, 2007). smxreT afrikismecnierebisa da teqnologiis departamentma (DST) moiTxovaCatarebuliyo kerZo repetitorobis kvleva da mimoxilva, raTa

saSualo skolebSi mecnierebis Seswavlis gaumjobesebis gzebi

dasaxuliyo. mimoxilvaSi warmodgenili rekomendaciebis sa-

fuZvelze, departamentma wamoiwyo gegma, romelic gamiznuli

iyo im skolebis gasaumjobeseblad, sadac dabalSemosavliani

60

ojaxebis Svilebi swavlobdnen. repetitorobis modeli

gulisxmobda mecadineobebs erTi-erTze, pirispir maswavle-

belTan. mTavrobam aseve kerZo seqtors mimarTa finansuri dax-

marebisTvis. es gegma iyo saCvenebeli magaliTi mTavrobis mier

dafinansebuli iniciativisa, romelic miznad isaxavda uTanas-

worobis Semcirebas da romelsac dadebiTi zegavlena unda

moexdina ZiriTadi saskolo programis daZlevaSi dabali

akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebis daxmarebiT.

bazriT regulirebuli kerZo repetitoroba

rogorc amas wignis sxva seqciebi cxadhyofs, arsebobs proe-

qtebi, rogorc mxolod sabazro ekonomikiT regulirebuli

wamowyebebi. maTganac swavlis procesSi Sedegebs moelian, rom-

lis gareSec maTze moTxovna daiklebda. Tumca, am iniciativebis

Sefasebebma aCvena, rom zogi maTgani ufro metad STabeWdile-

bebze da marketingzea dafuZnebuli, vidre Ffaqtobriv Sedege-

bze. bevri ram aris damokidebuli kerZo repetitorobis

saxeobaze da moswavleebis mzadyofnaze maqsimalurad sasarge-

blod gamoiyenon is. ufro sagangaSoa is faqti, rom zogierT

konteqstSi kerZo repetitorobam uaryofiTi Sedegebi moutana

ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebas.

yvelaze problemuri aspeqtebia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

kerZo repetitoroba ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebas Caenacvleba.

es gansakuTrebiT ZiriTadi arasaskolo gamocdebis moaxloe-

bisas SeiniSneba. aseT dros moswavleebi skolebs gamocde-

bisTvis mosamzadeblad Seuferebel adgilad Tvlian, radgan maT

konkretul moTxovnebs ver daakmayofileben, radgan skolebi

moswavleTa ufro farTo speqtrs emsaxureba da socio-poli-

tikur miznebs isaxavs. TurqeTSi, aman ukve iseT eqstremalur

zRvars miaRwia, rom moswavleebi samedicino cnobebisTvis

fuls ixdian, raTa skolaSi ar iaron. gansakuTrebiT semestris

im dros, rodesac moswavleebi saSualo da umaRles saswavle-

blebSi Sesasvlel gamocdebs abareben, isini yuradaRebis ufro

met koncentrirebas kerZo gakveTilebze, mosamzadebel centre-

bze da saxlSi momzadebaze axdenen, vidre skolaSi siarulze.

rogorc Tanseli da berqani (Tansel and Bircan, 2007) amboben

61

angariSSi, am sezonze „moswavleTa umetesoba yalb samedicino

cnobas iRebs, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, rom gaacdinon sko-

lis gakveTilebi,” da rom es „farTod gavrcelebuli, miRe-

buli da Zviri procesi gaxda”. 2005 wels, ganmanaTlebelTa

Turqulma kavSirma Caatara 1,078 damamTavrebeli klasebis

moswavlis da 1,073 kursdamTavrebulis gamokiTxva. kiTxvaze,

Tu rogor zegavlenas axdenda gamocdebisTvis mzadeba skolis

daswrebaze, damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebis 55 pro-

centma da kursdamTavrebulebis 49 procentma upasuxa, rom

maT yalbi samedicino cnobebi moipoves.

msgavsi tendenciebia azerbaijanSi. kazimzade (Kazimzade,2007) aRniSnavda, rom gansakuTrebiT saSualo skolis damam-

Tavrebel klasebSi, moswavleebi, rogorc wesi, gakveTilebs ac-

denen da saskolo saaTebSi kerZo repetitorebTan dadian (ix.

agreTve silova da kazimzade, Silova and Kazimzade 2006, gv.128).

zogierTi moswavle qrTamsac ki uxdis skolis warmomadgen-

lebs, rom iqnen daTxovili skolidan – da skolis JurnalebSi

eweros, TiTqos gakveTilebs eswrebian. ase isini SeZleben kerZo

gakveTilebze siaruls. gamoexmaura ra obigados (Obeegadoo,2007) SeniSnavs mavrikTan dakavSirebiT, kazimzadem aRniSna, rom

am dros saklaso oTaxebi gansakuTrebiT dacarielebulia,

radgan moswavleTa umravlesoba kerZo gakveTilebze dadis.

kerZo repetitorobis intensivoba aseve zegavlenas axdens

moswavleTa koncentraciaze. qimi (Kim 2007, gv.16-17) koreaSirepetitorobis specialuri daniSnulebis umaRles skolebSi

(SPH) Sesvlaze zegavlenis Sesaxeb saubrobs. kerZo momzadebis

centrebi ufro Sesaferisad iTvleba gamocdebisTvis mosamzade-

blad. radgan mosamzadebeli centrebi did moTxovnebs uyeneben

moswavleebs, skolis saaTebis dros moswavleebs Cveulebriv sZi-

navT. TviTon moswavleebi aRiareben amas (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.17):

skolis maswavleblebs specialuri daniSnulebis

umaRlesi skolebis (SPH) aplikantebi ar uyvarT.

isini gakveTilebze koncentracias ver axdenen da

sanacvlod sZinavT. mesame klasis meore semestris

niSnebs specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi skolebi

62

(SPH) yuradRebas ar aqceven. ase rom, skolis

maswavleblebs aseTi moswavleebi ar uyvarT, radgan

isini gakveTilebze ureven...

specialuri daniSnulebis umaRlesi skolis

moswavleebs maRali akademiuri moswreba aqvT. isini

klasSi bevrs ar swavloben. Ees urevs gakveTilebs...

faqtiurad bevr maTgans gakveTilze sZinavs, rom

Semdeg kerZo institutis davaleba an sxva saWiro

sagnebi moamzados... inglisurze maT umetesobas (SPH–is aplikantebs) sZinavs. Cven ukve viswavleT es

masala, da maswavleblebma es ician.

zemomoyvanili citata ara mxolod koncentraciis speqtris

problemas wamoWris, aramed ZiriTad saskolo procesSi

akademiur moswrebebs Soris didi sxvaobis sakiTxsac ayenebs.

rodesac kerZo repetitoroba exmareba akademiurad CamorCenil

moswavleebs, is am dros amcirebs sxvaobas da exmareba skolis

maswavlebels. magram, sabazro ekonomikiT regulirebuli kerZo

repetitorobis udidesi nawili maRali akademiuri moswrebis

moswavleebs emsaxureba. rogorc es mavrikis magaliTzea moy-

vanili (bah-lalia, Bah-lalya 2006, gv.75):

rodesac zogi moswavle dadis kerZo repetitorTan,

zogi ki ara, skolis maswavleblebi ufro did

sxva o bas awydebian akademiuri momzadebis mxriv. da-

matebiT kerZo repetitorobas SeuZlia Seswavlis

gaumjobeseba Cveulebrivi gakveTilebis dros, magram

amave dros, mas SeuZlia saskolo gakveTilebze

Seswavlis da swavlebis procesis CaSlac.

dabrkolebebs Soris SeiZleba iyos is faqti, rom kerZo

maswavleblebis da skolis maswavleblebis pedagogika gansx-

vavdeba. magaliTad, mosamzadebel centrebSi moswavleebma maTem-

atikis amocanebis meqanikuri amoxsna SeiZleba iswavlon, imis

nacvlad rom principebis gagebas dauTmon dro. aSS-Si, programa

„arc erTi CamorCenili bavSvi” xSirad gaukritikebiaT imisTvis,

63

rom ar aris moTxovna damatebiTi mecadineobebis standartebi

da saskolo programebi erTmaneTs SeuTanxmon. kritikosebi aR-

niSnaven, rom damatebiTi mecadineobebis mesveurebs ar moeTx-

ovebaT ikontaqton skolis maswavleblebTan. es ki imas niSnavs,

rom damatebiTi momzadebis centrebi „asusteben skolebis or-

ganizaciul unars ganaviTaron koherentuli saswavlo pro-

gramebi” (sandermani, Sunderman 2006, gv.118).

albaT ufro problematuria is situaciebi, rodesac skolis

maswavleblebi ugulebelyofen gakveTilebs, radgan ician, rom

moswavleebi damatebiT gakveTilebs daeswrebian – xSir

SemTxvevaSi imave maswavleblis mier Catarebul gakveTilebs.

harTmanma (Hartmann, 2008, gv.52) Caiwera egvipteli moswavlis

Sexedulebebi, romlis qimiis kerZo maswavlebeli misive sko-

lis maswavlebeli iyo:

skolaSi, rogorc dina ambobs, moswavleebi gakveTile-

bze saubroben an sxva sagnebs amzadeben. “aravin

aqcevs yuradRebas. maswavlebelic Tavs ar iwuxebs

mTeli gakveTilis axsniT. man SeiZleba sakiTxi Za-

lian zedapirulad axsnas, detalebis gareSe, radgan

icis, rom Cven yvela kerZo maswavlebelTan davdi-

varT. ase rom, ratom Seiwuxebs Tavs?”

harTmanma agreTve aRniSna (gv.67), rom bevri repetitori

damatebiT Semosavals iRebs im saxelmZRvanelodan, romelic

man dawera. es wignebi Cveulebriv bazarze da maRaziebSi

iyideba, magram akrZalulia skolaSi, radgan oficialurad ar

yofila nebadarTuli da SeiZleba Crdili miayenos saswavlo

programebis mesveurTa pedagogiur praqtikas.

kerZo repetitorobis zegavlenis sxva ganzomilebebi naTeli

gaxdeba im sami SemTxvevis ganxilvidan, romlebsac wignis momde-

vno nawili gTavazobT. manam ki, sasargeblo iqneba cxrilis

saxiT warmogidginoT kerZo repetitorobasa da saskolo

ganaTlebas Soris SesaZlo urTierTobebis Semajamebeli mimox-

ilva, romelsac puasoni (Poisson) gvTavazobs (cxrili 10).

64

cxrili 10. kerZo repetitorobis zegavlena saskolo

ganaTlebaze

zegavlenis zegavlenis saxeobebi

sferoebi

dadebiTi uaryofiTi

65

•fondebis aramiznobrivad

mimarTva, maSin rodesac

maTi gamoyeneba ZiriTadi

skolis mesveurebs ukeT

SeuZliaT;

•mSoblebze ganxorciele-

buli zewola maswavle-

blebis mxridan, rom Tanxa

gadaixadon kerZo momzade -

bisTvis;

•saSemosavlo gadasasadis

mokleba saxelmwifosTvis

•meti resursebi

midis ganaTlebaze

globalurad

ganaTlebis

dafinanseba

•menejmentis procesis dar-

Rveva (zewola im samuSaoe-

bis ganawilebaze, romlebic

yvelaze meti Semosavlis

garan tias iZleva).

maswavleblebis

menejmenti

•sajaro aRWurvilobis

kerZo interesebisTvis

gamoyeneba

skolis

aRWurvilobis

gamoyeneba

•damatebiTi Semosa -

vali maswavleble -

bisTvis

•saklaso saaTebis

garda saskolo

aRWurvilobis

gaumjobesebuli

gamoyeneba

maswavleblebis

Semosavali

66

•swavlebis drois Semcireba

(maswavleblis gacdenebi);

•kerZo repetitorobaze uf -

ro meti yuradRebis gamaxvi -

le ba, vidre damxmare mecadi-

neo bebze, romlebic maswavle-

blebis xelmZRvanelobiT

imar Teba.

•klasgareSe drois

uke Tesad gamoyene -

ba (naklebi zeda -

mxed ve lobis qveS

myofi axalgazrde-

bis CaTvliT)

•skolis maswavle-

blebis datviTvis

Semcireba

saswavlo dro

•saswavlo programis mxo -

lod nawilis swavleba Ziri -

Tadi saskolo saaTebis

dros;

•dazepirebis meTodebis ses xe -

ba kerZo repetitorebisgan.

Sinaarsi da

pedagogika

•maswavleblebi nakleb Zal-

ixxmevas iyeneben yvela

moswavlis saTanado doneze

mosamzadeblad;

•kerZo maswavleblebis daR -

li loba da araefeqturoba;

•maswavleblebi ugulebely-

ofen TavianT ZiriTad mova-

leobebs kerZo repetitoro-

bis sasargeblod (gacdenebi)

maswavleblebis

mier Catare-

buli gakveTi -

le bis xarisxi

•Cveulebrivi sas -

ko lo dRis ganmav -

loba Si iwo de bu li

masalis aTviseba -

Si moswavleebis

daxmareba

•mZime samuSao datvirTva

da moswavleebis aRliloba;

•saklaso procesisadmi in-

teresis dakargva;

•moswavleebi meqanikurad

imaxsovreben masalas kerZo

gakveTilebze miRebuli

rCe ve bis mixedviT;

•moswavleTa gacdenebis

gazrdili raodenoba.

moswavleebis

swavlis

procesi

wyaro: puasoni, Poisson (2007), gv.14-15.

67

•kerZo repetitoroba ufro

mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre

saklaso oTaxSi dagrovili

sinergetikuli gamocdileba;

•skolis maswavleblebis da

kerZo repetitorebis meTo -

di kebis Seusabamoba;

•skolis maswavleblebis up-

ativcemuloba;

•skolis maswavleblebi mos -

wav leebis momzadebis donee-

bis Soris did gansxvavebebs

awydebian

•im moswavleebis

daxma reba, vinc

Znelad iTvisebs

masalas

saklaso

dinamika

•axali masalebis

Seqmnis waxaliseba,

rac mosaxerxebelia

da moswavleebs

gamocdebisTvis

momzadebaSi exmareba

saxelmZRvane-

loebis

gamoSveba

da ganawileba

•moswavleebs Soris mzardi

socialuri uTanasworoba

•gazrdili sxvaoba, rodesac

maRali akademiuri moswre-

bis studentebi damatebiT

gakveTilebze dadian

•im moswavleebis dasja, vinc

kerZo repetitorebTan ar

dadis (ZaliT CaWra).

•saxelmZRvaneloebSi

dazepirebis meTodebis

Semotana

•akademiurad

Camor Cenili

moswavleebis

ukeTesi Sedegebi

•moswavleebis

swavlis da

konkurentunaria -

nobis gazrda

saganmanaTleblo

bazarze

studentebis

miRwevebi

•gamocdebis moTxovnebis

gamkacreba kerZo repeti-

torobis gasasamarTleblad;

•universitetSi miRebis pro-

ceduris damaxinjeba

Sefasebisa da

SerCevis

procedurebi

sami SemTxvevis ganxilva

calkeuli qveynebis gamocdileba sakiTxis sirTules ufro

naTlad warmoaCens. bevri qveynis SerCeva SeiZleboda, magram

SezRuduli sivrcis gamo sami SemTxveva iyo SerCeuli. korea

SeirCa, radgan kerZo repetitorobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs,

da ramdenime mTavrobam zedized sxvadasxva politikis gatareba

scada problemis aRmosafxvrelad – magram naklebi warmatebiT.

mavriks garkveulwilad msgavsi istoria aqvs, magram koreisgan

gansxvavebiT, naklebi mosaxleoba hyavs da kultura da kerZo

repetitorobis ZiriTadi tipebic gansxvavdeba. safrangeTi

SeirCa, radgan misma mTavrobam kerZo repetitorobis

xelSemwyobi struqturebi daamkvidra, da bolo xanebSi am

mxriv mniSvnelovani ganviTareba SeiniSneba.

korea

seTi (Seth 2002, gv.1) koreis ganaTlebas aRwerda, rogorc

„erovnul gatacebas”. misi kvleva imisa, rasac koreelebi xan-

daxan „saganmanaTleblo ciebcxelebas” uwodeben (ix. agreTve

li, Lee, 2005), cxadhyofs, rom ganaTleba am qveyanaSi

ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi instrumentia.

gansakuTrebiT meoce saukunis meore naxevridan kerZo repeti-

toroba ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponentad iTvleba.

rogorc es ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis

forumze qimma (Kim 2007, gv.1) aRniSna, 2007 wels zeda klase-

bis moswavleTa 63.1 procenti kerZo repetitorebTan emzade-

boda. zeda klasebis dawyebiT etapze procentuloba 78.4 iyo,

xolo daawyebiT klasebSi 88.2 procents aRwevda. Kkoreul

repetitorobas sxvadasxva saxeobebi aqvs. magaliTad, 2007

wels saSualo skolaSi, moswavleTa 45.5 procenti haquoni-s

(hakwons) saxeliT cnobil kerZo dawesebulebebSi swavlobda,

25.4 procenti individualur an jgufur kerZo mecadineobebze

dadioda, 10.4 procenti im samuSao furclebs iyenebda, rom-

lebic maT kompaniebma miawoda da romelTa damuSavebis proces-

sac mSoblebi xelmZRvanelobdnen xandaxan repetitorebis

konsultaciebiT. 5 procenti internetis meSveobiT iRebda

kerZo gakveTilebs (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.7). mTliani saojaxo

68

danaxarji kerZo repetitorebze 2006 wels 24 miliard aSS

dolaris eqvivalents Seadgenda (qimi da li, Kim and Lee2008, gv.3). es Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 2.8 pro-

cents, da sajaro ganaTlebis dawyebiT da saSualo skolebze

mTavrobis danaxarjis 80 procentis eqvivalenti iyo.

am cifrebs mTavrobis warmomadgenlebic da sazogadoebac

orazrovnad uyurebda. qimma (Kim 2008, gv.1) aRniSna, rom:

kerZo damatebiTi ganaTleba koreaSi erTerTi mwvave

sakiTxia. mas brals sdeben mSoblebis ekonomikuri

tvirTis gazrdaSi, Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris

uTanasworobis gaRrmavebaSi, saskolo saswavlo pro-

gramis damaxinjebaSi, skolis maswavleblebis av-

toritetis dakninebaSi, da moswavleTa

gawonasworebuli ganviTarebisTvis xelis SeSlaSi.

Amave dros, ojaxebis kerZo repetitorebze moTxovna didi

da uwyvetia. meore msoflio omis dasrulebisas, rodesac ko-

ream iaponiis koloniur mmarTvelobas Tavi daaRwia da

damoukidebeli gaxda, wera-kiTxvis ucodinaroba mosaxleobaSi

maRalmaCvenebliani da qveyana ki Zalian Raribi iyo. oTxi

aTwleulis Semdeg qveyanam industriuli transformacia gan-

icada da 1996 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da gan-

viTarebis organizaciaSi (OECD) gaerTianeba SeZlo, romelsac

ganviTarebuli ekonomikebis „mdidarTa klubi” ewodeba (henri,

lingardi da sxv., Henry, Lingardi et al., 2001, gv.7). seTma (Seth2002, gv.3) aRniSna, rom am warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili

ganaTlebis sistemam, gansakuTrebiT ki kerZo repetitorobam,

Seitana, radgan „yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo maswavleblis

avtoritetze da mZafr konkurenciaze, romelsac nawilobriv

skolaSi Sesasvleli Zalian didi konkursis mqone gamocdebi

iwvevda. es warmoSobda samuSao Zalas, romelic akademiuri

momzadebiT (wera-kiTxvis unariT) da disciplinis maRali

doniT gamoirCeoda, da qmnida kapitalisturi industriuli

reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebel konkurenciisTvis mzadmyof sazo-

gadoebas”.

69

gamocdebis dominireba da reformis gatarebis mcdeloba

iaponur kolonizaciamde saukuneebis manZilze koreas samo-

qalaqo samsaxuris gamocdebis Zlieri tradicia hqonda, rom-

lebic akontrolebdnen samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze

xelmisawvdomobas da did prestiJs aniWebdnen adamianTa im

mcire ricxvs, romlebmac viwro WiSkarSi Sesvla moaxerxa

(zengi, Zeng, 1999). es sistema CineTis modelze iyo agebuli

da konfucianizms misdevda, romlis mixedviTac formaluri

swavla da mecniereba ZiriTad socialur rols asruleben.

Tanamedrove sagamocdo sistema ki meoce saukunis iaponiis

koloniuri epoqis qmnileba iyo da damoukidebel koreaSi mx-

olod mciredi cvlilebebiT SenarCunda. 1950-ian wlebSi

gadamwyveti gamocdebi tardeboda saSualo skolebSi, damam-

Tavrebel zeda klasebSi da universitetebSi Sesasvlelad.

saSualo skolis gamocdebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo

da dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebze did zewolas axdenda.

zogierTma skolam specialuri fasiani kursebi moawyo

saRamoobiT da SabaT-kviras. klasgareSe intensiuri swavlebis

sesiebi Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro gaxda rogorc

maswavleblebisTvis, aseve da skolebisTvis.

klasgareSe sagamocdo mosamzadebeli kursebi farTod

gaakritikes, radgan stresis qveS amyofebda bavSvebs, finansur

tvirTad awveboda mSoblebs da socialur uTanasworobas aR-

rmavebda. ganaTlebis saministrodan araerTgzis wamovida di-

reqtivebi, Sewyvetiliyo kerZo momzadebis praqtika. 1955 wels

prezident ri singmanis (Rhee Syngman) dekretis mixedviT,bevrma skolam da maswavlebelma sargebeli miiRo „aplikante-

bis raodenobasa da skolis SesaZleblobebs Soris darRveuli

balansidan”, da gamocxadda, rom momavalSi aseTi qmedebebi,

klasgareSe mecadineobebis CaTvliT, „kanonis sruli ZaliT

daisjeboda” (seTi, Seth 2009, gv.143).

Tumca, am akrZalvebs didi Sedegi ar mohyolia. mTavrobis

mesveurebma Semdgomi nabiji gadadges kerZo repetitorobis

Sesamcireblad. sistemis reformirebis meSveobiT SearCies

moswavleebi SesarCevad ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurze. erT-

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani reforma iyo saSualo skolis

70

gamocdebis SemTxveviTi latareiT Canacvleba, romelic seulSi

1969 wels SemoiRes. sxva danarCen did qalaqebSi es 1970

wels ganxorcielda, da mTeli qveyana ki 1971 wels moicva

(qimi, Kim 2004, gv.9).

reforma miznad isaxavda:

•stresis SemcirebiT bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebis

xelSewyobas;

• saSualo skolis mosamzadebel gamocdebze dawyebiTi

skolebis zedmetad didi yuradRebis gamaxvilebis Semcirebas;

• kerZo repetitorobis aucileblobis gauqmebas;

• sxvadasxva saSualo skolebs Soris gansxvavebebis Sem-

cirebas;

• ojaxebisTvis finansuri da fsiqologiuri tvirTis Sem-

subuqebas.

am reformebTan erTad moxda skolaSi CaricxulTa raode-

nobis gazrda erovnuli miznis misaRwevad, rom uzrunveleyoT

cxrawliani savaldebulo ganaTleba yvelasaTvis.

reforma nawilobriv warmatebuli iyo, Tundac xanmokled,

magram sxva problemebi warmoSva. skolebma aRmoaCines, rom Car-

icxuli moswavleebis swavlis doneebs Soris didi gansxvave-

bebi iyo da maswavleblebs meTodebi Sesabamisad unda moergoT

maTze. saSualo skolis gamocdebis gauqmeba da CaricxulTa

raodenobis gazrda niSnavda, rom kritikulma etapma Semdeg

safexurze gadainacvla. ambiciurma da niWierma moswavleebma

gaacnobieres, rom Sereuli SesaZleblobebis klasebSi maTi

moTxovnebi srulad ar kmayofildeboda saSualo skolebSi da

mimarTes kerZo repetitorebs zeda klasebSi gadasasvleli

gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad.

movlenebis aseTi ganviTarebis fonze, mTavrobam 1974 wels

kidev ufro gaafarTova latareis sistema zeda klasebSi adg-

ilebis gamosayofad. es reforma, romelic seulSi da husanSi

SemoiRes pirvelad, 1980 wlisTvis 20 qalaqSi gatarda, 2003

wlisTvis ki man zeda klasebis moswavleTa 73 procenti

moicva (qimi, Kim 2004, gv.9). 1982 wels gansakuTrebulad ni-

Wieri bavSvebisTvis specialuri skolebis (zeda safexurebis)

71

daarsebis gegma SemuSavda. am skolebSi moswavleebi gaZliere-

bulad iswavlidnen mecnierebebs, teqnikur sagnebs, ucxo enebs,

aTletikas da sxva sagnebs. es im kritikis sapasuxod moxda,

romelic latareas akademiuri donis dawevaSi adanaSaulebda.

2007 wels, specialuri daniSnulebis skolebi saSualo sko-

lis moswavleebis saerTo raodenobis 4.2 procents emsaxure-

boda (qimi, Kim 2007, gv.3).

zeda klasebSi maRalkonkursiani gamocdebis gauqmebam kri-

tikuli etapis kidev erTi safexuriT zemoT gadaweva gamoi-

wvia. is universitetis misaRebi gamocdebisken gadaiwia.

faqtiurad, gamocdebi am safexurze imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo,

rom maT qveda safexurebzec didi gavlena hqondaT. seTma

(Seth 2002, gv.157) aRniSna, rom kolejisTvis momzadeba „sul

qveda safexurebze iwevda, sanam moswavleTa umravlesobam kerZo

repetitorebTan momzadeba da klasgareSe gakveTilebze

siaruli dawyebiT klasebSi ar daiwyo, da xSirad ufro

adreul etapzec ki.” saSualo da zeda klasebSi misaRebi

gamocdebis gauqmeba aseve niSnavda, rom prestiJuli dawese-

bulebebis mqone skolis ubnebSi cxovreba, ise rogorc aras-

dros, mniSvnelovani gaxda. zogierT ubnebSi skolebma

kursdamTavrebulebis didi raodenobiT kolejebSi warmate-

buli moxvedriT saxeli gaiTqva. aman uZrav qonebaze fasebis

zrda gamoiwvia. reputacia da saxelis moxveWa TviTrealize-

badi gaxda, radgan es ubnebi mdidari ojaxebis anklavebad iqca,

romlebsac bavSvebis kerZo repetitorebTan momzadebis unari

advilad SeswevdaT.

akrZalvis ganaxlebuli mcdelobebi

1980 wels, rodesac Cun du-huanma (Chun Doo-Hwan) Zalau-

fleba xelSi Caigdo, rogorc axali samxedro mTavrobis meTau-

rma, dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleTa 12.9 procenti, saSualo

skolis moswavleTa 15.3 procenti da zeda klasebis

moswavleTa 26.2 procenti kerZo repetitorTan emzadeboda

(qimi, Kim 2007, gv.1). ganizraxa ra am problemis gadaWra, prezi-

dentma Cunma kolejis misaRebi gamocdebis gakontrolebis

ufleba individualuri institutidan axal saxelmwifos mier

72

gakontrolebul kolejis misaRebi akademiuri miRwevis teste-

bze gadaitana. man akrZala zeda klasebis damatebiTi

gakveTilebic da kerZo repetitorobac akademiur sagnebSi.

dRevandlamde es yvelaze radikaluri zoma iyo. kerZo repeti-

toroba nebadarTuli iyo mxolod aTletikaSi, xelovnebaSi,

musikaSi, taeqvandoSi da yvavilebis morTvaSi.

Tumca, am akrZalvis sisruleSi moyvanac rTuli aRmoCnda.

seTis (Seth 2002, gv.186) gadmocemiT:

mSoblebi bevr xrikebs mimarTavdnen, rom kerZo

repetitorobis winaaRmdeg kanonebisTvis Tavi

aeridebinaT. kolejis studentebi, romlebic kerZo

repetitorobas eweodnen, xSirad skolis damamTavre-

beli klasebis formas icvamdnen, raTa moswavleebis

sacxovreblebSi ise SeeRwiaT, rom yuradReba ar

mieqciaT. zogi mSobeli kerZo repetitorebs binas

aqiravebda, ise rom am ukanasknelT SeZlebodaT

CaetarebinaT kerZo gakveTilebi bavSvebisTvis erTi

an meti ojaxidan da Tan zedamxedvelis yuradReba

ar mieqciaT. kurortebi da sastumroebi, aseve kon-

doebi, xSirad saidumlo intensiuri mecadineobis

skolebs sTavazobda TavSesafars. mdidrebi kerZo

gakveTilebisTvis Svilebs sazRvargareT gzavnidnen.

riski zrdida safasurs da saidumlo repetitoroba Se-

mosavliani saqmianoba gaxda.

kompromisze wasvlis aucileblobis gacnobierebis Semdeg,

mTavrobam TandaTan Searbila akrZalvis kanonebi (iangi, Yang,2001):

• 1984 wels, ufrosklaselebs neba hqondaT daswrebod-

nen kerZo ucxo enebis saswavlo institutebs zamTris

ardadegebze. dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs

(qveda 20 procentSi myofebs) neba hqondaT skolaSi

maswavleblebTan damatebiT gakveTilebze earaT.

• 1988 wels, yvela mowafisTvis nebadarTuli iyo da-

matebiTi gakveTili, sadac ZiriTadi skolis maswavle-

73

blebi sTavazobdnen mecadineobebs Tavissave moswavleebs

safasuris sanacvlod.

• 1989 wels, universitetis bakalavriatze myof stu-

dentebs ufleba hqondaT emecadinebinaT dawyebiTi da

saSualo skolis moswavleebi. damxmare samecadino au-

diomasalis Seqmna, yidva da gaqiraveba nebadarTuli iyo.

dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebs ufleba

hqondaT ardadegebis dros daswrebodnen kerZo insti-

tutebs akademiuri miznebisTvis.

• 1991 wels, dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis

moswavleebs ufleba hqondaT daswrebodnen kerZo in-

stitutebs akademiuri miznebisTvis saswavlo semestris

ganmavlobaSi.

• 1996 wels, universitetebis kursdamTavrebulebs

ufleba hqondaT CaetarebinaT kerZo gakveTilebi

dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis.

SezRudvebis Semsubuqebam repetitorobis swrafi zrda

gamoiwvia. 1993 wels, mTelma erovnulma danaxarjma kerZo

repetitorobaze 3,410 miliardi uoni (aSS $ 4,3 miliardi)

Seadgina. es ricxvi 1994 wels 4,696 miliard uonamde

gaizarda, da 1995 wels 9,320 miliard uons miaRwia (iuni da

sxv., Yoon et al., 1997, gv.1).

1997 wlisTvis dawyebiTi, saSualo, da damamTavrebeli

klasebis moswavleebis kerZo repetitorobaze saSualo

gadasaxadi erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis 12-16

procents Seadgenda. es iaponiasTan SedarebiT sam-oTx-jer

maRali maCvenebeli iyo (quaqi, Kwak, 1999). kerZo repeti-toroba yvelaze Zlierad dawyebiTi klasebis etapze vlinde-

boda, da yvelaze TvalnaTliv qalaqebSi Canda, magram aseve

mniSvnelovani iyo soflebSic.

nawilobriv aseTi farTo gavrcelebis gamo, 1997 wels

akrZalva isev politikur dRiswesrigSi dadga. prezidentma

qim dae-iungma (Kim Dae-Jung) gamoacxada 1998 wlis inaugu-

raciis mimarTvaSi, rom is „gaanTavisuflebda axalgazrdebs

klasgareSe mecadineobisgan da mSoblebs mZime fulad tvirTs

74

Seumsubuqebda” (citirebuli iis mier, Yi 2002, gv.2). 1998wels mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom saSualo skolis moswavlee-

bisTvis damatebiTi repetitoroba safexureobrivad aikrZale-

boda: 1999 wels saSualo skolis qveda klasebis

moswavleebisTvis da zeda klasebis pirveli safexuris

moswavleebisTvis, da 2001 wels yvela saSualo skolis

moswavlisTvis.

Tumca, am cvlilebas sakmao skepticizmiT Sexvdnen. kri-

tikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom repetitorobasTan efeqturi

gamklaveba mxolod misi saWiroebis gauqmebiT SeiZleboda. es

ganxorcieldeboda kerZo repetitorobiT mopovebuli

konkurentunarianobis SemcirebiT, da ZiriTadi saSualo

skolebis (sajaro skolebis) xarisxis gaumjobesebiT.

saredaqtoro statia masobrivi mimoqcevis JurnalSi (aziis

kvira, eiJauiqi, Asiaweek, 1997, gv.20) azrs gamoTqvamda, rom:

koreeli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis mier Ta-

vianTive naklovanebebis aRmofxvra dawyebiT da saSu-

alo skolebSi kerZo repetitorebis akrZalviT,

cota ar iyos, mTeli mosaxleobis gaRaribebiT qur-

dobis aRmofxvris mcdelobas waagavs. mzardad

konkurentunarian aziaSi umciresi saerTo

mniSvnelis sasargeblod kanonmdeblobis miRebas

azri ar aqvs.

es axali akrZalvis mcdeloba winamorbedebze Sors ar wa-

sula. 2000 wels sasamarTloebma akrZalva arakonstituciu-

rad da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvad gamoacxades.

alternatiuli taqtikis mcdeloba

ganvlili istoriis pirispir aRmoCenilma koreelma mTavro-

bis mesveurebma ufro farTo midgoma airCies da 2004 wels

axali iniciativa saxelad „sajaro ganaTlebis sistemis aRd-

geniT kerZo repetitorobis xarjebis Semcirebis politika”

wamoiwyes. am politikis mizani iyo sajaro kmayofilebis

gaumjobeseba saxelmwifo ganaTlebis yvela doneze, da im

75

faqtis aRiareba, rom repetitorobis akrZalva simptomebs kur-

navda da ara mizezebs. aTi konkretuli cvlileba iyo gamocx-

adebuli (qimi, Kim 2004, gv.22):

1. ganaTleba eleqtronuli programebiT an mosamzadebeli

kursebi kolejis akademiuri unaris Sesamowmebeli testi-

saTvis (CSAT) saganmanaTleblo satelevizio arxiT da in-

ternetiT;

2. skolebi nebas darTavdnen moswavleTa akademiur moswre-

bis mixedviT sxvadasxva donis damatebiTi gakveTilebis

Catarebas ZiriTadi saskolo saaTebis Semdeg;

3. mravalferovani klasgareSe RonisZiebebis Catareba;

4. mecadineobebis Semdgomi gakveTilebi dawyebiTi klasebis

im moswavleebisTvis, visi mSoblebic muSaobdnen da fi-

nansurad ar SeswevdaT unari gaegzavnaT bavSvebi

mosavlel centrebSi;

5. profesionali maswavleblebis daqiraveba da maswavle-

blebis mravalmxrivi Semowmebis sistema;

6. swavlebisa da Semowmebis meTodebis cvlileba;

7. zeda klasebSi gaTanabrebis politikis Secvla iseTi

saswavlo sistemis SeqmniT, romelic studentebis dones

da unarebs iTvaliswinebs, da moswavleebs sxvadasxva

doneebis da siZneleebis jgufebSi Caricxavs;

8. kolejSi Sesvlis sistemis Secvla damamTavrebeli

klasebis niSnebze da klasgareSe aqtivobaze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebiT da kolejSi Sesasvleli testebis (CSAT)qulebze aqcentis SemcirebiT;

9. akademiuri miRwevis minimaluri donis uzrunvelyofa;

10. sazogadoebisa da kulturis daxmareba da gadarCena.

zogierTma am siaxlem mniSvnelovnad Secvala adrindeli

reformebi. kolejSi Sesasvleli sistemis Secvla skolis

rekomendaciebze da klasgareSe saqmianobaze dayrdnobiT

sagrZnoblad upirispirdeboda sxva qveynebSi gatarebul re-

formebs, romlebic centralizebuli sagamocdo sistemiT da

Sefasebis standartuli kriteriumebiT korufciis Semcirebas

isaxavs miznad (gorgoZe, Gorgodze, 2007). kerZo repetitorobis

76

garkveuli Tvisebebis ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi SemoRebis

mizniT, axali gegma gulisxmobda cnobili intensiuri momzade-

bis kursebis maswavleblebis daqiravebas, raTa maT ufaso

satelevizio da internetis gakveTilebi CaetarebinaT ZiriTad

sagnebSi (li, Lee 2007, gv.1228).

mniSvnelovani Zvrebi moxda zeda klasebis gaTanabrebis

politikaSic. pirvelad is logikuri da mimzidvelic Canda,

rodesac 1974 wels SemoiRes, da iseT siaxled iTvleboda,

romelic pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba sxva qveynebis mTavrobeb-

sac moswonebodaT. ase rom, ironiulad JRers iseTi Semfase-

blebis komentarebi, rogorebic arian qimi (Kim) da li (Lee2008, gv.29), rodesac isini amboben, rom es reforma „SeiZleba

pirdapir davadanaSauloT kerZo repetitorobaze moTxovnis

gazrdaSi.” sxva Semfaseblebs (mag: biuns, Byun, 2008) SedarebiTsaxecvlili daskvnebi gamoaqvT. erTi ram ki cxadia, rom es

politika mis ganxorcielebaSi da SedegebSi calsaxa ar

yofila.

cxrili 11. moswavleTa procentuloba koreaSi, romlebic

kerZo repetitorebTan emzadebodnen 1980-2007

wlebSi

dawyebiTi skola saSualo skola zeda klasebi

1980 12.9 15.3 26.2

1997 72.9 56.0 32.0

2007 88.2 78.4 63.1

wyaro: qimi (Kim 2007), gv.1.

77

zemoCamoTvlili 10 konkretuli reformis sxva danarCeni

komponentisgan meaTe gamoirCeoda, romelic „sazogadoebis da

kulturis daxmarebas, da gadarCenas” gulisxmobda, da aqedan

gamomdinare, iyo Zalian zogadi da gansasazRvravad da gansax-

orcieleblad Zneli. konkurenciis roli da ganaTlebis pa-

tiviscema koreaSi Rrmad danergilia da misi xelis erTi

mosmiT Secvla Znelia. ase rom, ramdenime mTavrobis mcdelobe-

bis miuxedavad, kerZo repetitoroba sagrZnoblad gaizarda

(cxrili 11).

kerZo mosamzadebeli dawesebulebebis ricxvi (haquonebi,hakwons) gaizarda 381-idan 1980 wels 14,043-mde 2000 wels,

da 31,000-mde 2007 wels (kimi da li, Kim and Lee 2008, gv.9).kerZo repetitorobaze danaxarjebi ufro swrafad izrdeba,

vidre Semosavlebi (kimi da li, Kim and Lee, 2008, gv.3). miuxe-

davad amisa, koreeli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi am problemis

gadaWraze Zal-Rones ar iSureben. li da jangi (Lee and Jang2008, gv.15) swored aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa „viyoT momTmenni

da problemas Sors gaTvlili perspeqtiviT mivudgeT,” rac

„mravalmxriv da yovlismomcvel midgomas gulisxmobs”.

CarCo 3. zewolasTan gamklaveba

koreis mTavrobam specialuri daniSnulebis skolaTa

jgufi Seqmna, romlebic skolebis gaTanabrebis moTxovnidan

ganTavisuflebulebi arian. am skolebSi mosaxvedrad bune-

brivia didi konkurenciaa. kerZo repetitoroba ki amis gar-

dauvali nawilia. qimma (Kim, 2007) Seiswavla, Tu rogor

umklavdeba am zewolas sxvadasxva ojaxi. moviyvanT koreeli

gogonas da-jangis (Da-jung) da dedamisis mosazrebebs. esnawyveti da-jangis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebiT daZabul peri-

ods aRwers. msgavsi zewola, Tundac naklebi intensivobiT,

milionobiT koreeli bavSvis cxovrebas axasiaTebs yovel

dRe saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

da-jangi ori TviT daregistrirda kerZo mosamzadebel

dawesebulebaSi specialuri daniSnulebis skolaSi mosaxve-

drad. is koreuls, inglisurs da maTematikas swavlobda.

78

kerZo saswavlebelSi 5 saaTisTvis midioda, ZiriTadi

saskolo mecadineobebis Semdeg, da gakveTilebs saRamos 10

saaTamde eswreboda. is dilis 2 saaTamde rCeboda saswavle-

blis damoukideblad samuSao oTaxSi, da Semdeg brundeboda

saxlSi. dasaZineblad midioda dilis 3 saaTisTvis, dgeboda

dilis 6 saaTze da midioda skolaSi.

da-jangis deda ixsenebs, rogor cota eZina mis Svils:

is dgeboda maSinve, rogorc ki vaRviZebdi. Zalian ar msi-

amovnebda misi gaRviZeba. rodesac mas sibralulis gamo 6

saaTze ar vaRviZebdi, is mibrazdeboda da meubneboda: „unda

Zlieri iyo. gindac geZnelebodes, unda gamaRviZo. es CemTvis

aris. unda SemajanjRaro da damartya kidec, rom gamaRviZo”.

da miuxedavad imisa, rom da-jangis deda Tvlida, rom misi

Svilis cxovreba im periodSi sastiki iyo, kerZo mecadi-

neobebs mainc investiciad miiCnevda. am rwmenas uRrmavebda

sxva mSoblebTan Sexvedra da gageba, rom maTi Svilebic aseve

kerZod emzadebodnen.

kerZo momzadeba da-jangs daexmara misi perspeqtivebis

gafarToebaSi. da-jangma iq konkurencia gamoscada, da ufro

intensiurad iswavla. magram, misma swavlam kerZo dawese-

bulebaSi mas xeli aaRebina ZiriTad saskolo ganaTlebaze.

radgan is im saswavlebelSi dilis 2 saaTamde iyo, skolis

gakveTilebze xSirad eZineboda.

wyaro: qimi (Kim 2007), gv.7-8.

mavriki

koreeli kolegebis msgavsad, mavrikis mTavrobis mesveurebma

didi xania rac scades kerZo repetitorobis problemis

gdaWra, magram aseve mcire SedegiT. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saer-

TaSoriso institutis forumze ori yofili ganaTlebis min-

istri iyo mavrikidan: armoogum parsurameni (ArmoogumParsuramen, 1983-1995) da stiven obigado (Steven Obeegadoo,2000-2005). politikur asparezze isini mowinaaRmdege mxaree-

79

bze iyvnen, magram forumze erTiani mosazreba hqondaT imis

Sesaxeb, rom kerZo repetitorobis problemis efeqturi

gadaWris xerxis moZebna Zneli iyo. maT dasZines, rom maTi

winamorbedebic da STamomavlebic msgavs problemas waawydnen.

da marTlac, mavrikSi kerZo repetitorobis problema erT

saukuneze meti xania dgas. fondanma (Foondun 2002, gv.488)

1901 wlis gancxadebis citireba moaxdina. gancxadeba imdroin-

deli erTaderTi biWebisTvis arsebuli saxelmwifo saSualo

skolis xelmZRvanels ekuTvnis, romelic kerZo repetitorobis

uaryofiT mxareebze saubrobs, magram „Tavs uZlurad grZnobs”

mis xelSesaSlelad. 1911 wels msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa

mavrikis samefo kolejis xelmZRvanelma qiurfaifma (Curepipecitirebuli mavriki 1994, gv.1-2-ze), romelic Cioda, rom misi

12 TanamSromeli kviraSi 13-dan 33 saaTamde kerZo gakveTilebs

atarebda. is dasZenda:

am praqtikis aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia, Tu adekvaturi

kompensacia ar iqneba SeTavazebuli. arc aseTi zomis

miRebaa sasurveli. jentlmenebs klasgareSe Tavisu-

fali saaTebis gatareba ise SeuZliaT, rogorc maT

es moesurvebaT, da me ver vxvdebi, vin SeiZleba maT

es aukrZalos. aseve SeuZleblad mimaCnia SezRudvis

daweseba. rogor moxdeba misi ganxorcieleba?

wevrebma SeiZleba ganacxadon, rom maTi qmedebebi

samuSao saaTebis Semdeg ver gakontroldeba. me vaRi-

areb uaryofiT mxares, magram damakmayofilebel

gadawyvetas ver SemogTavazebT.

sami aTwleulis Semdeg, 1941 wlis angariSis avtori amt-

kicebda, rom maswavleblebi efeqturad ver imuSaveben, Tu

orSabaTidanm\ paraskevamde yovel Rame or damatebiT saaTs

imuSaveben. angariSi (citirebuli mavriki, 1994, gv.2-ze)

dasZenda:

Tu... samuSao dRe sakmarisi ar aris, misi gagrZeleba

SeiZleba. mTeli klasisTvis masobrivi kerZo mecadi-

neobis Catareba aucilebeli ar aris. ramdenime

80

CamorCenili biWisTvis skolis maswavlebelma unda

warmarTos damatebiTi mecadineobebi saWiroebisamebr

im xelfasis sanacvlod, rasac iRebs.

armoogum parsuramenis (Armoogum Parsuramen, 1983-1995) xelmZRvaneloba

armoogum parsurameni kerZo repetitorobaze mzardi SeS-

foTebis periodSi xelmZRvanelobda saministros da problemis

gadaWra ganizraxa. misi movaleobis Sesrulebis dasawyisSi

Seqmnili oficialuri dokumenti (mavriki, Mauritius 1984, gv.15)

amtkicebda, rom:

mTavrobas aRelvebs kerZo gakveTilebis safasuri da

ara maTi marTebuli warmarTva - gansakuTrebiT

dawyebiT klasebSi. is bavSvebi, romelTa ojaxebic

kerZo gakveTilebis safasurs ver ixdian, saskolo

cxovrebis dasawyisSive araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi

arian. mTavrobam gadawyvita, kerZo repetitorobis

sakiTxis Sesaswavlad da misi skolebze zegavlenis

Sesafaseblad sruli kvleva Caataros. kvlevis

Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, mkafio rekomendaciebi Seiqm-

neba. magram kerZo repetitorobis mavne Sedegebis

winaaRmdeg warmoebul kampaniaSi yuradReba saskolo

swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze unda

gamaxvildes. Tu skolis maswavleblebi TavianT

movaleobebs sindisierad da gulmodginebiT

Seasruleben, dawyebiT klasebSi kerZo repeti-

torobaze moTxovna sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.

Kvlevis Catareba mavrikis universitetis mecnierTa erTerT

jgufs daevala. maT daadgines, rom 1986 wels kerZo repeti-

torebTan mosiarule moswavleTa proporcia gaizarda

dawyebiTi skolis I safexuris 11.2 procentidan VI safexuris

72.7 procentamde. proporcia daeca 37.3 procentamde saSualo

skolis I safexurze, magram isev gaizarda 87.2 procentamde

81

VI safexurze (joinaTsingi, manzuri, da sxv., Joynathsing, Man-zoor, et al., 1988, gv.31 da gv.43). dawyebiTi skolis bolo safex-

urze procentis zrda gamowveuli iyo dawyebiTi safexuris

ganaTlebis saserTifikato gamocdis mniSvnelobis zrdiT

(CPE), romelic saSualo skolaSi gadasvlis saSualebas

iZleoda. am safexurze gadasvlis Semdeg repetitorebTan

siarulis intensivoba iklebda manam, sanam zeda safexurze

gadasasvleli gamocdebi ar moaxlovdeboda. mavrikis saSualo

skolis sistema sagrZnoblad stratificirebuli iyo. fundanis

TqmiT (Foondun, 1992), dawyebiT klasebSi kerZo repetitorobis

intensivobas xuTvarskvlavian saSualo skolaSi moxvedris

„giJuri Sejibri” aZlevda biZgs. ukeTesi akademiuri monaceme-

bis moswavleebi ufro metad dadiodnen kerZo gakveTilebze.

kerZo gakveTilebis adgilmdebareoba doneebis mixedviT

cvalebadobda. repetitorobis udidesi nawili dawyebiTi

klasebis doneze TviTon maswavleblebis mier imarTeboda sko-

lis teritoriaze. bavSvebi didi zewolis qveS xvdebodnen, rom

earaT kerZo gakveTilebze. saSualo skolis doneze, kerZo

gakveTilebs calkeuli sagnebis specialistebi atarebdnen, rom-

lebic SeiZleba sxva skolidanac mosuliyvnen. gakveTilebi Sei-

Zleba maswavleblis saxlSic Catarebuliyo patara an didi

jgufebisTvis specialurad gamoyofil adgilebze. mavriks ko-

reuli haquonebis (hakwons) msgavsi ramdenime dawesebuleba

hqonda.

mavrikis universitetis mier Catarebulma kvlevam

garkveuli rekomendaciebi ver wamoayena, magram aRniSna, rom

(joinaTsingi da sxv., Joynathsing et al., 1988, gv.64-66):

• kerZo repetitorobis aseTi gavrceleba TviTganmt-

kicebis sistemis nawili iyo. sayovelTaod iyo aRi-

arebuli, rom saklaso swavleba gamocdebis

warmatebiT CabarebisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo, rac

bavSvebs iZulebuls xdida eZebnaT kerZo maswavle-

blebi. magram maswavleblebi, Tavis mxriv, Tvlidnen,

rom radgan maTi moswavleebi kerZod emzadebodnen,

gakveTilebze maT naklebi Zalisxmeva unda daexarjaT.

amis gamo, isini ver uzrunvelyofdnen mTeli klasis

82

erTnairad momzadebas gamocdisTvis. amitom, kerZo

maswavleblebis aucilebloba TavisTavad damkvidrda.

• radgan kerZo repetitoroba struqturulad mTel

sistemas Seerwya, dainteresebulma gareSe Zalebma misi

SenarCuneba isurves. mSoblebi repetitorobas Ta-

vianTi Svilebis socialuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis

erTaderT gzad Tvlidnen. maswavleblebi repeti-

torobas daubegravi Semosavlis wyarod, sazogadoeba

ki saganmanaTleblo sistemis gaumjobesebis saSuale-

bad miiCnevda. Tanac es begaris gadamxdelebs araferi

ar ujdebodaT. yvela am mizezis gamo naklebi alba-

Toba iyo, rom repetitoroba Semcirdeboda, garda im

SemTxvevisa, Tu saskolo swavleba radikalurad ar

gaumjobesdeboda.

• SesaZlebeli iyo repetitorobaze moTxovnis Sem-

cireba ganaTlebis sistemis parametrebis cvlilebiT,

anu unarebis testebis CatarebiT da ara SeZenili

codnis Sesamowmebeli testebiT, an damqiraveblebis

waxalisebiT, rom samsaxurebSi maswavleblebi Ziri-

Tadad unarebis testebiT aeyvanaT da ara akademiuri

kvalifikaciebiT. Tumca, reforma warmatebuli mx-

olod socialur da ekonomikur realobaze dayrd-

nobiT iqneboda. reforma mSoblebis da moswavleebis

survilebis da samuSao bazris realobis Sesaferisi

unda yofiliyo. nebismieri Tavsmoxveuli problemis

gadaWra, romelic am faqtorebs ar iTvaliswinebda,

marcxisTvis iyo ganwiruli.

parsuramenma, rogorc ganaTlebis ministrma, SeZlo mavrikis

universitetis kvleva parlamentis yuradRebis centrSi moeq-

cia, sadac aman, 1988 wels mZafri debatebi gamoiwvia. parsura-

menma sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyro saswavlo saaTebis

xangrZlivobaze, „amazrzen fizikur pirobebze,” sadac kerZo

mecadineobebi mimdinareobda (maswavleblebis avtofarexebis

CaTvliT), da im faqtze, rom dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi isje-

bodnen. premier ministrma problemebi gaiTvaliswina, da

83

winadadeba wamoayena, Camoyalibebuliyo mSobelTa da maswavle-

belTa asociaciebi (PTAs), romlebic ufro gawonasworebulad

miudgebodnen problemas, bavSvebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

man aseve xazi gausva dawyebiTi skolis bolos wnexis Semsub-

uqebas saSualo skolaSi miRebis gafarToebiT, da dawyebiT-

skolamdel da mesame safexuramde bavSvebisTvis kerZo

gakveTilebis akrZalvis SesaZleblobis varaudi gamoTqva. man

aseve sazogadoebas mouwoda, rom politikosebs yvelasTvis

kargi magaliTis micema SeeZloT TavianTi Svilebis kerZo

gakveTilebze ar gagzavniT.

farTo sazogadoebisTvis mTavrobam kerZo repetitorobaze

erovnuli seminarebi moawyo. radgan mavriki kompaqturi qveyana

iyo erTmilioniani mosaxleobiT, seminarebze warmomadgenlobis

maRali xarisxi iyo, sadac mSoblebis jgufebmac da maswavle-

blebis kavSirebmac miiRes monawileoba. Amave dros, am Ro-

nisZiebam aCvena, Tu rogori fexmokidebuli iyo repetitoroba

qveyanaSi. amis fonze, 1989 wels ministrma ramdenime wesdeba

gamosca (parsurameni, Parsuramen, 2007):• mesame safexuramde akrZaluliyo kerZo gakveTilebi

bavSvebis janmrTelobis dasacavad;

• gadaexedaT qveda klasebis cxrilisTvis da gaezardaT

kiTxvis, samoqalaqo, SemoqmedebiTi ganaTlebis da sx-

vadasxva RonisZiebebis dro;

• IV, V da VI klasebSi nebadarTuliyo saklaso oTaxe-

bis kerZo gakveTilebisTvis gamoyeneba, raTa mecadi-

neoba DSesaferis garemoSi Catarebuliyo da ara

gadatvirTul pirobebSi maswavleblebis saxlebSi an

naqiraveb SenobebSi;

• kerZo gakveTilebis jgufebis raodenoba 40

moswavlemde yofiliyo dayvanili, moswavleTa kerZo

gakveTilebze gatarebuli dro ki kviraSi 10

saaTamde Semcirebuliyo.

am ganawesis Semdgomi etapi misi kanonmdeblobad SemuSaveba

iyo. 1991 wels kanonproeqtis parlamentisTvis wardgenis

dros, parsuramenma aRniSna, rom maswavleblebs im moswavleebis

84

kerZo mecadineobebze daSvebas sTxovdnen, visac Tanxis gadaxda

ar SeeZlo. is aseve gegmavda eTikis kodeqsis da maswavlebelTa

sabWos Camoyalibebas am reformebis mxardasaWerad. debatebis

dros, opoziciis wevrebma miuTiTes im riskze, rom IV-dan VI

safexuramde Seiqmneboda maswavleblebis kategoria, romelsac

kerZo mecadineobis Catarebis ufleba eqneboda, maSin rodesac

I-dan III safexuramde maswavleblebs amis ufleba ar eqnebodaT.

maT aseve aRniSnes, rom IV-VI safexurebze kerZo mecadineobebis

SenarCuneba „uaRresad gasakicxi” iyo, radgan is paraleluri

ganaTlebis sistemis SenarCunebas gulisxmobda. ministrma

Tavisi poziciebi daicva da debatebis Semdgom kanonmdebloba

daamtkices (parsurameni, Parsuramen, 2007).amis paraleluri movlena imave wels dawyebiTi skolis

akademiuri maCveneblebis Sesaxeb angariSis gamoSveba iyo,

romelic gansakuTrebel yuradRebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

saserTifikato (CPE) gamocdebze Cavardnebs uTmobda (manrax-ani, vasiSTa, da sxv., Manrakhan, Vasishtha, et al., 1991). angariSSiaRniSnuli iyo, rom Tumca repetitoroba bevri mSoblisTvis

ekonomikuri tvirTi iyo, maTi umravlesoba mainc gzavnida

bavSvebs kerZo maswavleblebTan, radgan Tvlida, rom es iyo

saSualeba, rom maTi Svilebi karg saSualo skolaSi

moxvedriliyvnen. saserTifikato gamocdebis (CPE) kandidatTa70 procenti kerZo maswavlebelTan emzadeboda, kviraSi 2-dan

5-dRemde intensivobiT. moswavleTa umravlesoba (88 procenti)

daxmarebas erTi maswavleblisgan iRebda, 9 procenti ori

maswavleblisgan, da 3 procenti sami maswavleblisgan.

moswavleTa 90 procenti, vinc warmatebiT Caabara gamocda, ker-

Zod emzadeboda. xolo CaWrilTa naxevari kerZod ar emzade-

boda.

aseTi monacemebiT da ministris zewoliT, rom mSoblebze

moexdinaT zegavlena, mTavrobam gamosca pamfleti saxel-

wodebiT „kerZo repetitorobis keTilad da borotad

gamoyeneba” (mavriki, 1994). es pamfleti ajamebda politikas,

romelic wesdebis, Sesrulebis da Txovnis kombinacias iyenebda.

I-III safexurebze repetitorobis akrZalva, kviraSi kerZo

gakveTilebze gatarebuli saaTebis SezRudva da jgufis zomis

85

Semcireba wesdebis nawilebi iyo. Sesruleba mdgomareobda

saskolo Senobebis gamoyenebaSi kerZo mecadineobebisTvis.

garda imisa, rom amiT bavSvebi swavlisTvis xelsayrel

pirobebSi mecadineobdnen, es wesi mTavrobis mesveurebs

saSualebas aZlevda SeemowmebinaT, ramdenad icavda repeti-

torobis procesi wesdebas. Txovnis komponenti maswavle-

blebisadmi mimarTvas iTvaliswinebda, ar daeCagraT moswavleebi

dabalSemosavliani ojaxebidan.

damatebiTi reforma iyo dawyebiTi klasebis da sagamocdo

programebis gadaxedva da sagnobrivi swavlebis SemoReba IV

safexurze, raTa moswavleebi erT maswavlebelze ar yofil-

iyvnen damokidebuli. ufrosi maswavleblebi da inspeqtorebi

dainiSnen, rom moexsenebinaT im maswavleblebze, vinc diskrimi-

nacias uwevdnen im moswavleebs, romlebic kerZo momzadebis

safasurs ver ixdidnen. meti Zalisxmeva iyo gaweuli saSualo

skolebs Soris gansxvavebebis aRmosafxvrelad da „xuT-

varsklavian” saswavlebelSi mosaxvedrad gaCaRebuli

konkurenciis Sesamcireblad.

wesdeba ZiriTadad im maswavleblebze iyo gaTvlili, rom-

lebic kerZo gakveTilebs utarebdnen im moswavleebs, viszec

ukve isedac pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen ZiriTad saskolo mecadi-

neobebze. Tumca, aseTi qmedebis akrZalva ufro advilia, vidre

nebismieri tipis repetitorobis aRmofxvra. ambiciuri

mSoblebi I-III safexurebze mainc qiraobdnen damoukidebel

repetitorebs. garda amisa, rogorc zogierTi parlamentari

SiSobda, I-III safexurebze repetitorobis akrZalvam skolebSi

stratifikacia gaaRrmava. rogorc mavrikis erTi gazeTi (l’e-

qspresi, L’Express, 20 ivnisi, 1993, citirebuli fundanSi, Foon-dun 2002, gv.506-ze) iuwyeboda, qveda safexurebis

maswavleblebs, repetitorobis gemrieli namcxvris naWeri

moakldaT. amis Sedegi iyo gamZafrebuli lobireba Tu romeli

maswavlebeli aswavlida zeda klasebs. iunisefis (UNICEF)1994 wlis angariSi (gv.35) aRniSnavda, rom:

IV safexuris dasawyisSi Cveulebrivi praqtikaa, rom

maswavlebeli ugzavnis mSoblebs Setyobinebas mis

86

mier kerZo gakveTilebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.

stipendiebis miRebaSi (SeTavazebaSi) gawafuli

(faiseurs de boursiers) maswavleblebi didi moTxovniT

sargebloben. bunebrivia, SeZlebul mSoblebs

saukeTeso individualuri repetitorebis daqiraveba

SeuZliaT. amgvarad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

Tanaswori, ufaso ganaTlebis sistema gardaiqmneba

elitur sistemad, sadac Sedegebi da maRali

xarisxis swavleba fulze iyideba.

parsuramenma ganaTlebis ministris xangrZlivi kariera

1995 wels daasrula. miuxedavad gamudmebuli Zalisxmevisa,

ori wlis Semdeg (parsurameni, Parsuramen 1997, gv.51) is kvlav

Cioda, rom „problema kidev arsebobs”. is ucdida, rom enaxa,

Tu ra zomebs mimarTavda „am rTuli problemis gadasaWrelad”

misi saqmis gamgrZelebeli.

ganaTlebis sadaveebTan qadress r. Cedumbarum filei

(Kadress R. Chedumbarum Pillay) dgeba (1997-2000)

parsuramenis saqmis gamgrZelebeli jeims berTi deividi

(James Burty David) iyo. is ofisSi mxolod weliwadnaxevari

gaCerda da repetitorobis problemas ar Sexebia. Tumca misi

saqmis gamgrZelebeli Seexo. es iyo qadress r. Cedumbarum

filei (Kadress R. Chedumbarum Pillay), romelic repetitoro-

bis da saganmanaTleblo sistemis stratifikacias gamudmebiT

ayenebda dRis wesrigSi. is iRvwoda grZelvadiani struqtu-

ruli reformebis gasatareblad. mas undoda skolebs Soris

is gansxvaveba aRmoefxvra, sadac zogi Tavs „xuTvarsklavian”

skolad Tvlida, zogi zogi ki meore an mesamexarisxovnad. ms-

gavsi zomebi dawyebiT klasebSic iyo gatarebuli, sadac

moswavleebs SeeZlebodaT metnaklebad erTnairi Sansi hqono-

daT saserTifikato gamocdebze (CPE). es zomebi Camoyal-

ibebuli iyo 1997 wlis samTavrobo dokumentSi (mavriki 1997,

87

gv.28), romelic amtkicebda, rom repetitoroba „zedmetad

konkurentuli ganaTlebis sistemis, maswavleblebis ganviTare-

bis gegmebis uqonlobis, saukeTeso niWis mqone maswavleblebis

mizidvis uunarobis, da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis gegmis ar ar-

sebobis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo.” dokumenti mkacri zomebis miRe-

bas Tavs aridebda. sanacvlod amtkicebda, rom farTo

saganmanaTleblo reformebis fonze repetitoroba TavisTavad

gaqreboda. miuxedavad amisa, dokumenti gulisxmobda (gv.28-29):

• skolebis teritoriaze repetitorobis akrZalvas;

• maswavleblebisgan kerZod Catarebuli gakveTilebis

saaTebis raodenobis,

studentebis raodenobis, sixSiris, drois da adgilmde-

bareobis monacemebis

oficialurad aRricxvas da Cabarebas;

• kerZo gakveTilebis Catarebis akrZalvas SabaT-kviras

da saxalxo

dResaswaulebze;

• maswavleblebis mier saskolo saaTebis Semdeg anazRau-

rebadi damxmare

gakveTilebis Catarebas;

• maswavleblebis statusis Sesworeba-cvlilebas;

• inspeqtorebis mier mkacr Semowmebas, Tu ramdenad

xarisxianad da efeqturad atarebs gakveTilebs

maswavlebeli da Seesabameba Tu ara dadgenil standar-

tebs;

• media masalebis ganviTarebas da eleqtronuli fostis

gamoyenebas mSoblebis dasaxmareblad, rom saklaso

samuSaos garda damatebiTi davalebebi Seasrulebinon

bavSvebs;

• mSoblebis darwmunebas repetitorobis uaryofiT ze-

gavlenaSi;

• maswavleblebis dawinaurebis ganxilvis dros wese-

bisadmi daumorCileblobis samxilis gamoyenebas;

• moswavleTa uflebebis axali qartiis mkacr pativisce-

mas.

88

adrindeli wesebisgan gansxvavebiT, gansxvavebuli wesi iyo

skolis teritoriis gamoyenebis Taobaze. rogorc aRiniSna,

adrindeli wesebis mixedviT, kanonmdeblebi kerZo gakveTilebis

skolebis teritoriaze Catarebis nebas rTavdnen maswavle-

blebs. amis mizezi iyo is faqti, rom es nebarTva kerZo repeti-

torobis Savbnel saqmianobas sinaTles mohfenda da aacilebda

didi jgufebis mecadineobebis maswavleblebis saxlebSi an sxva

Seuferebel adgilze Catarebis risks. garda amisa, patara

bavSvebs aaridebda skolidan kerZo gakveTilebis adgilze

siarulis risks. fileim ganizraxa am wesebis Setrialeba, im

argumentiT, rom aseTi qmedebebi sajaro adgilebis borotad

gamoyeneba iyo da zrdida albaTobas, rom maswavleblebi daaZa-

lebdnen TavianT moswavleebs kerZo gaskveTilebze earaT,

radgan moswavleebs Tavis daRwevis naklebi SesaZlebloba eqne-

bodaT.

Tumca, fileim naxa, rom misma Zalisxmevam didi winaaRmde-

gobebi gamoiwvia TviT mTavrobaSic ki. is gaurkvevel mdgo-

mareobaSi aRmoCnda im ministrebTan da maRalCinosnebTan,

romlebic exmaurebodnen repetitorobis momxre sazogadoebis

nawils. sabolood kolegebma gaimarjves: filei ucxoeTSi viz-

itiT gaemgzavra da misi aryofnis dros kabinetma mTeli kanon-

mdebloba gadaatriala da Secvala.

ganaxlebuli Zalisxmeva stiven obigados dros (StevenObeegadoo, 2000-2005)

stiven obigados (Steven Obeegadoo) mmarTvelobis periodic

iseTive problemebiT daiwyo, rogorc misi winamorbedebis. am

msgavsebis erTi maCvenebeli iyo axali politikis mauwyebeli

dokumenti, romelsac xatovnad „dawyebiT klasebSi virTxebis

Sejibris dasasruli” (mavriki, 2001) erqva. dokumenti kvlav

amaxvilebda yuradRebas Sejibrebaze saukeTeso skolebSi adg-

ilis mosapoveblad, da amtkicebda (gv.3), rom sistema „udides

89

fsiqologiur zewolas axdenda rogorc moswavleebze, aseve

maT mSoblebze da amaxinjebda skolis funqcias sazogadoe-

baSi”. gamoica reformebis paketi (Obeegadoo 2007, gv.4):

saxelmwifo saSualo skolebis raodenoba gaor-

magda, elitaruli saSualo skolebi meeqvse klasis

kolejebad gadakeTda da saSualo skolebSi miReba

sacxovreblis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT moxda,

raTa moxsniliyo dawyebiTi klasebis bolos didi

zegavlnis mqone gamocdebi. amave dros, saskolo

dRis xangrZlivoba gaizarda, raTa kerZo

gakveTilebis dro SezRuduliyo da maswavleblebs

damatebiTi xelfasi SesTavazes. garda amisa, daarsda

saganmanaTleblo qmedebebis zonebi, raTa damatebiTi

ufaso mecadineobebi Catarebuliyo dabali akademi-

uri moswrebis (da Raribi) bavSvebisaTvis.

Tumca, mTavroba am procesSi winaaRmdegobas da inercias

waawyda. erTi nimuSi, romelic obigadom ganaTlebis dagegmvis

saerTaSoriso institutis forumze moiyvana, Seexeboda sakanon-

mdeblo sistemas. Tavad advokats, obigados sakanonmdeblo sis-

temis gamoyeneba uyvarda. is bevr saCivars iRebda mSoblebisgan,

da bolos iseT mSobelsac Sexvda, romelic mzad iyo kerZo

repetitorisTvis eCivla sasamarTloSi. saqmes ori weli

dasWirda, da bolos, sajaro prokuraturis direqtorma

gadawyvita, rom saqme sapasuxod da gasarCevad ar Rirda.

inerciis kidev erTi ganzomileba obigados sakuTar

kolegebs Seexeboda. repetitorobis Sesamcireblad gaweuli

udidesi Zalisxmevis Semdeg mas ar esmoda progresi aseTi neli

ratom iyo. bolos man gaacnobiera, rom misi sakuTari

mrCevlebi ganaTlebis da mecnieruli kvlevis saministroSi

TviTon atarebdnen kerZo gakveTilebs da arsebuli sistemiT

sargeblobdnen. am repetitorebs es sistema gamovlili hqon-

daT, rogorc maswavleblebs, skolis direqtorebs da samin-

istros warmomadgenlebs. ase rom, maT iseTi reputacia hqondaT

mopovebuli, rac saSualebas aZlevdaT, kerZo gakveTilebze maR-

ali safasuri daewesebinaT.

90

meore ukiduresobas maswavlebeli warmoadgenda, romelmac

repetitorobaze uari Tqva, radgan Tvlida, rom Tavisufal

dros ukeTesi saqmeebis keTeba SeeZlo. masze obigadom fo-

rumze isaubra. mSoblebi brazdebodnen, radgan grZnobdnen, rom

maT Svilebs kerZo maswavleblebi esaWiroebodaT da

maswavlebels upasuxisgeblod Tvlidnen, Tu is repeti-

torobaze uars ganacxadebda. amis Sedegad, es maswavlebeli

sxva skolaSi unda gadaeyvanaT. obigados TqmiT, aseTi inciden-

tebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.

Tumca monacemebi ar arsebobda, obigado amtkicebda, rom mis

mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad dawyebiT klasebSi

repetitorobaze moTxovnam iklo, magram mainc farTod

gavrcelebuli iyo. ganaTlebis sistemis mimoxilva (bah-lalia,Bah-lalya 2006, gv.75) miuTiTebda, rom:

respondentebis azriT, bavSvebi da mSoblebi Tvlian,

rom Tu kerZo gakveTilebze ar ivlian, saswavlo

programas CamorCebian. aseve cxadia, rom warmate-

bulma maswavleblebma ukve daimkvidres adgili cod-

nis bazarze da gamosces wignebi, romlebsac

moswavleebi yiduloben kerZo gakveTilebisTvis.

dadgenilia, rom kerZo gakveTilebiT da wignebis

gayidviT maswavleblebi xelfass iormageben. faqtia,

rom saministros da ufros maswavleblebs xeli ver

miuwvdebaT maswavleblebTan damatebiTi samsax-

urisTvis skolis Semdgom saaTebSi, mSoblebTan

SexvedrebisTvis an klasgareSe saaTebSi sxva da-

matebiTi saqmianobisTvis. maswavleblebic Zlier

ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier siaxles da reformas,

rodesac es maT kerZo gakveTilebis droze da mon-

awileobaze zegavlenas axdens. maswavleblebsac ar

aqvT survili CaerTon skolisSemdgom RonisZiebebSi.

mokled, repetitoroba SeiZleba moeqces parazitobis

da finansuri da adamianuri resursebis gaflangvis

maxeSi, im resursebis, romlebic sxvagan ukeTesad Sei-

Zleba iyos gamoyenebuli.

91

aSkara problemebis da stiven obigados Zalisxmevis miuxe-

davad, kerZo repetitorobis interesebi Zlieri rCeboda. ro-

gorc obigadom moaxsena ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso

institutis forums, mis dros gatarebuli winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse reformebi Semdgomi ministris dros Sebrunebuli iyo

da repetitorobas axali biZgi misca.

rogori unda iyos morigi mcdeloba?

stiven obigado 2005 wels daram goqulma (DharamGokhool) Secvala. Tumca is sxva partiidan mivida da misi

winamorbedebis politika gaakritika, goqulma ver SeZlo al-

ternativebis moZebna. repetitorobis adgilmdebareobasTan

dakavSirebiT, maswavleblebs kvlav neba darTes skolis teri-

toria gamoeyenebinaT, magram momsaxurebisTvis unda gadaexadaT

(bah-lalia, Bah-lalya 2006, gv.94). goqulma (Gokhool 2006,

gv.4-5) aRiara, rom repetitoroba „swavlis process amaxin-

jebs” da „ganaTlebis mTel mizans anadgurebs”. gamosavali

manac saswavlo programis gadaxedvaSi, da gansakuTrebiT

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis saserTifikato gamocdis daxvewaSi

(CPE) dainaxa, Tumca sazogadoebis zogierTma wevrma (mag.: ma-hadeo, Mahadeo, 2008) gaixsena istoria, dainteresda Tu ratomdasWirda am process aseTi xangrZlivi dro, da skepticizmi

gamoxata dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis iol gzebze.

am wignis Temas gansakuTrebiT exmaureboda mavrikis presaSi

gamoqveynebuli statia, romelic aRniSnavda ganaTlebis dageg-

mvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumis dainteresebas mimd-

inare problemebiT (etieni, Etienne, 2007). statia aRniSnavda,rom ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze

„mravali ganaTlebis eqsperti Seikriba parizSi... rom ganexila

is, rasac bevri adamiani „aucilebel borotebas” [repeti-

torobas] uwodebs”. forumis Tema „mavrikis konteqstTan

gansakuTrebiT Sesaferisad” CaiTvala, sadac repetitoroba

„namdvil mankierebad iqca savalalo pedagogiuri da

ekonomikuri SedegebiT”. statia Semdgom dasZenda, rom:

92

mavrikSi kerZo repetitorobis problema mdgomare-

obs imaSi, rom is kerZos garda yvelaferia. imis

nacvlad, rom bavSvebi patara jgufebSi imyofebodnen,

sadac maT klasSi naswavli masalis irgvliv kiTxve-

bis dasma SeeZlebaT, isini ormoc bavSvTan erTad

maswavleblis farexSi arian SeyuJulebi. repeti-

toroba wesiT im moswavleebisTvis unda iyos

gamiznuli, romlebsac raime saganSi siZneleebi aqvT

da unda gulisxmobdes masalis ganmtkicebas

maswavlelis daxmarebiT, romelsac dro da moTmineba

aqvs da erT jerze or-sam moswavles amecadinebvs.

mavrikSi, kerZo gakveTilebis umravlesoba am mod-

elisgan Zalian Sors aris...

am sistemis mxolod sruli gadakeTeba gaxdis Sesa-

Zlebels repetitorobis axlandeli formis Sem-

cirebas an gauqmebas. amJamad es aris mankieri wre,

sadac mSoblebi verc ki bedaven, rom TavianTi

Svilebi kerZo gakveTilebze ar ataron, radgan yvela

sxva mSobeli Tavis Svils kerZod amzadebs. aqedan

gamomdinare, Tu romelime erTi bavSvi ar ivlis

kerZo maswavlebelTan, is daiCagreba mis Tanatoleb-

Tan SedarebiT. garda amisa, SeiZleba zogierTma

maswavlebelma gakveTilze masala srulad ar ga-

iaros im imediT, rom moswavleebi masalas kerZo

gakveTilebze iswavlian.

mniSvnelovani da detalurad Sedgenili programa aseTi

reorganizaciisTvis goqulis Semdgomma ministrma, vasant ban-

uarim (Vasant Bunwaree) gamosca (Mauritius, Mmavriki, 2008).dokumenti aSuqebda (gv.39) „ganaTlebis seqtoris ganm-

sazRvrel mZafr konkurencias”, da xazs usvamda ganaTlebis

sistemaSi da Sefasebis meTodebSi konceptualuri cvlilebebis

Setanis aucileblobas. angariSi miznad isaxavda (gv.12) „kerZo

repetitorobis saWiroebis etapobrivad aRmofxvras, romelic

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod dawyebiTi qveseqtoris

mesame ciklSi (e. i. V-VI doneebze) iqneba nebadarTuli”. zo-

93

gierTi miRwevis Sesaxeb prioritetuli ganaTlebis zonebis

sistemis (Zones d’education prioritaires, ZEPs) meSveobiT

msjelobdnen, romelic socialuri uTanasworobebis daZlevas

naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi poziciuri ganmtkicebiT da

meTodebiT cdilobda. angariSi aRiarebda, rom moswavleTa miR-

wevebis progresi nela mimdinareobda, rogorc amas gamocdis

Sedegebi aCvenebda, magram aSuqebda holisturi saganmanaTleblo

midgomis, skolis sazogadoebasTan partniorobis da mSobelTa

aqtiuri monawileobis pozitiur mcdelobebs. msgavsi Ro-

nisZiebebi miznad isaxavda skolebis „swavlis WeSmarit dawe-

sebulebebad” gadaqcevas (gv.85) maswavleblebis profesiuli

ganviTarebis da saskolo gegmis da programebis reformis

meSveobiT da amis Sedegad, repetitorobaze damokidebulebis

Semcirebas.

am dokumentis Semdeg 2009 wels ministrma banuarim

gamoacxada, rom repetitoroba aikrZaleboda moswavleebisTvis

IV donis CaTvliT momdevno wlidan (meeTarbani, Meetarbhan,2009). amdenad, es politika mkafiod exmaureboda 18 wliT

adre ministr parsuramenis (Parsuramen) mier wamowyebul ini-ciativebs. Tumca, maswavlebelTa profkavSirebi myisve

daupirispirdnen am politikas (hilberti, Hilbert, 2009), dasazogadoebis saerTo ganwyobac miuTiTebda imaze, rom am poli-

tikis gatareba wina wlebTan SedarebiT advili ar iqneboda.

mavriks repetitorobis simptomebTan da mizezebTan gamklavebis

iniciativebis xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram yoveli

aTwleulis kanonmdeblebma da politikosma naxa, rom repeti-

toroba kulturaSi Rrmad aris gamjdari da cvlilebas advi-

lad ar eqvemdebareba.

94

CarCo 4. ratom aris mavrikSi repetitoroba ase Zlieri?

istoriulad, mavrikis saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian

SerCeviTi da konkurentulia, (i) saSualo klasebis doneze

saukeTeso skolebSi Casaricxad (rac kulturaSi gamjdar

miTad aris qceuli), da (ii) sazRvargareT universitetebSisaswavleblad saxelmwifo stipendiebis mosapoveblad.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi, repetitorobaze moTxovna nakarnax-

evia im faqtiT, rom ganaTleba arsebiTad SerCevis meqanizmad

rCeba, romelic gadatvirTuli saswavlo programis da didi

mniSvnelobis mqone gamocdebs efuZneba, romlebic „ukeTes”

universitetebSi moxvedris garantias iZleva. amgvarad,

repetitoroba konkurenciaSi upiratesobis mopovebis

saSualebaa. repetitorobaze moTxovna iseTi didia, rom

saSualo skolis maswavleblebi repetitorobaze uaris

Tqmis SemTxvevaSi problemebis winaSe xvdebian.

miwodebis poziciidan Tu ganvixilavT, SedarebiT dabali

xelfasebi erTgvari biZgia repetitorobis dasawyebad. 2002

wels, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebis Semosavali erT

sulze mTliani Sida produqtis 0.8 procenti iyo, maSin,

rodesac ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis or-

ganizaciis qveynebSi es maCvenebeli saSualod 1.7 procenti,

xolo mavrikis msgavs qveynebSi 2.0 procenti iyo. repeti-

torobis meSveobiT, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavleblebs Se-

mosavlis gaormageba an gasammageba SeuZliaT.

wyaro: obigado (Obeegadoo 2007), gv.2.

safrangeTi

koreisgan da mavrikisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi repeti-

torobis industria ara mxolod socio-ekonomikuri ZalebiT,

aramed samTavrobo iniciativebiTac imarTeba. es gulisxmobs

sagadasaxado waxalisebebs ojaxebisTvis, romlebic damatebiT

repetitorobaSi investicias Cadeben. aseTi iniciativebiT,

95

mTavroba ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisken miiswrafvis, mSobleb-

Tan finansuri tvirTis gaziarebis saSualebiT.

repetitorobis pirveli mniSvnelovani kvleva sfrangeTSi

glasmanma da kolonJma (Glasman and Collonges, 1994) Caatares.maT wignSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom repetitorobis istoria

gasuli saukunidan iwyeboda, magram repetitorobis Tvisebebi

mniSvnelovnad iyo Secvlili saganmanaTleblo sistemis gafar-

ToebasTan da mravlismomcvelobasTan erTad. glasmanma da

kolonJma gaanalizes repetitorobis Tvisebebi da roli so-

cialuri konkurenciis da stratifikaciis konteqstSi. maTi

wigni efuZneboda ron-alpis (Rhone-Alpes) regionSi 12 liceu-

mis (zeda saSualo donis klasebi) 9,400 moswavlidan

Segrovebul monacemebs. saSualod 15 procenti dadioda kerZo

gakveTilebze, damatebiT 10 procenti momavalSi gegmavda

siaruls da 36 procenti saSualo skolis garkveul mon-

akveTSi kerZo gakveTilebze ukve namyofi iyo (glasmani da

kolonJi, Glasman and Collonges 1994, gv. 30). yvelaze popu-

laruli sagnebi iyo maTematika (57 procenti), romelsac mos-

devda fizika da qimia (20 procenti). inglisuri (9

procenti), da franguli 5 procenti. ufro metad repetitor-

Tan didi qalaqebis skolebSi dadiodnen, vidre patara qalaqe-

bis skolebSi, da repetitorTan kerZo skolis moswavleebi

ufro xSirad emzadebodnen, vidre sajaro skolis moswavleebi.

am kvlevis Semdeg repetitoroba gaizarda kidec da gam-

ravalferovanda aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. glasmani (Glasman,2004) miubrunda am Temas angariSSi, romelic mas erovnuli

ganaTlebis da umaRlesi ganaTlebis da kvlevis saministroebis

skolebis Sefasebis umaRlesma sabWom [Haut Conseil ầ l’évalua-tion de l’école, HCEC] daukveTa. angariSSi aRniSnuli iyo (gv.

51) is zegavlena, rac mTavrobis im gadawyvetilebas hqonda,

romelic nebas rTavda ojaxebs moeTxovaT saSemosavlo

gadasaxadebis Semcireba saxlis saqmeSi, bavSvebis aRzrdaSi da

kerZo repetitorobaSi daxarjuli Tanxebis gamo. es so-

cialuri erTobis ministris (Minister of Social Cohesion) ini-ciativis nawili ufro iyo, vidre ganaTlebis ministris. mas

surda martoxela mSoblebs daxmareboda da aseve xels

96

uwyobda garkveuli tipis profesiis gavrcelebas. es reforma

xels uwyobda ojaxebs, romlebic safasuris gamo adre repeti-

torobaze fulis xarjvisgan Tavs ikavebdnen. Tumca, is mainc

garkveuli Tanxebis gaRebas moiTxovda da amdenad, ufro Se-

Zlebul da repetitorobaze Tanxis dabandebis msurvel

ojaxebs exmareboda. ramdenime firmam es kanonmdebloba Tavis

sasargeblod gamoiyena. sabazro lideri kompania saxelwodebiT

akadomia (Acadomia) iyo, romelic saaqcio birJis siaSi iyo,

agresiulad uwevda reklamas Tavis momsaxurebas, da gadasax-

adebis Semsubuqebis SeTavazebis gziT yuradRebas ipyrobda.

skolebis Sefasebis umaRlesma sabWom momdevno wels glasmanis

angariSis komentari gamoaqveyna (forestieri, Forrestier, 2005),sadac SeSfoTeba gamoxata angariSis socialur uTanas-

worobaze zegavlenis gamo da xazi gausva zedamxedvelobis

saWiroebas. amis sapasuxod, mTavrobam erovnuli seminari

moawyo repetitorobaze da sainformacio da komunikaciis

teqnologiebis (ICTs) sferoSi SesaZleblobebis uTanas-

worobaze. am seminars Tan axlda onlain dokumenturi

resursebi da mas kanonebis miReba mohyva Sedegad (basi da sxv.,Bassy et al., 2006).

imave wels, ufro masStaburi analizi iyo SemoTavazebuli

kaves (Cavet, 2006) mier, romelsac Tan axlda bmulebi doku-

mentur resursebze. analizi pedagogiuri kvlevis nacionaluri

institutis (INRP) saxeliT Catarda. dokumenti aSuqebda ofi-

cialuri kvlevis monacemebs 2003 wlidan, sadac miTiTebuli

iyo, rom repetitoroba ZiriTadad saSualo skolis doneze

mimdinareobda da maRal doneebze ufro intensiuri xdeboda.

umaRlesi klasebis sawyis safexurebze moswavleebi kerZo

repetitorebTan im SemTxvevaSi emzadebodnen, Tu romelime

sagani uWirdaT (gansakuTrebiT maTematika), magram gamokiTx-

ulTa 25 procenti ukve isedac kargad swavlobda da kerZo

gakveTilebs saukeTeso Sedegebis miRwevis strategiad Tvlida

(kave, Cavet 2006, gv. 2). kerZo gakveTilebisken maT maswavle-

blebi iSviaTad Tu ubiZgebdnen. amisken ZiriTadad mSoblebis-

gan, an TviT moswavleebisgan modioda biZgi (23 procenti

umaRlesi klasebis dawyebiT etapze, da 40 procenti damam-

97

Tavrebel safexurebze). mSoblebis umetesoba, romlebic Tanxas

ixdidnen kerZo gakveTilebSi, SedarebiT privilegirebul so-

cialur klasebs miekuTvneboda, da repetitorobas mimarTavda

an drois uqonlobas gamo an imis gamo, rom saswavlo progra-

mas fexs ver ubamda. kerZo gakveTilebs Cveulebrivi maswavle-

beli iSviaTad atarebda. ufro xSirad amas sxva studenti (34

procenti), sxva maswavlebeli (31 procenti), an kerZo organi-

zacia (21 procenti) akeTebda. kave (Cavet 2006, gv. 4) axdens

glasmanTan intervius citirebas, romelmac aRniSna, rom xan-

daxan mSoblebi repetitorebs qiraobdnen SvilebTan daZabu-

lobis mosaxsnelad. rodesac swavlis Cvevebze konfliqtebs

gareSe piri agvarebs, aRniSnavda glasmani, ojaxSi ufro harmo-

niuli urTierTobebi mkvidrdeba.

morigi dokumentacia 2007 wels sabazro kvlevaSi special-

izebulma kompaniam warudgina sazogadoebas. angariSi (melo,Melot 2007, gv. 104) aRwerda seqtoris „feTqebad” zrdas da

dasZenda, rom „2006 wels repetitorobis ukve zedized

eqvswliani 15 procentiani zrda gamowveuli iyo mSoblebis

saSualo skolis sistemis naklovanebebis SiSiT, da aseve. . .

uaRresad xelsayreli fiskaluri garemoTi”. bazris saerTo

sidides rac Seexeba, melo aRniSnavda, rom saSualo skolis

qveda klasebis moswavleebis 25 procenti da zeda klasebis

33 procenti kerZod emzadeboda, gansakuTrebiT maTematikaSi,

magram aseve miuTiTebda regionalur mravalferovnebaze da

saxeobebze. melos aRniSvniT, proporciebi gansakuTrebiT maR-

ali parizSi iyo, da akademiis Sefasebis citirebas axdenda (gv.

105), rom didi parizuli liceumebis moswavleTa 75 procenti

kerZo maswavlebelTan dadioda. saerTo erovnuli maCvenebliT,

2008 wels repetitorTan erT milionze meti moswavle da-

dioda (peSi, Pech, 2008).

bazarze mimwodeblis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobda:

• individualurad momuSave kerZo maswavleblebi.

mSoblebi da maswavlerblebi erTmaneTs rekomenda-

ciebiT an gancxadebebiT ukavSirdebodnen, an kidev

sul ufro xSirad internetiT. aseTi uSualo kon-

98

taqti yvelaze FfarTod gavrcelebuli meTodi iyo.

Tumca fuladi tranzaqciebi oficialurad ar iyo

gamocxadebuli, sagadasaxado waxaliseba ubiZgebda

maswavleblebs, rom maTi saqmianoba legaluri gaexa-

daT, raTa maTi SemoTavazeba ojaxebisTvis ufro

mimzidveli yofiliyo. zogi maswavlebeli gamocdili

iyo (an isev muSaobda an pensiaze iyo), zogi ki stu-

denti an axali kursdamTavrebuli iyo, romelic sam-

saxurs eZebda.

• skolis Semdgom saaTebSi momuSave kerZo sarepeti-

toro kompaniebi.

es kompaniebi sxvadasxvanairad muSaobda:

- yvelaze popularuli da mzardi tipis iyo kompaniis

mier gamogzavnili maswavleblis kerZo gakveTilebi

saxlSi, an patara jgufTan kompaniis SenobaSi;

- ardadegebis dros mowyobili intensiuri kursebi

patara jgufebSi nela viTardeboda;

- Sereuli programebi, romlebic swavlas, garTobas da

bavSvis movlas erTad aTavsebda, gavrcelebas iwyebda.

- onlain gakveTilebi jer kidev ganuviTarebeli iyo,

magram farTovdeboda;

- skolis mecadineobebi, romlebic yuradRebas

amaxvilebda Tavdajerebulobis, motivaciis da orga-

nizebis ganviTarebaze iwyebda gavrcelebas, magram jer

kidev mxolod elitas miuwvdeboda maTze xeli.

MmuSaobis saxeobebSi da saSualebebSic iyo gansxvaveba kom-

paniebs Soris. zogi maTgani sTavazobda mecadineobebs jgufebs

TavianT SenobaSi, zogi ki qiraobda repetitors, rom moswavlee-

bis saxlSi Caetarebina gakveTielebi. zogi kompania konkretul

saganSi specializdeboda, an ganaTlebis konkretul safexurze

moqmedebda, zogi ki ufro zogadi midgomiT gamoirCeoda. kom-

paniebis erTi jgufi repetitorobas sxva momsaxurebis naw-

ilad sTavazobda sazogadoebas. es momsaxureba iyo bavSvis

movla da sxva saSinao daxmareba. meTormete cxrili warmoa-

Cens statistikas sabazro liderebze. zogi am kompaniaTagani

99

safrangeTis konkretul nawilSi muSaobda, zogi ki ukve yvela

did qalaqSi muSaobda, an apirebda amas. sul cota ori

muSaobda rogorc mravalnacionaluri kompania: duamaT-s

(2Amath) filialebi hqonda kanadaSi da marokoSi, qifsqul-s

(KeepSchool) ki germaniasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi. am mxriv,isini silvani-s (Sylvan) konkurentebi iyvnen, romlis saTao

ofisi aSS-Si iyo da frangul bazarze SeWra ganezraxa.

cxrili 12. ZiriTadi sarepetitoro kompaniebi safrangeTSi

kompania CaricxulTa filialebis biznesis

ricxvi raodenoba oficialurad

safrangeTSi gamocxadebuli

zoma

(€ milionebSi)

akadomia

(Acadomia) 100,000 97 87

kuR leJandR

(Cours Legendre) 30,000 9 16

kompletiud

(Complétude) 23,000 34 23

silvani ar aris

(Sylvan) miTiTebuli 18 8

anakuR

(Anacours) 16,000 50 5

du amaT

(2Amath) 10,000 72 12

qifsquli

(KeepSchool) 8,000 80 5

domikuR

(Domicours) 6,500 20 5

wyaro:¨melo (Melot), 2007.

100

es kerZo kompaniebi maT mier SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebis

Sesabamisad ganviTarda. glasmani (citirebuli qave, Cavet 2006,

gv.11-ze) aSuqebda kompaniebis saxelebis cvlilebas sxvadasxva

periodSi:

• 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi repetitorobas Cveule-

briv daxmarebis formad gansazRvravdnen. kompaniebs

iseTi saxelebi erqvaT, rogorebicaa maTematikaSi-dax-

mareba (Math-Assistance), maTematikis damxmare kursi(Math-Secours) da orTo-maTematika (Ortho-Math).

• Sua 1980-ian wlebSi, seqtori konkurenciasTan gaxda

asocirebuli. kompaniebis saxelebi iyo: damatebiTi

swavla (Études Plus), PSesruleba (Performance),swavla momavlisTvis (Stud Avenir) da progres sis-

tema (Progress System).axlandeli Taoba „normalur“ da moSvebul (galaRe-

bul) konotaciebs amjobinebs. kompaniebis gavrcele-

buli saxelebia: Domicours, Keepschool, Complétude, daAprès la Classe, romlebic skolis Semdgom mecadi-

neobebs, an swavlis dasrulebas gulisxmobs.

kerZo kompaniebis mier aseTi seriozuli imijis Seqmna Sei-

Zleba gansakuTrebiT skolaSi da dasaqmebis bazarze arsebuli

mRelvarebis mosagvareblad iyos Sesaferisi. es socio-

ekonomikuri garemoebebi gansxvavdeba safrangeTSi, koreaSi,

mavrikSi da sxva adgilebSi. TviT safrangeTSic isini gansx-

vavdeba socio-ekonomikuri jgufebisa da adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT (gansakuTrebiT did qalaqebSi, patara qalaqebSi da

soflebSi). es dakvirveba xazs usvams repetitorobis ganxil-

vas konkretuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. amave dros,

sarepetitoro servisis mimwodeblebi sargebels nebismieri

faqtoridan iReben, rac akademiur konkurencias da skolaSi

daZabulobas zrdis, magaliTad privatizaciidan, skolebs Soris

Sejibridan, da saskolo sistemis segmentebis gauaresebisgan.

Tumca, seqtorma miipyro im kritikosebis yuradReba, rom-

lebic am miwodebis xarisxs kiTxvis qveS ayenebdnen. magaliTad,

2009 wlis dokumenturi filmi frangul televiziaze (ben-

dali da turti, Bendall and Tourte, 2009), aSuqebda mravali

101

repetitoris samoyvarulo, araprofesionalur, dones da

amowmebda maTi damqiravebeli kompaniebis sabazro standartebs.

rogorc melo (Melot 2007, gv. 99) aRniSnavda, seqtoris

udidesi nawili „iatakqveS” moqmedebda, da mTliani bazari

„gabzarul-daSlili, aramdgradi da bundovani” iyo (gv. 119).

CarCo 5. repetitorobis finansuri ariTmetika safrangeTSi

safrangeTis mTavroba ojaxebs repetitorobaze daxarjuli

Tanxis 50 procentis gamoqviTvis nebas aZlevs saSemosavlo

gadasaxadebidan. akadomia im kompaniebis ricxvs miekuTvneba,

romelic am SeRavaTs Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs. kompania

brokeris rols asrulebs, romelic mSoblebs da repeti-

torebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. mSoblebi repetitorebs ux-

dian da Semdeg sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs moiTxoven.

bavSvis registraciisTvis mSoblebma sawyisi Tanxa 75 evros

odenobiT unda gadaixadon, romelic sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs

ar eqvemdebareba. Semdeg TiTo Catarebuli saaTisTvis isini

saSualod 32 evros ixdian, saidanac 14 evro (xandaxan

naklebic) midis maswavleblis xelfasze, 5 evro daqirave-

buli TanamSromlis gadasaxadebze da 13 evro akadomias er-

icxeba. mTliani 32 evrodan, 16 evro mSoblebisTvis

sagadasaxado SeRavaTs eqvemdebareba.

saboloo jamSi, erTi saaTis mTliani gadasaxadi 16 evros

Seadgens. repetitorma unda ganacxados Semosavali

14+13=€27 evros odenobiT, magram SeuZlia akadomiasTvis

gadaxdili 13 evro daqviTos, rogorc „xarjebi”.

wyaro: kave (Cavet, 2006), gv. 12.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba safrangeTis, koreis da

mavrikis magaliTebs Soris aris sagadasaxado sistemis roli

ojaxebis waxalisebaSi, rom repetitorobaSi daabandon Tanxebi.

safrangeTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis pasuxi kritikaze, rom

es zrdis socialur uTanasworobas, ormxrivi iyo. erTi iyo

102

is, rom saxelmwifos mier organizebuli saSinao davalebis

momzadebaSi ufaso damxmare sistemebi SeiZleba gafarTovdes.

erTi saxelmwifos mier organizebuli sistemebi 1980-iani

wlebidan momdinareobs, moqmedebs oTxi sxvadasxva saministros

egidis qveS (ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, janmrTelobis da so-

cialuri dazRvevis), da eyrdnoba 2,000 asociaciis da sajaro

an naxevrad-sajaro dawesebulebis qsels (kave, Cavet, 2006, gv.4). meore pasuxi ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mTavrobam

gansazRvra politika skolebis qselebSi repetitorobis gan-

viTarebisTvis im mizniT, rom daxmareba gaeweoda yvela socio-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis moswavles. pirvelad, SeTavazeba

aucilebeli iyo zog skolaSi, magram nebayoflobiTi iyo sxva

skolebisTvis. Semdeg ki mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom yvela skola

SeuerTdeboda am sqemas, romelic gulisxmobs kviraSi oTxi

dRis ganmavlobaSi saRamos 4-idan 6 saaTamde saSinao davalebis

momzadebaSi daxmarebas, da kulturul da sportul Ro-

nisZiebebs. mTavrobam am politikis ganxorcielebisTvis 140

milioni evro gamoyo (ventura, Ventura 2009b, gv. 9).

103

3. sapasuxo politika

wina seqcias„diagnozi” ewodeboda, romelic gansazRvravda

repetitorobis sistemis maxasiaTeblebs da zegavlenas, rom-

lebsac kanonmdeblebisgan sapasuxo qmedeba esaWiroeba. zo-

gierT sapasuxo politikaze saubari ukve iyo koreis, mavrikis

da safrangeTis magaliTebis ganxilvis dros. wignis es gany-

ofileba ganixilavs sapasuxo qmedebebis tipebs, romlebic Sei-

Zleba kanonmdeblebma sxvadasxva konteqstSi gaiTvaliswinon.

es seqcia Seicavs rogorc im politikis ganxilvas, romelmac

gaamarTla, aseve im SemTxvevebisas, rodesac politika warmate-

buli ar iyo.

ganxilva dagegmvis monaxazis cnebiT iwyeba, radgan

TiToeuli konteqsti gansxvavebulia da politika konkretul

konteqsts unda moergos. Semdeg ganxilulia repetitorobis

moTxovna da miwodeba. momdevno msjeloba ki im gzebs exeba,

romelTa saSualebiTac kanonmdeblebs sabazro Zalebis mo-

Tokva SeeZlebaT, rom did miznebs miaRwion. Msjeloba aseve

exeba SesaZlebeli maregulirebeli struqturebis maxasiaTe-

blebs da bunebas.

konteqstebis, miznebis da struqturebis dagegmva da mona -

xazi

rodesac dagegmvas iwyeben, kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT ori

sasargeblo ZiriTadi SekiTxvis dasma:

• ramdenad aris Crdilovani ganaTleba problema (an

SeiZleba iqces

problemad), romelic azianebs saganmanaTleblo, so-

cialur da ekonomikur

miznebs da saWiroebs gakontrolebas?

• ramdenad aris Crdilovani ganaTleba potenciuri

sargebeli, romelic

aqamde srulad ar yofila gamoyenebuli da unda wax-

alisebuli iyos?

am wignis wina seqciebma cxadhyo, rom bevr konteqstSi

104

repetitorobas SeiZleba ambivalenturad mivudgeT. is sagan-

manaTleblo miznebis miRwevas SesaZlebels xdis mTavrobisTvis

da gadamxdelisTvis sruliad ufasod, da erTgvari usafrTx-

oebis sarqvels Seadgens ojaxebisTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT

masSi fulis gadaxda da Tvlian, rom ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-

temidan srulad ar iReben imas, rac surT. Tumca, mTlianad

sabazro ZalebiT marTuli repetitoroba socialur uTanas-

worobas aRrmavebs, da mas SeiZleba ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-

temisTvis arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyves. agreTve, SeiZleba

gaugebrobebi warmoiSvas ori sistemis Tanaarsebobis

SemTxvevaSi, romelTagan erTi mTavrobis mier ufasod aris

uzrunvelyofili, xolo meoreSi ki kerZo seqtori imave

klientebisgan safasuris gadaxdas iTxovs.

kanonmdeblebma unda gaiTvaliswinon studentebis socio-

ekonomikuri profilebi, kulturuli konteqstebi da sxva faq-

torebi. repetitorobis saxeobebi avstraliasa da aSS-Si, sadac

mTavroba repetitorobas xels uwyobs akademiurad CamorCe-

nili bavSvebis dasaxmareblad, gansxvavdeba koreaSi da iaponiaSi

arsebuli repetitorobis saxeobebisgan, sadac kerZo gakveTile-

bze akademiurad warCinebuli moswavleebi dadian. ufro metic,

singapurSi arsebuli repetitoroba, sadac maswavleblebs

ekrZalebaT kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba im moswavleebisTvis,

romlebsac ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze aswavlian da ukve

aqvT aRebuli maTze pasuxismgebloba, gansxvavdeba mavrikSi ar-

sebuli repetitorobisgan, sadac aseTi qmedeba normad iTvleba.

kanonmdeblebma aseve unda gaiTvaliswinon, Tu ra doziT See-

ZlebaT waaxxalison an aukrZalon kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba

saSualo skolis moswavleebs, universitetis studentebs, pen-

sionrebs da sxvebs. Semdegi gansxvavebebi repetitorobis war-

marTvis meTodebs da saSualebebs exeba. kerZo mecadineobebi

individualur moswavleebTan gansxvavdeba did jgufebTan

saleqcio auditoriebSi Catarebuli mecadineobebisgan; da

pirispir Catarebuli mecadineobebi aSkarad gansxvavdeba in-

ternetiT distanciaze Catarebuli mecadineobebisagan.

kanonmdeblebma unda moaxdinon arsebuli repetitorobis

saxeobebis klasificireba da gansazRvron, Tu rogori tipis

105

repetitorobas Seuwyon xeli da rogori tipis repetitoroba

aRkveTon. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes iseTi cxrilis dax-

marebiT, rogoricaa cxrili 13. is ganixilavs ara mxolod

repetitorobis saxeobebs da miwodebis saSualebebsa da

meTodebs, aramed misi gavrcelebis masStaburobas da samo-

mavlod misi kidev ufro metad danergvis survils. es Sefase-

bebi SeiZleba kidev ufro dakonkretdes Tu moxdeba

maCveneblebis iseT qvekategoriebad dayofa, rogorebicaa:

• saSemosavlo jgufebi: xelmisawvdomia Tu ara zo-

gierTi tipis

repetitoroba mxolod konkretuli Semosavlis mqone

jgufebisTvis da

surT Tu ara kanonmdeblebs xelmisawvdomobis gafar-

Toveba?

• genderi: arian Tu ara gogonebi biWebTan SedarebiT

daCagrul poziciaSi (da

piriqiT), da xeli unda Seewyos ufro met Tanas-

worobas Tu ara?

• eTnikuroba: dadian Tu ara kerZo mecadineobebze

garkveuli eTnikuri

jgufis (rasis) warmomadgenlebi ufro metad, vidre

sxvebi, da aris Tu ara es problemuri sakiTxi?

• adgilmdebareoba: aris Tu ara konkretuli regionebi,

da soflis /urbanuli adgilebi ufro privilegire-

bul an ufro daCagrul poziciaSi, da geografiuli

balansi daculi unda iyos Tu ara?

sakiTxis ufro daxvewisTvis SeiZleba iseTi damatebiTi faq-

torebis ganxilva, rogorebicaa:

• intensiuroba: romel safexurebze, ra sezonze, da

romel sagnebSi aris

kerZo mecadineobebis intensiuroba yvelaze didi?

• xarisxi: rogoria kerZo mecadineobebis xarisxi, da

ramdenad exmareba isini moswavleebs ara mxolod

gamocdebisTvis momzadebaSi, aramed sxva konteqsteb-

Sic?

106

• fasebi: ra fasebi aqvs sxvadasxva tipis repetitoro-

bis erTeulebs da

ramdenad awevs es safasuri ojaxebs tvirTad?

• ekonomikuri Sedegebi: ramdenad sasargebloa repeti-

toroba samuSaos an

damatebiTi Semosavlis msurveli adamianebisTvis?

surs Tu ara mTavrobas

meti sarepetitoro samuSaos sagadasaxado sistemaSi

CarTva? kidev ra

ekonomikuri Sedegebi mohyveba sxvadasxva tipis

repetitorobas?

cxrili 13. kerZo repetitorobis klasificirebis sistema

107

kerZo

repetitorobis

mimwodeblebi

miwodebis

saSualeba

da meTodi

ramdenad

gavrcelebulia

is amJamad

(SesaZlebelia

dayofa

saSemosavlo

jgufebad,

genderad, eTnikur

jgufebad da

adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT)

ramdenad

sasurvelia misi

gavrceleba

momavalSi

(SesaZlebelia aseve

dayofa SemosavliT,

genderiT, eTnikuri

warmomavlobiT da

adgilmdebareobiT)

maswavleblebi

amecadineben

sakuTar

moswavleebs

erTi-erTze

patara jgufSi

did jgufSi

maswavleblebi

amecadineben

sxva maswavle-

blebis

moswavleebs

erTi-erTze

patara jgufSi

did jgufSi

radgan monacemebi mwiria, amJamad kanonmdeblebi iZulebulebi

arian Sefasebebi moaxdinon da mdgomareoba gansajon sakuTar

codnaze dayrdnobiT, an im monacemebze dafuZnebiT, rac maT an

sxva qveynebSi iqna Segrovebuli. erTi ZiriTadi rekomendacia,

rasac ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumi

da es wigni gvTavazobs aris is, rom gacilebiT didi yuradReba

unda daeTmos monacemTa Segrovebas yvela tipis konteqstSi

da garemoSi.

108

studentebi

(saSualo

skolis

moswavleebi

da/an univer-

sitetis

studentebi)

erTi-erTze

patara jgufSi

internet-

mimwodeblebierTi-erTze

sxvebi

(profesio -

nalebi,

pensionrebi,

diasaxlisebi)

erTi-erTze

patara jgufSi

did jgufSi

sarepetitoro

kompaniebi

(adgilobrivi,

nacionaluri,

privilegire-

buli

qselebi)

erTi-erTze

patara jgufSi

did jgufSi

saleqcio

darbazebSi

intensiuri

momzadebis

adgilebSi

kompiuteruli

daxmarebiT

CarCo 6. juku-s (juku) tipebis gansxvaveba iaponiaSi

zogierTma komentatorma, gansakuTrebiT ara iaponuri war-

momavlobis, jukus dawesebuleba Zalian zogadad warmoadgina,

xolo TviT sityva juku Targmna rogorc „intensiuri

momzadebis skola” da ver SeniSna sxvadasxva tipebs Soris

farTo varireba. ufro guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mravali

tipis jukus identificireba gaxda SesaZlebeli. TiToeul

tips gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs kanonmdeblisTvis.

rosgaardma (Roesgaard 2006, gv. 32) daiwyo farTo gansx-

vavebis dadgeniT akademiur gakuSiu jukus (gakushû juku) daim jukus Soris, romlebic amzadeben xelovnebaSi, teqnikur

unarebSi, inglisur saubarSi, da a. S. amas Semdeg mosdevs gan-

sxvavebebi gakuSiu jukus (gakushû juku) Soris specialobebis

mixedviT. hoSiu juku (hoshû juku) damxmare kursebs sTava-zobs moswavleebs, fukuSiu juku (fukushû juku) uzrunvelyofs

damatebiT mecadineobebs, xolo ioSiu juku (yoshû juku)atarebs mosamzadebel mecadineobebs. Singaku juku (shingakujuku) emsaxureba maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs,

visac kidev ufro meti codnis SeZena surT, kiosai jukus (kyô-sai juku) ki ufro moqnili midgoma aqvs momzadebasTan doriru

jukusgan (doriru juku) gansxvavebiT, romelic gameorebas da Se-

jibrisTvis gamiznul savarjiSoebs efuZneba. zogi juku deaino ba-s anu idokoro-s (idokoro) principiT (adgili, sadac

unda iyo da Sexvde megobrebs), an Takujijo-s (takujijo) prin-

cipiT (movlis centri) muSaobs.

rosgaardi CauRrmavda kvlevas da rva cvladze dafuZneb-

uli tipologia aago:

- atmosfero, anu rogori atmosferoa dawesebulebaSi:

konkurentuli, mastimulirebeli, moSvebuli-laRi,

damxmare, da a. S.

- kursebis fokusi: kursebi orientirebulia Cveulebriv

saskolo sistemaze Tu misaRebi gamocdebis momzadebaze.

- skolasTan urTierToba: misdevs Tu ara kursi

saskolo programas Tu aqvs sakuTari miznebi da pro-

grama.

109

- moswavleebi: klienturis tipi, da gansakuTrebiT maTi

akademiuri momzadebis done.

- saswavlo masala: saskolo, komerciuli da saSinao

masalis kombinacia.

- zoma: klientTa raodenoba, da aris Tu ara juku

dawesebulebaTa qselis nawili.

- miReba: xdeba Tu ara klientebis misaRebi gamocdebiT

Semowmeba, Tu iReben yvelas, ramdensac dawesebuleba

fizikurad moaTavsebs.

- reklamireba: moswavleTa mozidva sazogadoebaSi

gavrcelebuli informaciiT xdeba Tu komerciuli

reklamebiT. ra maxasiaTeblebzea yuradReba gamaxvile-

buli: pedagogikaze Tu universitetSi Semsvlel

gamocdebSi miRweul warmatebaze.

jukus tipebis da cvladebis matricam saintereso da

mravlismTqmeli tipologia warmoqmna:

110

atmosfero konkurentuli/

mastimulire-

beli

laRi/damxmare aRmzrdelobiTi

/damxmare

laRi (xSirad

saxlSi swavla)

kursis

fokusi

misaRebi

gamocdebi

askolo prog-

ramis daweva

da saskolo

testebi

sabaziso

swavleba

sabaziso

unarebi

skolasTan

urTierToba

aranairi saskolo

mecadineobebs

mihyveba,

xSirad

mWidro

urTierToba

Zalian mcire

urTierToba

an aranairi

aranairi

Singaku juku

Shingaku

juku

hoSiu juku

Hoshû juku

kiosai juku

Kyôsai juku

doriru

juku

Doriru juku

repetitorobaze moTxovnis problemis gadaWra

avstraliis, inglisis, safrangeTis, singapuris da aSS-s

mTavrobebma sxvadasxva gziT scades repetitorobaze moTxov-

nis stimulireba. avstraliuri gegmiT, 2004 wels wamoiwyes

sarepetitoro vauCeris iniciativa wamoiwyes da mSoblebs

misces SesaZlebloba bavSvebis momzadebaze $700 (avstraliuri

dolari, daaxloebiT aSS $547) daexarjaT. 2007 wels avs-

traliis federalurma mTavrobam oTxi wliT dafinanseba

gamoyo momdevno gegmisTvis, romelsac „Tanabari dawyeba”

ewodeboda (uotsoni, Watson 2008, gv.7). msgavsi sistema iyo

111

moswavleebi maRali

akademiuri

moswrebis

saSualo

momzadebis

susti

akademiuri

moswrebis

yvela donis

saswavlo

masala

sakuTari

teqstebi

saxlSi

momzadebuli,

komerciuli

an saskolo

teqstebi

saxlSi

momzadebuli,

komerciuli

an saskolo

teqstebi

sakuTari

teqstebi

zoma > 200

moswavle

dnav

privilegire-

buli

< moswavleebi < 100 moswavle aTasobiT

moswavle

miReba misaRebi

gamocda

an testi

mxolod

fizikuri

limiti

mxolod

fizikuri

limiti

ulimito,

SeuzRudavi

reklamireba komerciuli,

yuradRebas

universitetSi

Cabarebaze

amaxvilebs

sazogadoebaSi

xmis gavrcele-

bis gziT,

yuradRebas

pedagogikaze

amaxvilebs

sazogadoebaSi

xmis gavrcele-

bis gziT,

yuradRebas

pedagogikaze

amaxvilebs

komerciuli,

zog

SemTxvevaSi

yuradRebas

pedagogikaze

amaxvilebs

gamoyenebuli aSS-Si (berCi da sxv., Burch et al., 2006), da orivegegma STagonebas inglisSi wamowyebuli modelidan iRebda

(teilori, Taylor, 2007). singapurSi, mTavrobam grantebi da sxvawamaxalisebeli saSualebebi daawesa sazogadoebrivi

jgufebisaTvis, raTa dabali akademiuri moswrebis mqone

moswavleebSi repetitorobaze moTxovna gazrdiliyo (Tani,Tan, 2009). amis sapirispirod, sagadasaxado waxalisebebis

franguli sistema arc dabali akademiuri moswrebis

moswavleebze yofila gaTvlili da arc dabalSemosavlian

ojaxebze (melo, Melot, 2007).yvela es modeli garkveul winaaRmdegobas waawyda. uotsoni

(Watson 2007, gv. 9) xazs usvamda avstraliaSi repetitorobis

efeqturobaze da Sesaferisi unarebis mqone repetitorebis

moZebnis siZneleebze, gansakuTrebiT soflis da Soreul

raionebSi, ufro damajerebeli monacemebis moZiebis aucile-

blobas. es problemas ar warmoadgenda uaRresad urbanul sin-

gapurSi, sadac siZneles dabali akademiuri moswrebis

moswavleebSi repetitorobaze moTxovnis SenarCuneba warmoad-

genda im pirobebSi, sadac sabazro Zalebi sul ufro zrdidnen

ufskruls sazogadoebis zeda eSelonebs da sxva fenebs Soris

(Ceo da qua, Cheo and Quah, 2005; Tani, Tan, 2009). aSS-Si san-

dermeni (Sunderman 2006, gv. 119) akritikebda „arcerTi

CamorCenili bavSvi”-s programas, radgan ver moxda am programis

efeqturobis damadasturebeli samxilis mopoveba. is agreTve

aRniSnavda, rom mimwodeblebi „araskrupulozur meTodebs”

iyenebdnen moswavleebis mosazidad, da dasZenda, rom programis

Sesaferis moswavleTa mxolod 20-ma procentma Tu miiRo

masSi monawileoba mTeli qveynis masStabiT. Tu kanonmdeblebi

msgavsi gegmebis ganxorcielebas apireben sxva qveynebSi, maT es

faqtorebi unda gaiTvaliswinon.

sxva pirobebSi, mTavar problemas repetitorobaze moTxov-

nis Semcireba ufro warmoadgens, vidre misi stimulireba. ko-

reis magaliTma gviCvena, rom im qveyanaSi mravali strategia

iyo gamoyenebuli repetitorobis srulad akrZalvisTvis. amis

msgavsad, mavritaniis magaliTma gviCvena, rom iyo repetitoro-

bis akrZalvis mcdeloba pirvelidan mesame safexuris CaTvliT.

112

am reformebs mraval qveyanaSi aqvs paraleli, magaliTad, kam-

bojaSi (brei da banli, Bray and Bunly 2005, gv. 75), egvipteSi

(harTmani, Hartmann 2008, gv. 48), keniaSi (uaniama da njeru,Wanyama and Njeru 2004, gv. 1), TurqeTSi (Tanseli da berqani,Tansel and Bircan 2007, gv. 6), ugandaSi (eilori, Eilor 2007,

gv.28), indoeTis Stat dasavleT bengalSi (jalaladini, Jalalud-din 2007, gv.2). Tumca, arcerTi repetitorobis akrZalvis mcde-

loba am qveynebSi Sedegiani ar yofila. magaliTad, harTmani

(Hartmann 2008, gv. 48) gamoexmaura hereras SeniSvnebs (Herrera1992, gv. 75), romelic egvipteSi repetitorobis akrZalvas

iseTive uSedegos uwodebda, rogorc „quCis araswor adgilebze

gadasvlis ukanonod CaTvlas, radgan mas aranairi legaluri

riski ar axlavs Tan”. koreasa da mavrikSi ki, sadac repeti-

toroba sayovelTaod aikrZala da mTavrobebma Zalisxmeva ar

daiSures mis aRsakveTad, mcdelobebi mainc uSedegod das-

rulda. yvelaze seriozuli SemTxvevaa, rodesac skolis

maswavleblebs ekrZalebaT kerZo gakveTilebis Catareba im

moswavleebisTvis, romlebzec isini isedac pasuxismgeblebi

arian ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze. magram es kerZo

repetitorobis sayovelTaod akrZalvisgan gansxvavdeba.

rogorc Cans, politikam, romelic yuradRebas repetitoro-

bis moTxovnaze amaxvilebs, am moTxovnis Zireuli mizezebi unda

gadaWras da ara zedapiruli simptomebi. mravali am mizezTagani

mxolod ganaTlebis saministroebis mier ver gadaiWreba, radgan

isini kulturul-ekonomikur sferoebs exeba. kulturuli faq-

torebi gulisxmobs, Tu ramdenad socialurad prestiJulad da

msxverplis gaRebis Rirsad iTvleba akademiuri miRweva.

ekonomikuri faqtorebi ki exeba ganaTlebis umaRles safexure-

bze dabandebuli investirebidan miRebul mogebas da aqedan

gamomdinare, imis gadawyvetas, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia

ganaTlebis maRal safexurebze swavlaSi investireba. am kuTxiT

qmedeba SeiZleba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministroebs, sao-

jaxo ganviTarebis saministroebs, an maT msgavs dawesebulebebs,

da agreTve ganaTlebis saministroebs daWirdes. iseT gansxvave-

bul qveynebSi, rogorebicaa avstria da korea, zogi ZiriTadi

reformis iniciativa mTavrobis maRali eSelonebidan wamovida

113

da ara ganaTlebis sferoSi momuSave profesionalebisgan. sam-

Tavrobo uwyebebma SeiZleba aseve TanamSromloba sazogadoebriv

organizaciebTan moisurvon, magaliTad religiur organizacieb-

Tan an socialuri keTildReobis jgufebTan.

miuxedavad amisa, ganaTlebis saministroebSi momuSave pro-

fesionalebs Cveulebriv aqvT garkveuli berketebi, rom

Crdilovani ganaTlebis masStabze da saxeobaze zegavlena

moaxdinon. maT gansakuTrebiT Semdegi faqtorebi unda gaiT-

valiswinon:

• gamocdebi. bevr qveyanaSi gamocdebis tipi ganapirobebs

repetitorobaze moTxovnis udides nawils. bevr

gamocdas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs moswavleTa

Semdgomi cxovrebis SesaZleblobebisa da

winsvlisaTvis. sagamocdo formati SeiZleba afasebdes

repetitorTan momzadebis Sedegad mokle droiT

dazepirebul masalas, rac xangrZlivi drois manZilze

sakiTxebis fundamenturi da safuZvliani gaazrebis da

SeZenili codnis sapirispiroa. ganaTlebis mesveurebma

unda gadaxedon sagamocdo formatebs da tipebs.

Tumca, maT miamiturad ar unda irwmunon, rom gamocde-

bis reforma advili saqmea. rogorc es koreis da

mavrikis magaliTebma cxadhyo, mravali dainteresebuli

mxaris da interesTa dabalansebis faqtorebis gaT-

valiswinebaa saWiro.

• donidan doneze gadasvlis intensivoba. zog qveyanaSi

repetitorobaze moTxovna gamZafrebulia imis gacno-

bierebiT, rom aplikantTa mxolod SezRudul raode-

nobas SeuZlia ganaTlebis erTi safexuridan meoreze

gadasvla. repetitorobaze moTxovnis Semcirebis erTi

gzaa, miRebis gafarToeba, ise rom ufro met msurvels

SeeZlos erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasvla. Tumca, es

meTodic yovelTvis calsaxa ar aris. zog sazogadoe-

baSi, ZiriTadi kiTxva icvleba: Tu adre ismoda kiTxva,

SeZlebs Tu ara moswavle Semdgom safexurze

gadasvlas, axla ismis kiTxva, Tu romel institutSi

SeiZleba gadasvla Semdeg safexurze. stratificirebul

114

sazogadoebebSi, sadac elitaruli saswavleblebi isev

adamianebis mcire ricxvisTvis Tu aris xelmisawvdomi,

bunebrivia maTSi mosaxvedrad repetitorobaze moTxovna

kvlav maRali darCeba.

• saerTo sazogadoebis rwmena. repetitorobaze moTxovna

xSirad umeteswilad ganpirobebulia mSoblebis ukmay-

ofilebiT ZiriTadi saskolo sistemis xarisxiT.

skolebi SeiZleba socializaciis da sxva funqciebis

matarebel dawesebulebebad CaiTvalos, magram aucile-

blad saWiroeben damatebiT resursebs. raoden ironiu-

ladac ar unda JRerdes, zog SemTxvevaSi es swored

moswavleTa miRebis gafarToebiT aris gamowveuli,

romelic repetitorobaze moTxovnis Sesamcireblad iyo

gamiznuli. Tumca, mTavrobebma aseve unda gaacnobieron,

rom repetitorobaze moTxovnis umetesi nawili maRali

akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebisagan modis da ara

CamorCenili moswavleebisgan. saerTaSoriso Sedarebis

dros ki unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti, rom

saerTo maRali akademiuri moswrebis qveynebSi, magali-

Tad aRmosavleT aziaSi, repetitoroba SeiZleba ufro

farTod iyos gavrcelebuli, vidre dabali akademiuri

moswrebis qveynebSi, magaliTad, afrikaSi.

kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma aseve unda gaiT-

valiswinon konkretulad ra mizans isaxavs sxvadasxva tipis

repetitoroba. ratom arian mSoblebi mzad gadaixadon fuli,

rom maTi Svilebi 110-moswavlian momzadebis jgufSi Cairicxon

(CarCo 7), maSin rodesac ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen, ufaso sa-

jaro skolebSi klasis zomam 35 moswavles Tu gadaaWarba?

mSoblebis azriT, ra codnas iZenen bavSvebi patara jgufebSi

an individualuri mecadineobis dros, risi miRebac maT ar Seu-

ZliaT ZiriTad saskolo gakveTilebze an saxlSi mSoblebis

daxmarebiT? ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba gamoucdeli univer-

sitetis studentis mier saSualo skolis bavSvisTvis Catare-

bul gakveTilebSi gadaxdili Tanxa sasargeblo investiciad,

maSin rodesac am ukanasknels skolaSi gamocdili profesion-

ali utarebs gakveTils?

115

116

CarCo 7. profesionali repetitori egvipteSi

harTmani (Hartmann 2008, gv. 43) gvTavazobs egvipteli

repetitoris aRweras, romelsac kargi reputacia da maRali

sabazro moTxovna aqvs damkvidrebuli sazogadoebaSi. ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, is did jgufebsac izidavs.

me mimiwvies... rom daveswro qimiis gakveTils. vikaveb

adgils gogonebis mxaris bolo rigSi. Rodesac gakveTili

iwyeba, me viTvli 14 wlis asakis 110 moswavles. sami-oTxi

axalgazrda TanamSromeli-asistenti maT siCumisken

mouwodebs. rodesac mister hiSami oTaxSi Semodis, CurCuli

wydeba da 110 Tvalis wyvili didi molodiniT maswavleb-

liskenaa mipyrobili. mister hiSami daaxloebiT 45 wlis

gamxdari aRnagobis kacia, Txeli TmiT da Txeli ulvaSiT.

konservatulad aris Cacmuli. acvia perangi, halstuxi da

limnisferi Sarvali, magram misi sada Sexeduleba

bevrs SecdomaSi Seiyvans.

rogorc momdevno ori saaTi gviCvenebs, mister hiSami ara

mxolod gamocdili da cnobili maswavlebelia, aramed ni-

Wieri „Soumenic”. is auditoriis win dinamiurad moZraobs,

wers formulebs dafaze da imave dros mikrofonSi saubriT

riTmulad xsnis maT. drodadro, leqsiviT warmoTqvams for-

mulebs da frazebs, romlebsac Semdeg moswavleebi ramden-

jerme erTxmad imeoreben, romlebmac Cans maswavleblis

miTiTebebi da miniSnebebi kargad ician... moswavleebi

kiTxvebs TiTqmis ar svamen, Tumca SeuZliaT furclebze

daweron kiTxvebi, romlebsac asistentebi Seagroveben da

Semdeg maswavlebels

repetitorobis miwodebis problemis gadaWra

zog garemoebaSi miwodebam SeiZleba Seqmnas moTxovna.

am mxriv sami konkretuli mdgomareobis ganxilva SeiZleba:

• maswavleblebi qmnian sakuTa bazars. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, rig qveynebSi maswavleblebi Cveulebriv

sTavazoben damatebiT gakveTilebs im moswavleebs,

romlebzec isedac pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad

saskolo mecadineobebze. yvelaze problemur

SemTxvevebSi, maswavleblebi moswavleebze zewolas

imiT axdenen, rom gakveTilze programis nawils gadian

da moswavleebs amcnoben, rom maTi zeda klasSi

gadasvla nawilobriv mainc maswavlebelzea damokide-

buli. rogorc silova (Silova 2007, gv.8) aRniSnavs,

„iZulebiTi” repetitoroba:

gulisxmobs maswavleblis mier moswavleebze ganx-

orcielebul zewolas (da xSirad daSantaJebas), rom

skolis Semdeg iaron maTTan kerZo mecadineobebze.

isini xSirad bavSvebs dabali niSnebiT emuqrebian

uaris SemTxvevaSi.

silovas mier Seswavlili regionebidan, es qmedeba

gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli centralur aziaSi

(yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, tajikeTSi da monRoleTSi) da kavkasi-

aSi (azerbaijanSi da saqarTveloSi).

• zewola Tanatolebisgan. rodesac irgvliv yvela ker-

Zod emzadeba, moswavleebic da mSoblebic Tvlian, rom

CamorCebian Tanatolebs, Tu isinic kerZo maswavle-

belTan ar moemzadebian. rogorc qimTan (Kim 2007,

gv. 9) interviuSi erTerTma mSobelma Tqva:

yvela masmediis saSualeba gadmoscems, rom bavSvebi

kerZod emzadebian, da Cemi Svilis megobris

mSoblebic amboben, rom maTma Svilebma esa Tu is sak-

iTxi kerZo dawesebulebebSi iswavles. . . . me minda,

rom Cem Svils ukeTesi cxovreba hqondes, ase rom

vaiZuleb iaros kerZo saswavleblebSida amiT met

investicias vdeb mis ganaTlebaSi.

117

• repetitorobis mimwodeblebis reklamireba. komer-

ciul garemoSi repetitorebi sxva biznesebiviT iqce-

vian da cdiloben Seqmnan moTxovna im servisze, rasac

isini sTavazoben xalxs. zogi gancxadebebs akravs

quCebSi, gazeTebSi da sazogadobriv transportSi.

maTi muSaobis xarisxs SeiZleba empiriuli safuZveli

ar hqondes, da rogorc ZiriTadi ganaTlebis sis-

temaSi, cudi Sedegebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavlis

dadanaSauleba SeiZleba da ara maswavleblis. inter-

netis gavrcelebam miwodebaze geografiuli SezRud-

vebi moxsna. zog qveyanaSi, moTxovna kidev ufro

gazrdilia uflebebis miniWebiT. rogorc amas deivisi

da aurini xsnian (Davies and Aurini 2006, gv.124):

aseTi mowyoba patara biznesebs centralur qse-

lebTan akavSirebs, magram privilegirebulebi kor-

poraciuli qselisgan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom

adgilobriv biznesmenebs sakuTari centrebi aqvT

da riskis did nawils Tavis Tavze iReben... adg-

ilobriv mesakuTreebs finansuri daintereseba aqvT,

amitom, albaT motivirebulebi arian, rom uzrunve-

lyon privilegirebuli momsaxureba, ufro efeqtu-

rad, vidre amas xelfasis mqone menejeri gaakeTebda.

es mcire investorebi iZenen damkvidrebuli da aRi-

arebuli produqtis gayidvis uflebas, Rebuloben

marketingul daxmarebas, menejerul

momzadebas, da daxmarebas produqtis SemowmebaSi...

iqneba es yavis gayidva, manqanis gaqiraveba, Tu

moswavleebis kerZo momzadeba, adgilobriv privi-

legirebul mflobelebs myisierad miuwvdebaT xeli

produqtze da damkvidrebul samomxmareblo

bazarze.

maswavleblebis mier Tavisive moswavleebisTvis SemoTavaze-

buli kerZo gakveTilebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos korufciaze

118

farTo diskusiis konteqstSi (olaki da puasoni, Hallak andPoisson, 2007; puasoni, Poisson 2007; dousoni, Dawson, 2009).CarCo 8 warmoadgens klitgaardis (Klitgaard) sasargeblo for-

mulas sakiTxebis warmosaxvisTvis. rodesac formulas repeti-

torobas mivusadagebT, gamoCndeba, rom maswavleblebi ufro

metad arian korumpirebulebi, rodesac TavianTi moswavleebis

saswavlo procesze monopolia aqvT, rodesac TviTneburad Seu-

ZliaT gadawyveta, Tu vin Caabarebs tests da vin CaiWreba, da

rodesac isini sistemis sxva nawilis winaSe angariSvalde-

bulni ar arian. mavrikSi, imis gadawyvetileba, rom IV-V safex-

urebze klasis xelmZRvanelebi yvela saganSi sxvadasxva

maswavlebliT CaenacvlebinaT, gamiznuli iyo am xelmZR-

vanelebis monopoliis Sesamcireblad. sxva reformebi miznad

isaxavs moswavleTa gamorCevis TviTneburi gadawyvetilebis

saSualebis Semcirebas da maswavlebelTa angariSvaldebulebis

gazrdas skolis da sistemis doneze.

119

CarCo 8. monopolia + moswavleebis TviTneburi gamorCeva

_ angariSvaldebuleba

korufciis maxasiaTeblebis da mizezebis ganxilvisas

klit gaardma (Klitgaard 1988, gv. 75) ZiriTadi elementebi

formulamde daiyvana:

korufcia = monopolia + gadawyvetilebebis TviTneburad

miReba _ angariSvaldebuleba.

man wamoayena mosazreba, rom ukanono qmedeba vrceldeba,

rodesac agentebs klientebze monopolia aqvT damyarebuli,

rodesac agentebs gadawyvetilebebis miReba TviTneburad

SeuZliaT, da rodesac maTi angariSvaldebuleba mcirea.

bisualma (Biswal 1999, gv. 323) aCvena, Tu rogorc para-

lelebs avlens es koncefcia kerZo repetitorobasa da ko-

rufciis sxva formebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac

ZiriTadi maswavleblebi kerZo gakveTilebs sTavazoben Tavis

moswavleebs. rogorc bisuali aRniSnavda, am maswavleblebs

„monopolia aqvT mopovebuli studentebisTvis TavianTi

jonsonma (Johnson, 2008) am koncefcias iseTi cvladebi

daumata, rogorebicaa sagani, romelsac maT aswavlian,

moswavleebis socio-ekonomikuri statusi da maTi akademiuri

moswreba. yirgizeTSi Catarebuli kvlevis moxmobiT jonsonma

aRniSna, rom (gv. 213):

korufciaSi monawile an aramonawile maswavle-

blebis gansxvaveba erTmaneTisgan ara maTi eTnikuri

warmoSobiT, genderiT, asakiT an maTi adminis-

traciuli roliT SeiZleba, aramed ufro imis cod-

niT, Tu vin arian maTi moswavleebi, vin arian maTi

kolega maswavleblebi, vin aris maTi skolis direq-

tori, ra sagnebs aswavlian isini, da ra ubanSi cx-

ovroben.

ufro konkretulad ki (gv. 219):

yvelaze metad korumpirebuli maswavlebeli yir-

gizeTSi aswavlis iseT maRalmoTxovnad sagnebs, ro-

gorebicaa maTematika, yirgizuli ena, an inglisuri

ena, da ara iseTi dabali moTxovnis sagnebs, rogor-

icaa istoria. isini aswavlian maRali socio-

ekonomikuri statusis mqone moswavleebs, romlebsac

saSualo maCveneblebiani akademiuri moswreba aqvT

[GPA]. isini naklebad ganviTarebul da eTnikurad

ufro homogenur regionSi aswavlian, rogorc ur-

banul aseve soflis raionebSi. rac yvelaze niSan-

doblivia, yvelaze korumpirebuli maswavleblebi

120

servisis miwodebaze. maT aqvT gadawyvetilebis TviTneburad

miRebis ufleba, Tu ras miawvdian klientebs, da TavianT

qmedebebze angariSvaldebulni ar arian. es warmoSobs iseT

situacias, rodesac maswavleblebi moswavleebisgan da-

matebiT samomxmareblo Semosavals iReben skolaSi

gakveTilebis gacdeniT da fasiani damatebiTi klasgareSe

mecadineobebis SemoTavazebiT.”

aswavlian im skolebSi, sadac sxva maswavleblebis

„simkacre” da skolis direqtoris profesionalizmi

maT iurisdiqciaze ar vrceldeba.

amgvarad, jonsoni gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom klitgaardis

ZiriTadi debuleba moqmedia, radgan aseT maswavleblebs

udidesi monopolia aqvT moTxovnad ganaTlebaze da maT xelT

aris ganawilebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis umetesi wili.

jonsonis mier damatebuli cvladebi ki Seicavs msyidvelobiTi

unaris mqone moswavleebis mier gazrdil moTxovnas, romelic

maTi SesaZleblobebiT da konkretuli sagnebiT dainteresebiT

aris ganpirobebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi, korumpirebul

maswavlebels korumpirebuli klienti esaWiroeba. kanonmde-

blebisTvis ki es sxvadasxva cvladebis sxvadasxva konteqstSi

gaTvaliswinebas niSnavs.

am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, is faqti, rom zogierTi

ganaTlebis sistema ufro metad zrdis, vidre amcirebs,

maswavleblebis TviTnebur qmedebebs ufro nakleb winaaRmde-

gobrivi mogveCveneba, vidre es SeiZleba erTi SexedviT Candes.

erTi gza, rom Semcirdes didi mniSvnelobis mqone gamocdebis

uaryofiTi zegavlena, aris is, rom sxva meTodebTan erTad

gamocdebi saskolo Sefasebis mxolod erTerT komponentad vaq-

cioT. saskolo Sefasebebi aucileblad zrdis maswavleblebis

rols, rac maT mier gadawyvetilebebis TviTneburad miRebis

uflebamosilebasac zrdis. kanonmdeblebisTvis ismis ZiriTadi

SekiTxva: gamoasworebs Tu ara sistemas gafarToebuli saskolo

Sefaseba, Tu morig problemebs warmoSobs? pasuxi damokidebuli

iqneba maswavlebelTa profesionalizmze da saswavlo procesis

TviTregulaciis masStabze. es qmedeba SeiZleba yirgizeTis zo-

gierT nawilSi mizanSewonilad ar CaiTvalos, magram SesaZloa

qveynis sxva nawilebSi an sulac sxva qveynebSi gamodges,

gansakuTrebiT Tu is TviT repetitorobis eTikis kodeqsTan

erTad iqneba ganxorcielebuli (puasoni, Poisson 2007, gv.17).maswavlebelTa profkavSirebi SeiZleba Rirebul partniorebad

iqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxerxdeba maTi darwmuneba, rom am

sakiTxSi kanonmdeblebs mxari auban.

121

aseve yuradRebas imsaxurebs modelebis cxrili, romelsac

teilori (Taylor 2007, gv,17-18) gansaxilvelad gvTavazobs

programaSi „mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTeba”, romelic 2007

wels inglisSi daiwyo (cxrili 14). es proeqti aqtiurad

ganixilavda skolis maswavleblebis daqiravebas, rom Caetare-

binaT damatebiTi gakveTilebi TavianTi moswavleebisTvis, albaT

imis CaTvliT, rom sazedamxedvelo struqturebi adeqvaturi

iqneboda (anu sakmarisi angariSvaldebuleba iarsebebda) da

eTikis sakiTxebi problemebs ar warmoSobda. aseve mowveulni

iqnebodnen sxva skolebis maswavleblebi, profesionali repeti-

torebi, da saswavlo-mentorebi, im pirobiT, rom maT eqnebodaT

kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi (QTS).arakvalificiuri universitetis studentebi programaSi

monawileobas ar miiRebdnen, xolo staJiori-maswavleblebi mx-

olod im gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi daiSvebodnen, Tu maT

moswavlis skola ukve icnobda. es modelebi SeiZleba sxva

qveynebSic gamodges, Tumca xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom

isini iseT garemoSi Seiqmna, sadac mZlavri finansuri

resursebi da maswavleblebis profesionalizmisTvis Zlieri

baza arsebobda.

122

cxrili 14. inglisis „mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTebis”

programisTvis Seqmnili repetitorobis

modelebi

123

modeli dadebiTi mxare SezRudvebi

skolis

maswavlebeli

•icnobs moswavles

da mis saWiroebebs,

moTxovnebs.

•icnobs mSoblebs.

•klasSi programis

midevneba ufro

advilia.

•xarisxis uzrunvel

yofa ufro garanti-

rebulia.

•skolis maswavleblis klas-

gareSe repetitorad aRqma

moswavlis mier.

•axleburi midgoma/Tvisebebi

SeiZleba gaxdes saWiro

bavSvis mecadineobaSi

CarTvisTvis.

•maswavleblis datvirTva

SeiZleba problemas war-

moadgendes.maswavleblis

arasaskolo dro SeiZleba

ukve dakavebuli iyos.

•mSobelTa Sexeduleba

repetitorobaze

– repetitori skolis

maswavleblisgan

gansxvavebuli pirovneba unda

iyos, anu sxva adamiani unda

iyos.

skolis an

skolasTan

dakavSirebu-

li sxva

maswavlebeli

•saxis da stilis

cvlileba.

•farTo amocdileba.

•skolis sistemebis

da ganawesis codna.

•wyvilSi muSaobis

SesaZlebloba.

•skolis

maswavlebelsa

da mSoblebs Soris

kontaqti ufro

advili xdeba.

•moswavle cvlilebisas Tavs

daucvelad grZnobs.

•maswavlebeli bavSvis

saWiroebebs da moTxovnebs

ar icnobs.

•maswavleblis amJamindeli

datvirTva SeiZleba proble-

mebs qmnides.

•maswavleblis skolis Semd-

gomi dro SeiZleba ukve

dakavebuli iyos.

124

•Canawerebze, akade-

miur informaciaze

da saswavlo

gegmebze

xelmisawvdomoba.

•SeiZleba moswavlis

Tvis da

mSoბlisTvis

ukve nacnobi iyos.

•xarisxis

uzrunvelyofa

ufro

garantirebulia.

•mSoblebis azri repeti-

torobaze – repetitori

unda skolis maswavleblis-

gan gansxvavdebodes, anu sxva

unda iyos.

maswavleblebi

partniori

skolebidan

•axali saxe/axali

ideebi.

•axali gamocdileba

maswavleblebisTvis.

•aumjobesebs da

aZlierebs gadasvlas

skolidan skolaSi.

•kargi gamocdilebis

gaziareba saskolo

raionebs Soris.

•SeiZleba moiTxovon gareSe

maswavleblebis gadamzadeba.

•ufrosi moswavleebisTvis

ukeTesi, eguebian maswavle-

blebis cvalebadobas.

•maswavleblebi axali

garemos/fazis

moTxovnebs/molodins ar

icnoben.

•maswavleblebma ar ician

bavSvs ra esaWiroeba.

•mecadineobebis xarisxis

uzrunvelyofaze Tvalis

devneba ufro rTulia.

nebismieri

maswavlebeli

•axali saxe/axali

ideebi.

•moswavlis saWiroe-

bebze axali Sexedu-

leba.

•afarTovebs maswav-

leblebis monawi-

leobas programaSi.

•Sesaferisi arsebiTi sagno-

brivi codnis nakleboba.

•skolis sistemebis ucodi-

naroba.

•skolis maswavlebelTan

kontaqtis damyarebis

garTuleba droiTi da

adgilmdebareobis SezRudve-

bis gamo.

125

•axal konteqstSi

muSaobis

gamocdile-

bis SeZena.

•fazis molodinis, moTx-

ovniebis ucodinaroba.

•ar icis ra esaWiroeba

bavSvs.

•saswavlo sesiebis xarisxis

uzrunvelYofis

gakontroleba ufro

Zneli xdeba.

sarepetitoro

organizacia

•isini qiraoben

repetitorebs.

•ufro meti

arCevani.

•yvela administra-

ciuli sakiTxi

adgilobrivi

mTavrobisTvis

keTdeba.

•tevadoba da dro

ar warmoadgens

problemas.

•amsubuqebs samuSao

zewolas skolis

maswavleblebze.

•Tanamedrove strategiebis

codnis done.

•sesiebis xarisxis gakon-

troleba Zneli.

•repetitoris geografiuli

adgilmdebareoba.

•moswavleebTan da mSobleb-

Tan swrafi urTierTobis

damyarebis SesaZleblobis

arseboba. saskolo sisteme-

bis codna, mag.: moswavleebis

profilireba/doneebad

dayofa.

•teritoriis/Senobis safa-

suri.

•usafrTxoebis da uSiSroe-

bis sakiTxebi.

126

sxva mosazre-

bebi:

konsultan-

tebi; wamyvani

maswavleblebi;

Semdgomi

ganaTlebis

maswavleblebi;

maswavleblad

dabrunebulebi;

sainformacio

da komunika-

ciis teqnolo-

giebi (ICT);ara-sapilote

programebis

maswavleblebi/

ufrosi maswav-

leblebi;

saojaxo

repetitorebi

(unda hqon-

des kvalifi-

ciuri maswav-

leblis

statusi

[QTS]); saswav-lo mentorebi

(unda hqondeT

QTS);maswavlebeli

staJiorebi

im gamonaklis

SemTxvevebSi,

Tu maT skola

icnobs.

•saxis da stilis

cvlileba.

•farTo amocdileba.

•SeiZleba moswavle

da mSoblebi ukve

icnobdnen.

• sagnis Sesaferisi

codna

•sesiebis xarisxis

monitoringi

ufro rTuli xdeba.

•gadamwyveti etapisTvis

Sesaferisi axali da

relevanturi gamocdileba.

•gadamwyveti etapisTvis

Sesaferisi sagnobrivi

codnis nakleboba –

SeiZleba damatebiTi

treiningi da

daxmareba dasWirdes.

bazris moTokva/regulireba

kanonmdeblebs, romlebsac sjeraT, rom repetitoroba ukve

arsebobs da ver aRmoifxvreba, Tundac mTavrobis warmomadgen-

lebs amisi survili hqondeT, SeuZliaT eZion gzebi bazris

dasaregulireblad da sinergiis gansamtkiceblad. amisi

nimuSebi zemoT ukve iyo moyvanili. magaliTad, mavrikSi

maswavleblebs neba darTes, rom gamoiyenon saklaso oTaxebi

da amiT Crdilovan ganaTlebas ufro meti wesrigisa da reg-

ulirebis iersaxe miscen. aseve zanzibaris mTavrobam neba

darTo sazelmwifo skolebs, rom daaweson mciredi gadasaxadi

damatebiTi mecadineobebisTvis, romlebsac maswavleblebi ofi-

cialuri samuSao saaTebis Semdeg Caatareben im situaciaSi,

sadac mSoblebTan amis Taobaze SeTanxmeba arsebobs. samTavrobo

dokumenti (zanzibari, Zanzibar 1998, gv. 18) xsnis:

Tumca es reforma winaaRmdegobrivia, is mSoblebs

iSviaT SesaZleblobas sTavazobs, rom nebayoflobiTi

wvlili Seitanon maswavleblebis anazRaurebaSi da

amiT gazardon maswavleblebis motivacia da Seamc-

iron maTi survili eZebon sxva samsaxuri. am re-

formas dadebiTi zegavlena aqvs swavlis

xelmisawvdomobazec, radgan moswavleTa mzardi rao-

denobis fonze daqiravebul maswavlebelTa ricxvic

stabilurad izrdeba.

es politika garkveul riskTan aris dakavSirebuli, radgan

is sasurveli struqturuli cvlilebebis gatarebaze aucile-

blobas xsnis, ris Sedegadac maswavleblebs aunazRaurdebodaT

Catarebuli samuSao, romelsac isini Sesabamis safexurze

Caatarebdnen. ufro metic, es politika SeiZleba privatizaciis

farul formad iqces, romelic skolis kulturas cvlis da

Znelad Seqcevadia. miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma

aRiares, rom repetitoroba arsebobs da ZiriTad saskolo sis-

temasTan paralelurad sinergiebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyes xeli.

sxva iniciativebic SeiZleba iyos wamowyebuli skolis

127

doneze, magram SeiZleba raionulad an ufro maRal doneze

gavrceldes. rogorc bevr sxva adgilas, aseve kambojaSi

dawyebiTi klasebis administratorebma SeniSnes, rom maswavle-

blebs ufro metad surT aswavlon popularuli sagnebi zeda

klasebSi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo repetitorobis

bazarze adgils advilad imkvidreben (brei da banli, Bray andBunly, 2005; dousoni, Dawson, 2009). amis Sedegad, qveda

safexurebi da sxva sagnebi SeiZleba ugulebelyofili darCes.

erTi mTavari maswavlebelis SorsmWvreteluri strategiiT,

repetitorobidan Segrovebul Semosavals skolis yvela

maswavlebels unawilebdnen. es erTi maswavleblis iniciativiT

xdeboda, magram misi gamoyeneba mTeli sistemis masStabiT Sei-

Zleba.

mTavrobebs agreTve SeuZliaT waaxalison repetitorebi, rom

TavianT saqmianobas profesionaluri saxe miscen. magaliTad,

taivans aqvs repetitorobis uzrunvelyofis asociacia,

romelic misi wevrebis saganmanaTleblo da biznes saqmianobebs

zedamxedvelobas uwevs. 1999 wels taipeiSi daaxloebiT 1,150

sarepetitoro skola iyo, romelTagan naxevari sarepetitoro

ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis taipeis asociaciis wevri iyo. aso-

ciacia ganixilavda sazogadoebis saCivrebs wevri skolebis

winaaRmdeg, aqveynebda axali ambebis cnobars, da TviTregulire-

bad organod moqmedebda (brei, Bray 2003, gv. 57). saberZneTSi

msgavsi organizacia aris mowinave maswavleblebis elinisturi

federacia (Hellenic Federation of Frontistiria Teachers), romelic

1981 wels daarsda da 2008 wlisTvis 3,000 wevri hyavda, rom-

lebic sarepetitoro skolebis mflobelebi iyvnen da 37,000

wevri hyavda, romlebic repetitorebi iyvnen (hagiTegasi, Hagite-gas, 2008 a, gv.1; ix. agreTve hagiTegasi, Hagitegas, 2008 b). esorganizaciebi profesiuli dawesebulebebia, romlebTanac

mTavrobas bavSvebis keTildReobis saerTo interesebisTvis

urTierTobis damyareba da molaparakebis warmoeba SeuZlia.

sxva sarepetitoro kompaniebma moipoves reputacia xarisxis

kontrolis standartebis gaSuqebiT. germaniaSi msxvili

sarepetitoro kompania, Schuellerhilfe.de, amayobs, rom is eqvemde-bareba klienturis momsaxurebis xarisxis sertificirebis

128

process, ISOO9001. safrangeTSi, kompletiudmac (Complétude)msgavsi meTodiT konkurentebs Soris Tavi gamoiCina. am ini-

ciativebs TviT kompaniebi axorcielebdnen, magram SeiZleba wax-

alisebuli iyos erovnuli mTavrobebis mier, im muqaris

gamoyenebiT, rom Tu aseTi kompaniebi TviT-regulacias ar moax-

denen, maTi regulireba gare Zalebidan moxdeba.

mTavrobebs aseve sarepetitoro skolebis sabazro strate-

giebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, raTa sazogadoebis garkveul seg-

mentebSi Segneba aamaRlon. rogorc qimi (Kim 2007, gv.14)

gadmoscems, koreaSi kerZo dawesebulebebis instruqtorebi

Cveulebriv ganasxvaveben sazogadoebis zeda saSualo fenas da

qveda fenas, da aRniSnavs, rom qveda fenis mSoblebi naklebad

aZaleben bavSvebs, rom iswavlon. radgan sarepetitoro

saswavleblebs TavianTi bazris gafarToeba surT, isini “mud-

mivad aRviveben sazogadoebis ltolvas socialuri mobiluro-

bisken ganaTlebis meSveobiT”. es mTavrobebis miznebsac

emsaxureba, imdenad ramdenadac qveda socialur fenebSi sagan-

manaTleblo qmedebebs acocxlebs.

Amsgavsad amisa, mTavrobebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron repeti-

toroba arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da sazogadoebriv or-

ganizaciebTan SeTanxmebiT. jalaladinma (Jalaluddin 2007, gv.4)

gaaSuqa bangladeSis sazogadoebis swavlis daxmarebis proe-

qti (CLAP) romelic 1998 wels daiwyo bavSvebis da sazoga-

doebis dasaxmareblad, rom swavlis gasaumjobeseblad

ganaviTaron sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. am proeqtis erTerTi

komponentia sazogadoebidan repetitorebis daqiraveba, rom-

lebic umetesad kolejebis da universitetebis studentebi

arian, romlebsac adgilobrivi sazogadoeba irCevs da maTTan

erTad momuSave arasamTavrobo organizacia utarebs

treningebs. repetitorebi skolis maswavleblebTan mWidro

kavSirSi muSaoben, Tumca ara maTi xelmZRvanelobis qveS.

msgavsi iniciativa Catarda egvi pteSi, sadac mTavroba

TiTqos da ewinaaRmdegeba Crdilovan ganaTlebas, magram

gadawyvita, rom garkveul aspeqtebSi Seuwyos xeli saqvelmo-

qmedo organizaciebis miwodebiT, raTa dabalSemosavliani

fenebisaTvis damatebiTi mecadineobebi uzrunvelyon meCeTebSi,

129

eklesiebSi da sxva SenobebSi. harTmanis (Hartmann 2008, gv.41)

gadmocemiT, es repetitorobis oficialuri da legaluri

forma SemoRebuli iyo “rogorc reaqcia farTod gavrcele-

bul aralegalur repetitorobaze.” kerZo moxalise asocia-

ciebs moeTxovebaT, rom daregistrirdnen ara ganaTlebis

saministroSi, aramed socialuri sakiTxebis saministroSi.

maregulirebeli struqturebis gaumjobeseba

maregulirebel struqturebze komentarebis gakeTeba

sasargeblo iqneba silovas (Silova, 2007) statiis xsenebiT.man aRniSna, rom (gv. 9) repetitorobis farTomasStaburobis

da uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad, aRmosavleT evropaSi da

aziaSi, mis mier Seswavlili 12 qveynidan mxolod eqvss hqonda

maregulirebeli sistemebi - yazaxeTs, litvas, monRoleTs, slo-

vakeTs, tajikeTs da ukrainas (cxrili 15).

cxrili 15. repetitorobis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo

CarCoebi evropisa da aziis eqvs qveyanaSi

saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis

mier damatebiTi ganaTlebis servisis uzrunve-

lyofa 1999 wlis dekretiT regulirdeba.

kerZo repetitoroba gansazRvrulia, rogorc

saskolo sagnebSi moswavleebisTvis damatebiTi

individualuri mecadineobebis Catareba, garda

saxelmwifo saswavlo programiT dadgenili

akademiuri saaTebisa. dekreti agreTve adgens,

rom skolebs SeuZliaT aseTi saganmanaTleblo

momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, rogorc saxelmwifo

saganmanaTleblo standartebze maRla mdgomi

damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo programebisa.

130

yazaxeTi

2003 wlis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis mixedviT

SemoRebul iqna Tavisufali maswavleblis cneba,

romelic gulisxmobs pirovnebas, romelsac

mopovebuli aqvs licenzia indvidualurad Caer-

Tos saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi.

Tavisufal maswavlebels SeuZlia SesTavazos

araformaluri ganaTleba an gamoiyenos sapro-

gramo modulebi, romlebic avseben skolamdel

programas da / an formalur saganmanaTleblo

programebs. Tavisufal maswavleblebs aqvT

ufleba imuSaon sakuTari individualuri pro-

gramebiT an airCion meTodebi da pedagogiuri

moRvaweobis formebi da SesTavazon konsulta-

ciebi da samsaxurebSi daxmareba. kanoni Tavis-

ufal maswavleblebs rig moTxovnebs uyenebs,

magaliTad eTikis dacvas, moswavlis usafrTx-

oebis garantias, iseTi samuSao adgilis qonas,

romelic higienis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, da

moswavleebTan SeTanxmebuli saswavlo procesis

gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. kanoni ukrZalavs Tavi-

sufal maswavleblebs kerZo gakveTilebi Cau-

taron TavianTi ZiriTadi skolis moswavleebs.

2006 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni da 2007 wlis

skolamdeli, dawyebiTi skolis da saSualo sko-

lis maswavleblebis eTikis kodeqsi ukrZalavs

maswavleblebs, Cautaron gakveTilebi TavianT

moswavleebs. eTikis kodeqsis meore seqcia yu-

radRebas amaxvilebs, rom maswavleblebs “ara

aqvT ufleba aiZulon moswavleebi SeiZinon

wignebi, saswavlo masalebi da sxva nivTebi;

moTxovon maT gadaixadon Tanxa, romelic kanon-

mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, da saku-

Tari iniciativiT SesTavazon kerZo

131

litva

monRoleTi

gakve Tilebi”. eTikis kodeqsis damrRvevi

maswavleblebi daisjebian maswavleblis serTi-

fikatis CamorTmeviT.

savaWro licenzirebis aqti ucxo enebSi da

xelovnebaSi kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis

pirobebs adgens. ucxo enebis swavleba SesaZle-

belia mxolod am saganSi xarisxis mopovebis

Semdeg (sauniversiteto xarisxi an ucxo enis

serTifikati) an 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi im

qveyanaSi cxovrebiT, sadac es ena oficialurad

gamoiyeneba. repetitoroba xelovnebis dargSi

SeiZleba im pirobiT Tu maswavlebeli serti-

fikats xelovnebis skolidan moipovebs an am

dargSi 10-wliani gamocdilebis Semdeg. Tumca,

sxva sagnebSi kerZo gakveTilebis Casatareblad

oficialuri sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi ar ar-

sebobs da aranairi sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebi

ar aris TviTon maswavleblebis mier Catarebul

kerZo mecadineobebze.

2004 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni kerZo repeti-

tors gansazRvravs, rogorc “maswavlebels,

romelic moswavleebs individualur an jgu-

fur mecadineobebs sTavazobs [oficialuri]

samuSao saaTebisgan Tavisufal dros skolaSi

an universitetSi”. 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad,

mSoblebs an aRmzrdelebs SeuZliaT moTxovon

saxelmwifo saSualo skolebs, rom moawyon da-

matebiTi mecadineobebi garkveuli gadasaxadis

sanacvlod. kanoni adgens, rom damatebiTi

mecadineobebi SeiZleba Catardes oficialuri

saskolo programebis miRma Semdeg sferoebSi:

(1) calkeul programebSi da sagnebSi, romleb-

132

slovakeTi

tajikeTi

sac saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo programa ar

iTvaliswinebs; (2) im sakiTxebis siRrmiseul

SeswavlaSi, romlebsac saganmanaTleblo dawe-

sebulebebi ar iTvaliswinebs, da (3) im sagan-

manaTleblo momsaxurebaSi, romelic

saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo standartebs

scildeba.

2003 wels ganaTlebis da mecnierebis samin-

istrom skolebis teritoriaze kerZo mecadi-

neobebis Catareba akrZala. “iZulebiT

repetitorobaze” (e.i. klasis maswavlbelis

mier SeTavazebul da an moTxovnil kerZo

mecadineobebze) mSobelTa saCivris sapasuxod,

2004 wels saministrom skolis maswavleblebs

aukrZala TavianTi moswavleebis kerZod

momzadeba.

wyaro: silova (Silova, 2007), gv. 10-11.

am eqvsi qveynidan, litvas yvelaze daxvewili sistema hqonda.

litvis 2003 wlis ganaTlebis kanoni kerZo repetitoris (aR-

werili, rogorc “Tavisufali maswavlebeli”) yovlismomcvel

gansazRvrebas sTavazobda sazogadoebas, da detalurad aRwerda

daregistrirebis procedurebs. is aseve moTxovnebs adgenda

repetitorebisTvis, kerZod ki moiTxovda maswavleblis eTikis

kodeqsis dacvas, SemswavlelTa, usafrTxoebas da repetitoro-

bisTvis Sesaferisi adgilis SerCevas. litvis kanoni aseve iT-

valiswinebda, rom zogierT repetitors SeiZleba ZiriTad

saskolo sistemaSic emuSava. aseT SemTxvevaSi is maswavle-

blebs ukrZalavda emecadinebinaT sakuTari moswavleebi (ix

agreTve budieni da zabulionisi, Būdienė and Zabulionis 2006,

gv. 218).

133

ukraina

amis sapirispirod, slovakeTSi savaWro licenzirebis aqti

repetitorobas xels uwyobda mxolod ucxo enebSi da

xelovnebaSi. sxva saskolo sagnebSi kerZo mecadineobis Casa-

tareblad kvalifikaciebi saWiro ar iyo. maswavleblebis ume-

tesoba Crdilovan ekonomikaSi muSaobda savaWro licenziis

da Semosavlidan gadasaxadebis gadaxdis gareSe (ix. agreTve

kubanova, Kubánová 2006 gv. 282). garda amisa, aranairi kanoni

ar zRudavda TviT maswavleblebis mier kerZo mecadineobebis

Catarebas. am jgufSi mxolod sami qveyana (litva, monRoleTi

da ukraina) ukrZalavda maswavleblebs emecadinebinaT Ta-

vianTive moswavleebi, romlebsac ZiriTad saskolo gakveTile-

bze isedac aswavlidnen.

silova aRniSnavda (gv. 11), rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi es

kanonebi iSviaTad Tu Sedioda ZalaSi. yazaxeTSi da tajikeTSi

procedurebi gansakuTrebiT rTuli da Zviri iyo; da litvaSic

ki, sadac yvelaze daxvewili struqtura arsebobda, cota

repetitori Tu registrirdeboda, rogorc es maT moeTxovebo-

daT. garda amisa, litvis saxelmwifo sagadasaxado inspeqcia

TiTqmis SeuZleblad Tvlida imis damtkicebas, rom pirovneba

kerZo mecadineobebs atarebda da ganucxadebel Semosavals

iRebda. yazaxeTSi da tajikeTSi, kanonmdebloba adgenda, rom

mSoblebs damatebiTi gakveTilebis safasuri saswavleblebis sa-

banko angariSebze gadaericxaT, magram yazaxeTSi Zalian mcire

raodenobis sajaro skolas, tajikeTSi ki arcerT sajaro sko-

las sabanko angariSi ar hqonda. silovam aseve gaaSuqa (gv. 12)

sagadasaxado waxalisebis ararseboba. tajikeTis ganaTlebis

kanoni adgenda, rom “fasiani saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebi ibegreboda tajikeTis kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT”. Tumca, mTavrobas aranairi meqanizmi ar hqonda am kano-

nis ZalaSi Sesayvanad, da repetitorebs ki aranairi waxaliseba

ar hqondaT, rom kanons TavianTi nebiT damorCilebodnen.

sxva qveynebs gansxvavebuli sakanonmdeblo struqturebi da

normebi aqvT. koreas da iaponias Sorisac ki mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebebia, miuxedavad koreis sakanonmdeblo sistemaze

iaponiis zegavlenisa kolonializmis periodSi. qimi da li

(Kim and Lee 2008, gv. 9) aRniSnavdnen, rom haquonebis (hak-

134

wons) damfuZneblebma mTavrobisgan nebarTva unda moipovon.

maTi instruqtorebi garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebd-

nen da maTi aRWurviloba usafrTxoebis standartebs unda

Seesabamebodes. kanonebi aseve moiTxovs, rom gadasaxadebi adg-

ilobrivi saganmanaTleblo komitetebis mier dadgenil lim-

itze naklebi iyos. qimi da li aRniSnavdnen (gv. 9), rom:

es mkacri kanonmdebloba iaponiiis jukuSi (juku)saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobis politikisgan

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. iaponiis mTavroba jukus

(juku), rogorc nebismier sxva mcire bizness iseeqceva, da maT ar aregulirebs. jukusgan gansx-

vavebiT, romelic repetitorobis sxvadsxva formas

Seicavs da saganmanaTleblo moTxovnebs moqneulad

udgeba, haquoni (hakwon) ufro mkacrad gansazRvru-lia da skolas waagavs.

am SeniSvnebs iseTi avtorebi exmaurebian, rogorebic arian

dirqesi (Dierkes, 2008) da mori (Mori, 2008). ganaTlebis

dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze sxva nimuSebic

iyo moyvanili:

• avstriaSi, repetitorobas ZiriTadad erTi-erTze

mecadineobebis “saSinao industriis” forma aqvs,

sadac mecadineobebs universitetis studentebi, pen-

sionrebi, da aqtiuri maswavleblebi atareben. sajaro

moxeleebis Sesaxeb kanoni maswavleblebs ukrZalavs,

rom damatebiTi mecadineobebi Cautaron TavianTive

skolis moswavleebs (gruberi, Gruber 2007, gv. 3; ix.

agreTve gruberi, Gruber, 2008).

• indoeTSi repetitorobis maregulirebeli aranairi

erovnuli politika ar arsebobs, magram zog Stats

aqvs wesdeba (sujaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv. 29-30),

romelic skolis maswavleblebs kerZo mecadineobebis

Catarebas ukrZalavs. zog StatSi skolis direq-

toris nebarTviT, skolis maswavlebels SezRuduli

raodenobiT kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis uflebas

135

aZleven, Tu maswavlebeli ukiduresad gaWirvebul md-

gomareobaSia. sujaTa (Sujatha) aRniSnavda (gv. 29),rom “yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom maswavleblebi

SeuzRudavad atareben kerZo gakveTilebs”. maharaS-

Tras StatSi (Maharashtra State) sarepetitoro cen-trebi daregistrirebulia Statis saSemosavlo

departamentis sacalo vaWrobis (maRaziebis sakuTre-

bis, Sesyidvebis licenziis) aqtiT, maSin rodesac is

saagentoebi, romlebic saSinao repetitorobisTvis

maswavlebels qiraoben, daregistrirebulia saqvelmo-

qmedo komisiis aqtiT. TeoriaSi, registracia yovel

sam weliwadSi unda ganaxldes, magram es “rogorc

wesi ar xdeba aRniSnuli departamentebis da maTi

mesveurebis modunebuli damokidebulebis gamo” (su-

jaTa, Sujatha 2007, gv. 30).

• namibiaSi, “repetitorobis maregulirebeli aranairi

meqanizmi ar arsebobda” (ngionani, Nghiyoonnanye2007, gv. 2), kerZo mecadineobebis aSkara gavrcelebis

miuxedavad.

• 1999 wels portugaliis mTavrobam kanonmdebloba

miiRo ganaTlebis seqtorSi “kerZo saqmianobis mqone

sajaro samsaxurebis mozRvavebis Taobaze” (ne-

tomendesi da kosta, Neto-Mendes and Costa 2007, gv.

3). movaleobebis damatebiT Sesruleba SeiZleba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu “kerZo damatebiTi saqmianoba, romelic

sajaro saqmianobis msgavsia, ar aris imave studente-

bisken mimarTuli [romlebsac maswavlebeli ZiriTadi

saqmianobis dros ukve isedac aswavlis]”. 2005 wlis

ufro konkretuli kanonmdebloba adgenda, rom sa-

jaro skolis maswavlebels kerZo saqmianobis war-

marTva ar SeuZlia, rac amave dros kerZo

gakveTilebis Catarebas gulisxmobs, rodesac

maswavlebeli imave skolis moswavleebs aswavlis,

sadac TviTon muSaobs. Tumca, neto-mendesi da kosta

dasZendnen (Neto-Mendes and Costa 2007, gv. 3), rom:

136

iuridiuli dokumentebis mier dadgenil SezRudvebi imdenad

Rirebulia, ramdenadac Cven maT vicnobT: maT im miniSnebis fasi

aqvT, rasac mTavrobebi sazogadoebas aZleven, da rac SesaZle-

blobebs da SezRudvebs gansazRvravs... Tumca, maTi efeqturoba

bevr eWvs badebs, gansakuTrebiT Tu Tan ar axlavT damatebiTi

zomebi, romlebic erTis mxriv, aseTi miTiTebis upiratesobas

warmoaCens, da meores mxriv, sazogadoebis erTsulovan poli-

tikur nebas gamoxatavs, rom mxari dauWiron da ZalaSi Seiy-

vanon miRebuli kanonmdebloba. es ki kontrols da simkacres

gulisxmobs.

• singapurSi skolis maswavleblebma nebarTva unda

moipovon, Tu kviraSi eqvs saaTze meti xangrZlivobis

kerZo mecadineobebis Catareba surT. garda amisa maT

ekrZalebaT mecadineobebi SesTavazon moswavleebs im

skolebSi, sadac TviTon muSaoben. Tumca, es kanonebi

srulyofilad ar aris amoqmedebuli da arcerTi maT-

gani repetitorobis xarisxis sakiTxs ar ganixilavs

(Tani, Tan, 2007; ix. agreTve Tani, Tan, 2009 gv. 100). • makaoSi, 1998 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba sarepeti-

toro centrebisgan moiTxovs, rom licenziebi

moipovon da im adgilebSi imuSaon, romlebic higienis

da usafrTxoebis standartebs akmayofilebs (sou, Sou2007, gv. 3). licenziis mqone erTeulma kriminaluri

udanaSaulobis serTifikati unda warmoadginos,

xolo pirovnebas, romelic yoveldRiur marTvas

udgas saTaveSi, kolejis an ufro maRali donis kval-

ifikacia unda hqondes. repetitorebs, romlebic

dawyebiTi, qveda saSualo skolis klasebis da zeda

saSualo skolis klasebis moswavleebs amecadineben,

unda Sesabamisad hqondeT sul mcire qveda saSualo

skolis, zeda saSualo skolis da umaRlesi

ganaTleba. sarepetitoro centrebis licenziebi

yovel wels ganaxlebadia. mTavrobis ganaTlebis da

axalgazrdobis saqmeTa biuros ufleba aqvs ulicen-

zio centrebi daxuros. radgan registraciis sistema

137

Sromatevadia da amave dros, maswavleblebs sanacvlod

maRal anazRaurebas hpirdeba, licenzirebuli

maswavleblebi ulicenzio maswavleblebs xSirad sam-

Tavrobo organizaciebSi asmenen.

• ugandaSi, ganaTlebis da sportis saministros

“repetitorobaze konkretuli politika ar aqvs”

(eilori, Eilor, 2007 gv. 33). saministrom gamoscacirkularebi da mTavar maswavleblebs da maswavle-

blebs muSaobis ufleba Seuwyvita repetitorobis

meSveobiT pasuxismgeblobis borotad gamoyenebis ni-

adagze. man repetitorobis aRmosafxvrelad mSoblebs

TanamSromlobisTvis ramdenjerme mimarTa. Tumca, ro-

gorc es repetitorobis problemis gadaWraSi

marTvis sxvadasxva doneebis rolebis bundovanebam

cxadhyo, “am problemis gadaWris efeqturi meqanizmi”

ar arsebobs (eilori, Eilor 2007, gv. 33).

inglisSi arsebuli repetitorobis saxeebic imsaxurebs yu-

radRebas. airsonis TqmiT (airsoni, Ireson 2007a, gv. 5), bazarzerepetitorobis umetes saxeobebSi “nebismiers SeuZlia iyos

repetitori kvalifikaciis da gamocdilebis gareSe”. Tumca,

samTavrobo gegmaSi “mniSvnelovani progresis gakeTeba” vrceli

maregulirebeli kanonebi arsebobs imis Taobaze, Tu vis Seu-

Zlia iyos repetitori da ra raodenobis anazRaureba ekuTvnis

aseT pirovnebas. magaliTad, herTfordSiris adgilobrivi

mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebuli faqtebis dokumenti, romelic

sazogadoebisTvisaa Sedgenili (2009), aRniSnavs, rom am gegmis

farglebSi daqiravebul repetitors unda:

-hqondes kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusi (QTS), Tumcaar aris aucilebeli maswavleblad muSaobdes; an

-kvalificiuri maswavleblis statusis mopovebis win

zafxulSi ar aris aucilebeli es statusi hqondes; an

-iyos ucxoeli sertificirebuli maswavlebeli, romelsac

kvalifikacia aqvs aswavlos inglisis skolebSi; an iyos Semd-

gomi ganaTlebis an umaRlesi ganaTlebis xarisxis da Sesabamis

sagnebSi kvalifikaciis mqone maswavlebeli.

138

yvela repetitorma kriminaluri istoriis biuroSi Se-

mowmeba unda gaiaros. is repetitorebi, romlebsac adgilo-

brivi mTavrobebi an skolis marTvis organoebi daiqiraveben,

miiReben Sesabamis anazRaurebas im sistemiT, romelic sapensio

programasac gulisxmobs. Sarma (Sharma, 2009) aRniSnavda, romsakiTxis ase mogvarebiT:

qveynis repetitorTa iatakqveSeTis armia, romelTagan

bevri SeTavsebiT muSaobs,… gamoyenebuli iqneba, ro-

gorc mniSvnelovani resursi skolebSi samTavrobo

“personaluri swavlebis” miznebisaTvis gansaxor-

cieleblad.

Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Taneris, deis, da sxvaTa (Tan-ner, Day, et al. 2009, gv. 47) mier Catarebulma 103 sarepeti-

toro saagentos gamokiTxvam saerTo bazarze aRmoaCina, rom

mxolod 43 procenti iTxovda maTi repetitorebisgan

swavlebis kvalifikacias an kvalificiuri maswavleblis sta-

tuss (QTS), xolo 79–ma procentma ganacxada, rom yvela

repetitors kriminaluri istoriis biuros Semowmeba Cautara.

am maregulirebeli zomebis mimoxilva gviCvenebs, rom zogi

mTavroba sakiTxs seriozulad udgeba, zog mTavrobas saerTod

ar aqvs maregulirebeli sistemebi, zogs bundovani da

orazrovani maregulirebeli sistemebi aqvs, zogs ki mkafio da

gasagebi maregulirebeli sistemebi aqvs, magram ver axerxebs

maT efeqtur gamoyenebas. zogadad, am sferos meti naTelis

mofena da gageba esaWiroeba, rac erebs da qveynebs Soris

SedarebiTi analiziT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. umetes

qveyanaSi, yvelaze seriozuli sakiTxia, iseTi repetitorobis

akrZalva, rodesac skolis maswavleblebi damatebiT mecadi-

neobebs utareben TavianT moswavleebs, romlebzec ukve isedac

pasuxismgeblebi arian ZiriTad saskolo mecadineobebze. aseTi

repetitoroba inglisSi da avstraliaSi gaTvaliswinebuli da

oficialurad sanqcirebulia. is aseve nebadarTulia

safrangeTSi da sxva mraval qveyanaSi. magram aseTi saxis

repetitorobis nebis darTvis winaaRmdeg korufciis

139

gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba Zlieri argumentia – ra Tqma unda,

im pirobiT, rom mTavrobebi skolis maswavleblebs sakmaris

anazRaurebas SesTavazeben, raTa es ukanasknelni iZulebuli ar

gaxdnen, eZion damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros aseTi formebi.

140

4. monitoringi da Sefaseba

aucilebelia, rom kanonmdeblebma monitoringi gauwion Ta-

vianT iurisdiqciaSi myof yvela saxis ganaTlebas, raTa dageg-

mili da daugegmavi (moulodneli) cvlilebebis saxeobebis

identificireba moaxdinon. garda amisa, gansakuTrebiT saWiroa

Sefasebis meqanizmebi, raTa Sefasdes konkretuli politikis

da reformis zegavlena da Sedegebi. momdevno seqciebi repeti-

torobis sferodan sxvadasxva magaliTs ganixilavs. monacemebi

saWiroa mraval doneze: individualuri skolis, ubnis, qveynis

da saerTaSoriso doneebze. pirveli nawili ganixilavs qveynis

Sida Sefasebebs, xolo meore nawili erovnebaTa da qveynebs

Soris Sedarebas eTmoba.

erovnuli da adgilobrivi gamoxmaurebis da rCevebis

kvanZebi

am wignis nawili diagnozis Sesaxeb imis aRniSvniT daiwyo,

rom repetitorobis masStabebis da formebis Sesaxeb zusti

monacemebis Segroveba sakmaod rTuli procesia. sxvadasxva

mizeziT repetitorebma, moswavleebma da mSoblebma SeiZleba ar

isurvon informaciis gamxela, imis Taobaze, Tu ra raodenobis

da ra saxis repetitorobas sTavazoben, iReben Tu yiduloben.

garda amisa, repetitorobis xangrZlivoba da intensivoba sezonu-

rad cvalebadobs; da misi zegavlenis dadgenac rTulia mravali

sxva cvladis arsebobis pirobebSi.

miuxedavad amisa, is faqti, rom repetitoroba SesaZlebelia

gakontroldes da Sefasdes, aSkara gaxda am wignSi ganxiluli

mravali Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze. airsonma (Ireson 2007a,gv.3) aRniSna, rom moswavleebi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

informaciis saukeTeso wyaros warmoadgenen, radgan maTTvis

klasSi kiTxvarebis darigeba SedarebiT advilia. man dasZina, rom:

moswavleebis gamokiTxva didi raodenobis sasarge-

blo informacias iZleva repetitorobis saxeobebze

141

da gavrcelebaze, sxvadasxva saganSi mis popu-

larobaze, saskolo wlis ganmavlobaSi mis intensi-

urobaze da saxeobebze. es kiTxvarebi xSirad

moipoveben damatebiT, demografiul informacias da

agreTve Seicaven SekiTxvebs repetitoris ayvanis

mizezebze da moswavleebis Sexedulebebze repeti-

torobis Sesaxeb.

mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT raodenobriv kiTxvarebs interviuebi

da sxva xarisxobrivi kvlevebi daurTon. am ukanasknelma Sei-

Zleba maT daxmareba gauwios repetitorobis mravali saxis

identificirebaSi da klasificirebaSi. magram aqve unda aRin-

iSnos, rom marTalia araSemTxveviTi SerCevis dros informan-

tebi sasargeblo aRweriT informacias iZlevian, maTi monacemebi

naklebad Rirebulia aqvs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi repetitorobis

gavrcelebis masStabebis an sxvadasxva drois mimdinareobebis

Sesadareblad.

airsonma (Ireson, 2007a) agreTve aRniSna, rom kiTxvebixSirad eyrdnoba respondentebis mexsierebis sizustes, magal-

iTad gavlili kerZo mecadineobebis raodenobaze da fasze. pa-

suxebi axlandel situaciaze ufro zusti iqneba, vidre adre

miRebul gakveTilebze. kerZo mecadineobebis Tanxis Sesaxeb

kiTxvebma SeiZleba moswavleebisgan zusti da sando informa-

cia ver moipovos, radgan moswavleebma SeiZleba ar icodnen

maT mSoblebs da repetitorebs Soris Tanxis Sesaxeb dade-

buli garigebis yvela detail. garda amisa, rodesac

moswavleebi sxvadasxva saxis damatebiT gakveTilebs eswrebian,

maT SeiZleba ver dainaxon zusti zRvari da gansxvaveba fasian

da ufaso gakveTilebs Soris.

yvela am sakiTxSi, arsebuli variantebis da SesaZleblobebis

detaluri codnaa saWiro, raTa kiTxvebi sworad iyos Camoy-

alibebuli da maTze sando pasuxebi iyos miRebuli.

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro patara bavSvebisTvis

damoukidebeli kiTxvarebis Sedgenisas. airsonma (Ireson 2007a,gv. 5) dasZina, rom:

142

dRiuris weris meTodma SeiZleba moswavleTa pa-

suxebis sizuste gazardos, radgan realur axlan-

del droSi mowodebuli informacia ufro sandoa,

vidre warsul mexsierebaze dafuZnebuli. Tumca, dRi-

urebi SeiZleba ar iyos bolomde Sevsebuli, an Sei-

Zleba daikargos, da informaciis mopovebis xarisxi

da Sefasebis sandooba Semcirdes. amdenad, dRiurebi

SeiZleba farTomasStabiani gamokiTxvisTvis sasarge-

blo ar iyos, magram sasargeblo iqneba moswavleTa

kiTxvarebidan miRebuli informaciis sizustis

gadasamowmeblad.

mSoblebi informaciis mopovebis kidev erTi wyaroa. maT

SeiZleba ar icodnen konkretuli moswavleebis jgufebisaTvis

skolaSi Catarebuli damatebiTi gakveTilebis Sesaxeb, magram

mSoblebi iTvlebian sando wyarod kerZo repetitorobis ar-

sebobis Sesaxeb, radgan Cveulebriv isini agvareben bavSvebisTvis

kerZo mecadineobebis Catarebis sakiTxs maswavleblebTan da

ician ra Rirs aseTi mecadineobebi. radgan inglisuri enis

skolebi mSoblebis saxelebze da misamarTebze informacias ar

iZlevian, airsonis (Ireson) kvlevis strategia iyo kiTxvarebis

bavSvebisaTvis saxlebSi gataneba. es kiTxvarebis gadacemis

utyuari meTodi SeiZleba ar iyos, magram airsonis rwmeniT man

sakmaod kargi Sedegebi gamoiRo. mas gamoexmaura im mSoblebis

38 procenti, visac 6 wlis asakis bavSvi hyavda, da im mSoblebis

29 procenti, romlebsac 9 da 11 wlis asakis bavSvebi hyavdaT.

sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba aseTi SemzRudavi maregulirebeli

kanonebi ar iyos, ase rom SesaZlebelia sxva meTodebis

gamoyeneba, mSoblebTan uSualo kontaqtic ki.

mSoblebisgan monacemebis Segrovebis kidev erTi gza aris

ojaxebis gamokiTxvis Catareba. repetitoroba SeiZleba erT-

erT sakiTxad Sevides mosaxleobis cenzis tipis kiTxvarebSi,

magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa vietnamis cxovrebis standartis

gamokiTxva (dangi, Dang, 2007). Tumca, radgan bevri saministro cdilobs, rom Tavisi in-

teresis sferos kiTxvebi Seataninos aseT gamokiTxvebSi da

143

SeiZleba maTTvis repetitoroba prioritetul sferos ar war-

moadgendes, am Temaze mxolod Zalian zogadi da sabaziso

kiTxvebis Setana Tu SeiZleba aseT kiTxvarebSi. kidev erTi

alternativaa SemTxveviTi SerCeviT Catarebuli satelefono

gamokiTxvebi, rac magaliTad, hong kongSi gamoiyenes (brei da

quoqi, Bray and Kwok 2003, gv. 614) da inglisSi (pitersi da

sxva, Peters et al., 2009, gv. 2). aseT meTodsac aqvs Tavisi

naklovanebebi. magaliTad, respondentebs ar uyvarT, rodesac

maT cxovrebaSi iWrebian, an repetitorobis fasi zepirad ar

ician da amdenad, myisier pasuxs ver iZlevian. miuxedavad amisa,

mniSvnelovani informaciis Segroveba mainc SeiZleba.

sarepetitoro skolebi, individualuri repetitorebi da

sarepetitoro saagentoebi aseve informaciis mniSvnelovani

wyaroebia. intensiuri momzadebis skolebis da sarepetitoro

saagentoebis identificireba Zalian advilad SeiZleba gancx-

adebebis da adgilobrivi cnobarebis meSveobiT. es gancxadebebi

TavisTavad informaciis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia -

gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mosaxleobas iseT eqstravagan-

tul pirobebs sTavazoben, rogoricaa “garantirebuli”

Sedegebi. zogi gancxadeba aris kompaniebis qselis Sesaxeb, zogi

ki SeiZleba geografiul arealSi SezRuduli iyos, rac Tavis-

Tavad arTulebs saerTo erovnuli suraTis Seqmnas. individu-

aluri repetitorebi xandaxan gancxadebas TviTon aqveyneben,

magram moswavleebs iyvanen mxolod piradi rekomendaciebiT, da

faqtiurad uxilavebi arian.

airsoni (Ireson, 2007a, gv.5) dasZenda, rom Jurnalistebi,

romlebic reportaJs kerZo repetitorebze amzadeben, eyrdno-

bian msxvili saagentoebis direqtorebTan an ramdenime

damoukidebel repetitorTan interviuebs. aseTma saagentoebma

TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb namdvilad ician, magram SeiZleba

sifrTxile iyos saWiro:

pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom, Tu

saagentos direqtors JurnalistebTan saubris

survili aqvs, es imas niSnavs, rom mas biznesSi

saqmeebi kargad aqvs da am faqtis gaxmaureba da

144

reklamireba surs. garda amisa, saagentoebi aseT gax-

maurebas ufaso reklamirebis saSualebad iyeneben da

ician, rom am gziT SeiZleba mSoblebis darwmuneba,

rom repetitorebi maTi saagentodan daiqiraon da

reklamirebis aseTi saSualeba normad CaTvalon. amg-

varad, maT interesSia, rom Tavisi saagentos biznesis

zrdaze yuradReba gaamaxvilon.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, im drosac ki, rodesac aseTi saagen-

toebi sruliad miukerZoebelia, naklebi albaTobaa, rom isini

srulad warmoaCenen arsebul viTarebas.

Tu monitoringidan Sefasebisken gadavinacvlebT, unda

aRvniSnoT teiloris (Taylor 2007, gv.11) 2007 wels inglisSi

dawyebuli programis gaSuqeba, saxelwodebiT “mniSvnelovani

progresis gakeTeba.” man axsna, rom swavlebis da swavlis

xarisxis Semowmeba sarepetitoro sesiebis da gegmebis nimuSe-

bis SefasebiT moxdeboda. yvela skolas moeTxoveboda war-

moedgina akademiuri miRwevebis monacemebi wlis dasawyisSi da

wlis bolos, im moswavleebze, romlebic kerZod emzadebodnen.

kerZo mecadineobebis dasrulebis Semdeg skolis maswavleblebi

Seamowmebdnen akademiuri miRwevis dones. sxvadasxva testi da

maswavleblis Sefasebis monacemebi gamoyenebuli iqneboda im

moswavleTa mudmivi SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic kerZod emzade-

bodnen, da aseve sasargeblo iqneboda maTi progresis sxva

moswavleebTan Sesadareblad. garkveuli drois Semdeg

daukavSirdnen sakonsultacio firmas, rom Seefasebina es sapi-

lote programa, romelic 10 adgilobrivi ubnis 450 dawyebiT

da saSualo skolaSi Catarda (fraisuoTerhaus qufersi, Price-waterhouse Coopers, 2008). rogorc amas cxrili 16 gviCvenebs,

Semfaseblebis sawyisi kvleva sam samuSao nakadad Catarda.

145

cxrili 16. Sefasebis meTodologia sapilote

programisTvis „mniSvnelovani

progresis gakeTeba”

SerCeuli skolebi saqmianoba

146

dif daiv skolebi

(Deep dive schools)

erTi skola saTiTao

adgilobrivi

ubnidan, romelic

6 dawyebiT

da 4 saSualo

skolas moicavs.

• saTiTao skolis monaxuleba im

mizniT rom: interviuebi Cautardes

ZiriTad momsaxure personals da

TanamSromlebs, mTavar

maswavlebels(direqtors), skolis

sapilote programebis liders

(SPL), maTematikis da inglisuris

mTavar maswavleblebs, specialuri

saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis pro-

gramis koordinators, progresis

uzrunvelyofis maswavlebels da

sxva maswavleblebs;

• Catardes moswavleebis gamokiTxva

saSualo skolebSi (rva wlis

asakis 100 moswavle TiTo sko-

laSi), an fokus jgufebi dawyebiT

skolebSi (xuTi wlis asakis 8-10

moswavle TiTo skolaSi); da

Catardes mokle (arCeviTi)

maswavleblebis gamo kiTxva.

• daaxloebiT 100 moswavlis mSob-

lis/mzrunvelis gamokiTxva, rom-

lis Sedegebic dif daiv skolebis

daxmarebiT dokumentad iyo gamo-

cemuli.

• es samuSao daefuZna 8 Tvis win

dasrulebul msgavsi samuSaoebis

raunds da 4 TviT adre Catarebul

satelefono interviuebs direq-

torebTan da sapilote programe-

bis liderebTan (SPL).

wyaro: fraisuoTerhaus qufersi (Pricewaterhouse Coopers,2008), gv. 6.

sxva qveynebis mTavrobebma SeiZleba aseTi daxvewili midgoma

ver gamoiyenon, radgan SesaZloa ar hyavdeT saWiro unarebis

da kvalifikaciis mqone personali da / an ar hqondeT fi-

nansuri resursebi. miuxedavad amisa, bevri ramis miRweva Sei-

Zleba arsebuli samTavrobo meqanizmebiT. 2005 wels

portugaliis ganaTlebis saministrom gadawyvita Caetarebina

martivi gamokiTxva kiTxvarebis meSveobiT saSualo skolebis

147

laiT TaC skolebi

(Light touch schools)

oTxi skola

saTiTao adgilo-

brivi ubnidan,

romelic

20 dawyebiT

da 20 saSualo

skolas moicavs.

• satelefono interviuebi saTiTao

skolis direqtorTan da / an sapi-

lote programis liderTan.

• daaxloebiT 100 moswavlis mSob-

lis / mzrunvelis gamokiTxva, rom-

lis Sedegebic laiT TaC skolebis

daxmarebiT dokumentad gamoica.

• es samuSao daefuZna 8 TviT adre

dasrulebul msgavsi samuSaoebis

raunds (sadac satelefono in-

tevriuebis nacvlad direqtoreb-

Tan an sapilote programebis

liderebTan) fokus jgufebi

Catarda.

mosaxleoba yvela

danarCeni sapilote

skola

• yvela direqtoris eleqtronuli

gamokiTxva (aseve 8 TviT adre

dokumentad gamocebuli).

• interviuebis Catareba 10 adgilo-

brivi ubnis sapilote programebis

liderTan (aseve CautardaT in-

terviu 8 da 4 TviT adre), raTa

warmoCindes saTiTao adgilobrivi

ubnis skolebis farTo

gamocdileba.

zeda klaselebSi, rodesac isini erovnul universitetSi

Semsvleli gamocdebisTvis registrirdebodnen (kosta da sxv.,Costa et al., 2008). kiTxvari Seicavda SekiTxvebs kerZo

gakveTilebis sagnebis, adgilmdebareobis, fasebis da drois

Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxva SezRudulad

SerCeul respondentebs Seicavda, anu mxolod im moswavleebs,

romlebic universitetSi Cabarebas apirebdnen, da ara damam-

Tavrebeli klasebis yvela moswavles, mainc saintereso infor-

maciis mopoveba gaxda SesaZlebeli. kiTxvaris Sevseba

SeiZleboda furcelze an internetiT onlain reJimSi. kiTx-

varebma bevri respondenti moicva. is TiTqmis yvelam Seavso,

radgan monawileebi ukve motivirebulebi iyvnen, rom SeevsoT

sagamocdo saregistracio formebi da albaT zog maTgans egona,

rom kiTxvarebis formis Sevseba saerTo proceduris nawili

iyo.

mTavrobebisTvis monitoringis da Sefasebis SesaZleblobis

gafarToebis alternatiuli gza aris universitetebTan da

kvleviT institutebTan TanamSromloba. zemoT aRweril

mavrikis magaliTSi gamoyenebuli iyo mavrikis universitetis

mkvlevarebis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic maT

mTavrobam daukveTa (joinaTsingi da sxv., Joynathsing et al., 1988).msgavsad amisa, 2007 wels makaos mTavrobam hong kongis Cinuri

universitetidan mkvlevarTa jgufi daiqirava repetitorobis

da mSoblebis Sexedulebebis Sesaswavlad (ho, Ho, 2008). Riasazogadoebis institutma (OSI) yofil sabWoTa qveynebis

blokSi repetitorobis sakiTxis gamosakvlevad adgilobriv

meTaurebTan da kanonmdeblebTan iTanamSromla (silova da sxv.,Silova et al., 2006; silova, Silova, 2009). mTavrobebs agreTveSeuZliaT isargeblon universitetis mkvlevarebis mier

damoukideblad Catarebuli samuSaoebiT, da aseve saerTaSoriso

saagentoebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebiT (ix. mag: iunesko, UN-ESCO, 2000; msoflio banki, World Bank, 2004).

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom ugandaSi da boTsuanaSi Catare-

buli sawyisi kvlevis monaxazis gakeTebas stimuli ganaTlebis

dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumma misca (eilori,Eilor, 2007; maqgoTi, Makgothi, 2007). ganaTlebis dagegmvis

148

saerTaSoriso instituti moxaruli iqneba maT daxmareba Semd-

gom muSaobaSic aRmouCinos.

saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi

qveynebs da erovnebebs Soris SedarebiTi kvlevebic aseve

exmareba adgilobriv kanonmdeblebs ara mxolod maTi konkre-

tuli qveynebis monacemebiT, aramed saerTaSoriso Sedare-

bebiTac. oTxi arsebuli kvleva gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs.

maTematikis da mecnierebis mesame saerTaSoriso kvleva

(TIMSS) da misi STamomavlis, maTematikis da mecnierebis saer-

TaSoriso kvlevis mimdinareobebis (aseve saxelwodebiT

TIMSS), Seswavla saganmanaTleblo miRwevis Sefasebis saerTa-

Soriso asociaciis (IEA) egidiT Catarda. TIMSS–is testire-bis pirveli raundis dros, romelic 1995 wels Catarda,

monacemebi Segrovda xuT sxvadasxva asakobriv da safexureo-

briv doneze 45 qveynis maTematikis da mecnierebis Semswavleli

500,000 moswavlisgan. aseve Segrovda monacemebi maTi maswavle-

blebisgan da direqtorebisgan (martini, Martin 1996, gv. 1-2).

meore raundi 1999 wels Catarda da 38 qveyanaSi merve safex-

uris moswavleTa maTematikis da mecnierebis miRwevebze

gamaxvilda yuradreba (robitaili da biToni, Robitaille andBeaton, 2002, gv.11). 2003 wels Catarebulma raundma 49 qveynis

meoTxe da merveklaselTa Sesadarebeli monacemebi Seagrova

(mulisi, martini da sxv., Mullis, Martin et al., 2005, gv. 3-4).am kvlevebma sxva cvladebTan erTad Crdilovan ganaTlebaze

saintereso monacemebi warmoSva (beikeri, akiba da sxv., Baker,Akiba et al., 2001; uolfi, Wolf, 2002; beikeri da letandri,Baker and LeTendre, 2005). radgan kvlevebi mravalmxrivi iyo,

analitikosebma sxvadasxva cvladebze mravaljeradi korelac-

iebis Catareba SeZles. Tumca, isini meTodologiur sirTuleebs

waawydnen. 1995 wlis gamokiTxvis dros maTematikis komponen-

tis gasaanalizeblad meSvide da merveklaselebs ekiTxebodnen:

“kviris ganmavlobaSi ramden saaTs atareb maTematikis da-

matebiT mecadineobebze an intensiuri momzadebis skolaSi

149

Ziri Tad gakveTilebamde an gakveTilebis Semdeg?” (TIMSS, 1998,gv. SQ 2-3). msgavsi SekiTxva iyo dasmuli mecnierebaze. pa-

suxebi aSkarad Seicavdnen kerZo repetitorobaze gacilebiT

met informacias, magaliTad, ZiriTadi skolis maswavleblebis

mier ufasod Catarebul damatebiT mecadineobebze, rac maT

Cveulebrivi samuSao datvirTvis nawilad iTvleboda. garda

amisa, radgan kiTxvaSi miTiTebuli iyo “kviris ganmavlobaSi”

damatebiTi mecadineobebis raodenoba, sezonur cvalebadobaze

informaciis Segroveba ver moxdeboda. 2003 wlis

merveklaselTa gamokiTxvaSi SekiTxva ufro dazustebuli iyo:

“mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi, ra sixSiriT dadiodi ama Tu im

saganSi damatebiT klasgareSe mecadineobebze?” (TIMSS, 2003,gv. 27).

respondentebs Txovdnen informacias maTematikis, bi-

ologiis, bunebis mecnierebis, qimiis da fizikis Sesaxeb, sadac

maT arCevani eZleodaT Semdegi variantebidan: “yovel dRe an

TiTqmis yoveldRe,” “kviraSi erTxel an orjer”, “xandaxan”, da

“arasdros an TiTqmis arasdros”. mTel weliwadze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebam sezonuri cvalebadobis problema Seamcira, magram

srulad ver aRmofxvra, radgan savaraudod moswavleebi maRali

da dabali intensivobis sezonebidan saSualo ariTmetikuls

angariSobdnen. SekiTxvam aseve ver ganasxvava erTmaneTisgan

fasiani da ufaso repetitoroba.

meore regularuli kvleva, romelic gaSuqebas saWiroebs

aris ganaTlebis xarisxis monitoringis samxreT da aR-

mosavleT afrikis konsorciumi (SACMEQ, saqmeqi). 1995 da

2000 wlebSi SACMEQ–ma monacemebi Seagrova eqvs sagan-

manaTleblo sistemaSi meeqvseklaselTa damatebiTi mecadi-

neobebis Sesaxeb (ix. zemoT cxrili 3). aqac, monacemebi

garkveul bundovanebas Seicavda, radgan zogierTma rspondentma

ufaso da fasiani mecadineobebi erTad daasaxela. analizis

dasaxvewad 2007 wlis kiTxvari, romelic 15 qveyanaSi darigda,

ufro konkretul SekiTxvebs Seicavda, romlebic winaswar iyo

pilotirebuli da Semowmebuli (pavio, Paviot, 2007; 2009).dasmuli iyo cameti kiTxva pasuxebis ramdenime asarCevi vari-

antiT:

150

1. am wlis ganmavlobaSi emzadebodiT damatebiT mecadi-

neobebze skolis sagnebSi arasaskolo saaTebSi?

2. romel saskolo sagnebSi emzadebodiT klasgareSe

saaTebSi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?

3. wlis romel sezonze emzadebodiT damatebiT am sag-

nebSi?

4. ra sixSiriT dadiodiT damatebiT mecadineobebze

saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?

5. ramdeni moswavle eswreboda damatebiT mecadineobebs

(Tqveni Tavis CaTvliT) saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?

6. kviraSi daaxloebiT ramden saaTs atarebdiT damatebiT

mecadineobebze saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi?

7. ras akeTebdiT damatebiT gakveTilebze saswavlo wlis

ganmavlobaSi?

8. vin gitarebdaT damatebiT gakveTilebs saswavlo wlis

ganmavlobaSi?

9. sad gitardebodaT es mecadineobebi wlis ganmavlobaSi?

10. vis undoda, rom Tqven gearaT damatebiT mecadineobe-

bze?

ra iyo Tqveni am gakveTilebze siarulis mTavari mizezi?

ra azris xarT im damatebiT mecadineobebze, Tqven rom da-

diodiT?

iRebda Tu ara raime Tanxas swavlebisTvis is pirovneba,

romelic gitarebdaT damatebiT gakveTilebs?

SekiTxvebi gakveTilebis fasebze, da Sesabamisad, mecadineobe-

bis kerZo repetitorobad da moxalise ufaso an sajaro

gakveTilebad dayofis Taobaze, kiTxvaris boloSi iyo mo-

cemuli. Tumca, mkvlevarebi acnobierebdnen im faqts, rom bun-

dovanebebi mainc darCeboda. meeqvseklaselebs SesaZloa ar

scodnodaT gakveTilebi fasiani iyo Tu ara; da arcerTi kiTxva

ar iyo dasmuli gadasaxadis Skalirebaze. Tu moswavleebi miu-

TiTebdnen, rom Tanxas ixdidnen, maSin maT ekiTxebodnen “es

gadasaxadi fuladi saxis iyo, sxva saxis, Tu orive saxis kom-

binacia?” (pavio, Paviot 2007, gv. 15). Tumca, SACMEQ–is samec-

niero komitetma gadawyvita metad aRar CaRrmaveboda am

151

sakiTxs, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom “gadasaxadis sakiTxi Zalian

mgrZnobiare da bevr SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobrivi iyo.”

erovnebaTSorisi SedarebiTi kvlevis erTerTi sirTulea

mravali saxis mgrZnobiare momentis gaTvaliswineba, ramac Sei-

Zleba sakvlevi meTodebis Sesusteba gamoiwvios.

mesame erovnebaTSorisi kvleva, romelic ukve zemoT aRvniS-

neT, Ria sazogadoebis institutma (OSI) Caatara. kvlevam

moicva cxra qveyana 2004-2005 wlebSi (silova da sxva, Silovaet al., 2006), da kidev sami qveyana 2005-2006 wlebSi igive

meTodebis gamoyenebiT (silova, Silova, 2009). 2007 wels Ria

sazogadoebis institutma kvlevis ganmemorebiT Catareba

gadawyvita, raTa erovnebaTaSoris Sesadarebel monacemTa

sizuste daecva drois ganmavlobaSi. TIMSS–is da SACMEQ-isgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic dawyebiT da saSualo skolis

sawyisi safexuris moswavleebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas, es

kvlevebi fokusirdeboda universitetis pirvelkursel stu-

dentebze, romlebsac Txovdnen skolis damamTavrebel klasSi

kerZo gakveTilebze siarulis dros SeZenili gamocdileba

gaexsenebinaT. radgan respondentebi ufrosi asakis iyvnen, maTi

pasuxebis xarisxic ukeTesi da ufro zusti iyo. 12-idan mx-

olod 2 qveyanaSi (litvaSi da slovakeTSi) iyo TIMSS–icCatarebuli, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada ganaTlebis sistemis sx-

vadasxva safexurze miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba da ufro

srulyofili suraTis Seqmna repetitorobis sakiTxze.

meoTxe masStaburi erovnebaTSorisi kvleva, romelic aR-

niSvnis Rirsia, aris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da gan-

viTarebis organizaciis (OECD) mier Catarebuli moswavleTa

saerTaSoriso Sefasebis programa (PISA). PISA-m Seamowma 15

wlis asakis moswavleTa akademiuri miRwevebi mraval sagan-

manaTleblo sistemaSi (2000 wels 43 moswavle, 2003 wels

41 moswavle da 2006 wels 58 moswavle). 2006 wels

mSoblebisTvis gamiznuli kiTxvari Seicavda monacemebs

ganaTlebaze ojaxis mTliani danaxarjebis Sesaxeb, magram xar-

jebs repetitorobaze sxva saxis xarjebisgan ar ganasxvavebda.

moswavleTa kiTxvarma ki Seagrova monacemebi klasgareSe

mecadineobebze, magram repetitoris mier Catarebuli kerZo

152

gakveTilebi sxva gakveTilebisgan ar ganasxvava (ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia, OECD 2005,

2006b). PISA-s kvleviTma jgufma ganixila kerZo repeti-

torobaze ufro konkretuli monacemebis Segrovebis sakiTxi

samomavlo kvlevebisTvis, magram kvlavac acnobierebs koncep-

tualuri da lojistikuri sirTuleebis arsebobas.

153

5. daskvnebi

wignis es bolo nawili imis aRniSvniT iwyeba, rom repeti-

toroba globaluri fenomeni gaxda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gan-

sxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebiT da TvisebebiT. ukanasknel

aTwleulebSi is mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da TviTmyofad

sistemad gadaiqca. es faqtebi met yuradRebas moiTxovs. kanon-

mdeblebi win unda aRudgnen Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemebs,

raTa Sesabamisi sapasuxo Tu winaswar aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi

dasaxon TavianT qveynebSi. mizani ara mxolod procesis gakon-

troleba da gaZRola unda iyos, aramed am “Crdilisgan”kanon-

mdeblebs da ganaTlebis sitemis mesveurebs bevri ramis

swavlac SeuZliaT.

mimdinareobebis aRwera

2007 wlis ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis

forumis bolos obigadom (Obeegadoo 2007, gv. 6) Tavisi

mosazrebebi Semdegnairad Seajama: “kerZo repetitoroba

sazRvrebs da kulturebs miRma, aRmosavleTSi da dasavleTSi,

mdidar da Rarib qveynebSi erTnairad swrafad vrceldeba

mzardi sabazro Zalebis da ganaTlebis privatizaciis fonze.”

am SeniSvnas forumis sxva monawileebic gamoexmaurnen.

garkveul wilad, kerZo repetitoroba farul bazarze mimd-

inareobs (ix. silova da sxv., Silova et al., 2006), magram droTaganmavlobaSi es bazari naklebad faruli xdeba. Tu metaforas

gamoviyenebT, kerZo repetitoroba “Crdilidan SuqSi gadadis”.

repetitorobas bevr kulturaSi Rrmad aqvs fesvebi

gamdgari, da evropidan aRmosavleT aziamde vrceldeba. meoce

saukunis meore naxevramde is Zalian mokrZalebuli masStabebis

iyo, Semdeg ki ZiriTad fenomenad da movlenad iqca iseT

qveynebSi, rogorebicaa iaponia da korea, xolo saukunis miwu-

ruls iseT qveynebSi gavrcelda, rogorebicaa azerbaijani, kam-

boja, mavriki da Sri lanka. ocdameerTe saukunis

dasawyisisTvis reptitoroba aSkarad gavrcelda aRmosavleT

154

evropaSi da centralur aziaSi, dasavleT evropaSi, CrdiloeT

amerikaSi, avstraliaSi da afrikaSi, da fexs ikidebs laTinur

amerikaSic.

am zrdis xelSemwyobi Zalebi gansxvavebulia sxvdasxva adg-

ilas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, yirgizeTsa da tajikeTSi, Zir-

iTadi faqtori skolis maswavleblebis araadeqvaturi

xelfasebia, rac maT aiZulebs ojaxebis sarCenad Semosavlis

damatebiTi wyaroebi eZion. amis sapirispirod, maswavleblebs

hong kongSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi da singapurSi SedarebiT maRali

xelfasebi aqvT, da repetitorobis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli

Zala uaRresad konkurentuli atmosferoa. aSS-Si da inglisSi,

kerZo repetitoroba garkveulwilad samTavrobo iniciativebze

gamoZaxilia, raTa skolebi ufro konkurentuli gaxadon da

amavdroulad dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebs stan-

dartis gaumjobesebaSi daexmaron. ugandaSi da malaviSi ki

repetitoroba saganmanaTleblo sistemis xarisxis gauarese-

basTan asocirdeba.

xarisxis gauaresebis erTerTi ironia swored imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom mTavroba cdilobs gazardos ufaso dawyebiT da

qveda saSualo safexurebze moswavleTa miReba. amas ki is mos-

devs, rom Tumca oficialur doneze sajaro skolebSi swavla

ufasoa, ZiriTad saskolo sistemas Crdilad mainc faruli pri-

vatizacia Tan sdevs, rac sazogadoebaSi socialur uTanas-

worobas aRrmavebs. ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso

institutis forumze kitaevma (Kitaev 2007, gv. 3) damswreTa

yuradReba am ironiaze miapyro. repetitorobis zrda, rac

aSkarad im faqtze metyvelebs, rom zogierTi mSobeli mainc

axerxebs ganaTlebaSi Tanxis gadaxdas, ufaso ganaTlebis sis-

temis pirobebSic ki kiTxvas badebs, Tu ramdenad vargisiania

da ZalaSia yvelasaTvis ufaso ganaTlebis fundamenturi idea.

boTsuanas mTavroba am sakiTxs seriozulad moekida da saSu-

alo skolaSi gadsaxadi daawesa imis safuZvelze, rom

mSoblebis nawils mainc SeuZlia gadaxda da ufaso ganaTlebis

resursebi ukiduresad savalalo mdgomareobaSi myof seq-

torebs SeiZleba moxmardes (maqgoTi, Makgothi, 2007).obigados SeniSvnebi (Obeegadoo 2007, gv. 6) aseve yu-

155

radRebas amaxvilebda repetitorobis mzard moTxovnaze da mi-

wodebaze. moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT man aRniSna, rom:

codnis Tanamedrove epoqaSi, ganaTleba da akademiuri

warmateba adamianis cxovrebis SesaZleblobebis gan-

msazRvrel faqtorad da sazogadoebis socialur-

ekonomikuri progresis mamoZravebel Zalad iTvleba.

cvalebadi SromiTi bazrebi da teqnologiebiT aR-

Wurvili ekonomikiT gamowveuli unarCvevebis gam-

ravalferovneba sazogadoebas ubiZgebs eZios

ganaTlebis mopovebis sxvadasxvanairi gzebi.

amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom repetitorobis mi-

wodeba gazrdilia ara mxolod im faqtiT, rom is socialurad

misaRebi gaxda, aramed globalizaciis ZaliTac, rac sxvadasxva

qveynidan personalis daqiravebis saSualebas iZleva (ix. mag:

nanda, Nanda, 2005; marlantesi da sunoli, Marlantes and Sunol,2006; ventura, Ventura, 2008a). repetitorobis miwodeba axla

ukve sazRvrebs miRma SeiZleba, cxadia internetis saSualebiT,

aseve adgilobrivad. kidev erTi mamoZravebeli Zala, romelzec

obigadom (Obeegadoo) miuTiTa aris konsiumerizmi (momxmare-bloba), rac “maswavleblebis mudmiv survils qmnis iSovon

meti fuli profesiuli warmatebis gansamtkiceblad da

sazomad, da maswavleblis profesiaSi biznes-sawarmos ku-

lutris ayvavebas xels uwyobs.” maswavleblis profesia marT-

lac Seicvala bevr qveyanaSi, zog adgilas mTavrobis

zegavleniT, romelic ecada ganaTlebis sistema ufro konkuren-

tuli gaexada, zog adgilebSi ki maswavleblebis da ojaxebis

sabazro ekonomikis signalebze gamoxmaurebiT.

aseT pirobebSi, kerZo repetitoroba ubralod ver gaqreba.

zogierTi, kanonmdebeli am movlenis ugulebelyofas Seecada,

magram es sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba. da mainc, problemis

gacnobierebidan konkretuli politikis da zomebis dasaxvaze

gadasvla advili ar aris. repetitoroba mravali komponentis

Semcveli Zalian rTuli movlenaa, romlebic kulturebis,

ekonomikur sistemebis, geografiuli adgilmdebareobebis da

156

socialuri klasebis mixedviT icvleba. garda amisa, is faqti,

rom koreis da mavrikis mTavrobebma ramdenime aTwleuli moan-

domes am problemis gadaWras da mainc Zalian mcire Sedegs

miaRwies, yvelasTvis sasargeblo gakveTilia. es SemTxvevebi

miuTiTeben winaswari dagegmvis aucileblobaze da repeti-

torobis CarCoebSi moqcevis saWiroebaze, sanam mas mokrZale-

buli masStabebi aqvs, da ara imis molodinze, Tu rodis

gaidgams is fesvebs Rrmad politikis da reformebis dasax-

vamde. isini aseve xazs usvamen sifrTxilis gamoCenis aucile-

blobas iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic aris avstralia, inglisi da

safrangeTi, sadac keTili ganzraxviT wamowyebulma samTavrobo

iniciativebma akademiurad CamorCenili moswavleebis dasaxmare-

blad SeiZleba moulodneli da daugegmavi formebiT Secvalos

saskolo sistemebis kulturebi.

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis forumze

bevri daeTanxma obigados (Obeegadoo 2007, gv.6), rom repeti-

torobis gavrcelebas ramdenadac SeiZleba:

xeli unda SevuSaloT an winaswari zomebi miviRoT

da sajaro saskolo sistemaSi arsebul naklovanebe-

bze mivuTiToT. erovnuli konteqstebidan da re-

alobebidan gamomdinare, reformebi SeiZleba

gulisxmobdes didi socialuri mniSvnelobis

gamocdebis gauqmebas, saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis

xarisxis gaumjobesebas da gakontrolebas, swavlis

SesaZleblobebSi da formebSi meti arCevanis da

mravalferovnebis arsebobas, kerZo iniciativebis

CaTvliT.

ganaTlebisTvis gaRebuli meti saxelmwifo xarjebi ar

gulisxmobs, rom ojaxebi aucileblad Seamcireben repeti-

torobaSi Tanxebis gadaxdas. piriqiT, mTavrobis daxmarebis ga-

farToveba ZiriTad saskolo sistemaSi savaraudod misi

“Crdilis” gazrdasac gamoiwvevs. amitom bevri ram aris

damokidebuli ojaxebis Semosavalze da, rac kidev ufro

mniSvnelovania, ojaxebis damokidebulebaze zogadad

157

ganaTlebis, da gansakuTrebiT ki, repetitorobis mimarT. bevri

ojaxi Tvlis, rom sasurvelia yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba

TavianTi bavSvebis cxovrebiseuli Sansebis gazrdisTvis da yve-

lafers akeTebs am miznis misaRwevad. zog sazogadoebaSi ufro

metis miRweva SeiZleba araakademiur sagnebze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebiT, magaliTad baletze, fortepianos gakveTilebze,

da religiur ganaTlebaze. zog sazogadoebaSi ki maTematikaze,

ucxo enebze da mecnierebebeze yuradRebis gamaxvileba inve-

stirebis saukeTeso saSualebad iTvleba.

iq, sadac repetitoroba farTod gavrcelebulia, sayovelTao

akrZalva saukeTeso gamosavali ar aris. aseTma akrZalvam ver-

sad ver gaamarTla. Tumca, skolis maswavleblebisTvis TavianTi

skolis moswavleebisTvis kerZo gakveTilebis Catarebis akrZa-

lva sasurvelia. umetes qveyanaSi repetitoroba ufro

mravalmxriv midgomas saWiroebs sxvadasxva niuansis gaTval-

iswinebiT. repetitorobis yvelaze damaxinjebuli da so-

cialuri uTanasworobis gamomwvevi formebi saWiroa

daregulirebis meTodiT aRmoifxvras. amave dros, mTavrobebs

repetitorobis procesSi TviTonve SeuZliaT CarTva dabali

akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebis dasaxmareblad – ra Tqma

unda imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aseTi samTavrobo Careva

saskolo sistemebs zians ar miayenebs da uaryofiT zegavlenas

ar iqoniebs mSoblebis, maswavleblebis da sxva dainteresbuli

pirebis saskolo sistemisadmi damokidebulebaze.

swavla Crdilisgan

kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma repetitoroba mx-

olod negatiur cnebad da movlenad ar unda aRiqvan – anu im

sarevela balaxad, romelic movlil baRSi vrceldeba, aramed

maT unda dasvan SekiTxva Tu ratom surT mSoblebs sakmaod

didi Tanxebi daabandon im ganaTlebaSi, romelic bavSvebma Zir-

iTadi saskolo ganaTlebis garda unda miiRon. da marTlac,

ratom surs zogierT mSobels individualuri repetitoroba

Tavisi SvilisTvis, maSin rodesac sxvebi safasurs ixdian, raTa

maTi Svilebi 100 an 1,000 kacian jgufebSi Cairicxon? risi

158

swavla SeuZliaT skolebs im faqtidan, rom garkveul sezonebSi

maTi saklaso oTaxebi SeiZleba carieli iyos, radgan

moswavleebma qrTamebi gadaixades, raTa gakveTilebis gacdenis

ufleba moipovon, da sanacvlod sarepetitoro centrebSi

iaron? da ra SeiZleba iswavlon kanonmdeblebma teqnolo-

giebiT arWurvili repetitorebisagan, romlebic videoze Caw-

eril gakveTilebs sTavazoben moswavleebs. es ukanasknelni ki

kompiuterebidan CamotvirTaven am gakveTilebs da uyureben

metroSi, parkSi, skolaSi da saxlSi?

am SekiTxvebze erTi pasuxi aris is, rom zogierT kul-

turebSi repetitorebi klientebze metismetad orientire-

bulebi da axali meTodebis damnergavebi arian. glasmani

(Glasman, 2007) aRniSnavda, rom safrangeTSi repetitorebigamWvirvaled Tvlian Tavs, radgan isini moswavleebs ufro

droul da amomwurav rCevebs da komentarebs aZleven, vidre

skolebi. is dasZenda, rom skolebSi moswavleebis akademiur

CamorCenilobaze standartuli pasuxia: rom maT weli gaime-

oron. amis sapirispirod, erTi sarepetitoro kompania acxadebs,

rom Tu moswavleebi warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeuZliaT

mSoblebma gadaxdili Tanxa ukan moiTxovon an moswavleebma

Semdegi weli ufasod gaiaron. qimi (Kim 2007, gv. 12) aR-

niSnavda, rom koreaSi specialuri skolebis damamTavrebel

klasebSi Casaricxi aplikantebis umetesoba:

…sarepetitoro saswavleblebis upiratesobas

moswavleebis akademiuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT

dajgufebaSi da diferencirebul saswavlo pro-

gramebSi xedavs Cveulebriv skolebTan SedarebiT,

sadac yvela moswavle erTad swavlobs SesaZle-

blobebis ganurCevlad. maTi mSoblebi met individ-

ualur midgomas moiTxoven skolebisgan ara mxolod

moswavleTa yofaqcevasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed

akademiuri warmatebis miRwevaSic. kerZo saswavle-

blebi individualur midgomas xalxis mizidvis

mZlavr iaraRad iyeneben, ris gamoc sazogadoeba maT

ufro metad endoba.

159

qimi (Kim) dasZenda, rom es tendencia nawilobriv koreuli

ojaxebis Tvisobriv cvlilebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. orive

mSoblis muSaobis fonze da gazrdili geografiuli mobilo-

bis pirobebSi, rodesac bebiebi da babuebi SviliSvilebisgan

moSorebiT cxovroben, sarepetitoro saswavleblebi bavSve-

bisTvis im individualuri yuradRebis miqcevis saSualebad

iTvleba, rasac ojaxebi veRar uzrunvelyofen, xolo skolebi

ki verc verasdros uzrunvelyofdnen.

teqnologiebiT gavrcelebuli CamosatvirTi kerZo

gakveTilebis mozRvaveba koreaSi SeiZleba kanonmdeblobisTvis

damafiqrebeli iyos. Coum (Choe 2009, gv. 14) aRniSna, rom

ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi korea miliardobiT

dolars abandebs internetis 10-jer daCqarebaSi. is faqti, rom

moswavleebs SeuZliaT CamotvirTuli gakveTilebis win da ukan

gadaxveva, nawilebis moniSvna da nawilebis gameoreba, aZlevs

maT met SesaZleblobebs da Tvisuflebas, rac individualuri

gakveTilebis dros ar eqnebodaT. ase rom, CamotvirTuli

gakveTilebi onlain da pirispir individualurad Catarebuli

gakveTilebisTvis sasargeblo damatebaa. aseTi CamosatvirTi

gakveTilebis uzrunvelyofa mTavrobasac SeuZlia, magram dRes-

dReisobiT kerZo seqtori liderobs. erTma internet liderma

sarepetitoro biznesSi (citirebuli Cous mier, Choe 2009,

gv. 4) mosazreba gamoTqva, rom momavalSi “moswavleebi skolaSi

mxolod kviraSi erTxel jgufuri RonisZiebebisTvis,

sportisTvis, ivlian.” es SeiZleba cotaoden gadaWarbebuli

prognozireba iyos, magram garkveuli tipis moswavleebs

garkveul garemoebebSi namdvilad moergeba - gansakuTrebiT mo-

tivirebul moswavleebs sagamocdo sesiebis dros.

sxva garemoebebSi sarepetitoro skolebi adamianuri kon-

taqtebis gazrdas ufro uwyoben xels, vidre Semcirebas. ase

rom soum (Sou 2007, gv. 4) ojaxebis cvalebadobaze makaosTan

mimarTebaSic miuTiTa, ris gamoc sarepetitoro centrebi

bavSvze zrunvis serviss “erT ganuyofel procesad” moiazreben

da sazogadoebas sTavazoben:

160

SuadRisas skolis Semdeg, sarepetitoro centri pa-

suxismgebelia waiyvanos bavSvebi, mouaros maT da

asadilos. Semdeg bavSvebi skolaSi ukan mihyavT, raTa

isini naSuadRevs gakveTilebs daeswron. skolis

Semdeg bavSvebi isev sarepetitoro centrebSi mi-

hyavT, rom daexmaron saSinao davalebis momzadebaSi

manam, sanam maT samsaxuridan dabrunebuli mSoblebi

miakiTxaven.

da mainc, ar arsebobs damajerebeli mizezi imisa, Tu ratom

ar SeiZleba skolebma igive momsaxureba gauwion sazogadoebas.

inglisSi, ganaTlebis mesveurebi saeqsperimento gaxangrZlive-

bul saskolo dRes nergaven, romelic dilis 8 saaTidan

saRamos 6 saaTamde grZeldeba da bevri skola bavSvebs SuadRis

sakvebiTac uzrunvelyofs (airsoni, Ireson, 2007b). makaos

mTavrobam 2002 wels skolis sazogadoebrivi programa wamoi-

wyo, sadac sazogadoebas saskolo mowyobilobebze xeli mi-

uwvdeba. ufrosi klaselebisTvis makaos mTavrobam aseve moawyo

saswavlo oTaxebi, da samoqalaqo organizaciebi daafinansa, rom

isini efeqturad funqcionirebdes. 1997 wlidan ki makaos

mTavroba satelefono momsaxurebas sTavazobs moswavleebs

saSinao davalebaSi da dasaxmareblad (sou, Sou 2007, gv.9).

Tu skolis da sarepetitoro centris urTierTCanacvlebas

davubrundebiT, saintereso iqneba erTi moswavlis mZafri ko-

mentari, romelsac harTmani egvi pteSi Catarebul kvlevaSi

moixmobs (Hartmann 2008, gv.57). moswavle skolaSi gatarebul

dros dabali xarisxis akademiur miRwevasTan akavSirebda: “Tu

skolaSi saerTod ar vivli da mxolod kerZo gakveTilebs

daveswrebi, ukeTesi iqneba.” ra Tqma unda, es moswavle sakiTxs

mxolod sakuTari viwro perspeqtividan udgeboda, mTavrobebs

ki ufro farTo miznebi aqvT skolis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi,

magaliTad, socializacia, eris Seneba, da sportis da akademiuri

miRwevebis saSualebiT bavSvis dabalansebuli ganviTareba. mi-

uxedavad amisa, ganaTlebis mesveurebma unda Seamsubuqon

moswavleebis mRelvareba da stresi pikis sezonebSi mniSvnelo-

vani sajaro gamocdebis win. samwuxaroa, rom aseTi sezonebis

161

dros ganaTlebis farTo da fundamenturi miznebi da gan-

zomilebebi ugulebelyofilia; magram moswavleebic da ojaxe-

bic zustad acnobiereben sistemis mier wayenebul moTxovnebs.

da Tu kerZo repetitoroba sajaro skolas sarkis anarek-

liviT mis xarvezebs uCvenebs, maSin bunebrivia, skolebma meti

Zalisxmeva unda gamoiCinon am xarvezebis Tavad aRmosafxvre-

lad.

rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, zogierT sazogadoebaSi

skolebi exmaurebian am problemebs. Tanis (Tan, 2007) gadmo-cemiT, singapurSi sarepetitoro centrebi Seecadnen ZiriTadi

saskolo sistemisTvis gaeswroT da bavSvebisTvis programa

winaswar eswavlebinaT. amis Sedegad, skolebmac daaCqares pro-

gramis swavleba, zogi moswavlisTvis mainc. amis Sedegi ki iyo

sarepetitoro centrebis da ZiriTadi saskolo programebis

Tanxvedra. koreaSi skolebis damamTavrebel klasebSi gatare-

bulma gaTansworebis politikam repetitorobaze moTxovna

ufro gaamZafra, vidre Seamcira, xolo meti Tavisuflebis da

moqnilobis saWiroebam ki koreis mTavroba aiZula Sesworebebi

Seetana gaTanasworebis politikis miznebsa da TvisebebSi.

amgvarad, mTavrobebma zedmetad TavdacviTi meqanizmebis

amuSavebis nacvlad SeiZleba, piriqiT, Crdilovani saganmanaTle-

blo sistemisgan bevri ram iswavlon. es isev da isev xazs us-

vams am fenomenisadmi ufro meti yuradRebis miqcevis

aucileblobas. erTerTi yvelaze problemuri da mcdari

midgoma kanonmdeblebis da ganTlebis mesveurebis mxridan iqne-

boda Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistemis ugulebelyofa. piriqiT,

kanonmdeblebma da ganaTlebis mesveurebma bevri ram SeiZleba

iswavlon “Crdilisgan”; da yvela konteqstSi maT unda gaiT-

valiswinon misi saganmanaTleblo, socialuri da ekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebis farTo speqtri. am wignma aCvena, rom bevri

ramis swavla SeiZleba sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis

SedarebiTi analizidan.

162

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181

sagnobrivi saZiebeli

a

adamianuri kapitali 17, 45

akademiuri 7, 13, 18, 33, 34, 47, 56, 59, 60, 61, 69, 72, 73, 74,

76, 82, 85, 90, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 130, 145,

152, 155, 158, 159, 161

miRweva 73, 76, 113, 145, 161

sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148

akrZalva (repetitorobis) 76, 85, 86, 88, 113, 139, 158

avstralia 15, 32, 34, 57, 105, 112, 139, 155, 157

avstria 31, 113, 135

azerbaijani 26, 53, 154

azia 10, 53, 75, 115, 117, 130, 154, 155

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi (aSS) 9, 32, 40, 42, 43, 47, 56,

57, 63, 100, 105, 111, 112,

155

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi 8, 14, 129

araformaluri ganaTleba 21, 131

arcerTi CamorCenili bavSvi (NCLB) 8, 32, 42, 47, 56, 58, 63, 112, 163, 165

afrika 10, 29, 34, 39, 60, 115, 155

aRmosavleT azia 13, 33, 34, 53, 115, 154

aRmosavleT evropa 10, 26, 27, 33, 53, 130, 155

b

bangladeSi 22, 129

boTsuana 148, 155

bosnia da hercogovina 26, 53

brazilia 33, 195

g

gamocdebi 26, 28, 36, 57, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 82, 85, 90, 106,

109, 110, 114, 121, 148, 157, 161

gare (arasaskolo) gamocdebi 36, 57, 61

zeda klasebis / saSualo skolis gamocdebi 71, 72, 82

182

samoqalaqo samsaxuris gamocdebi 70

Sesasvleli gamocdebi 72, 109, 110, 148

gamocdebis maxasiaTeblebi (saxeoba) 22

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis

politikis forumi 155

ganaTlebis marketizacia da privatizacia 155

ganaTlebis sistemebi 156, 162

ganmanaTleblebi 62

gansxvavebebi ix. agreTve Tanasworoba 51, 106

gancxadebebi 98, 144

genderi 106, 107, 120

ganzomileba(ebi) 15, 18, 36, 43, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 64,

90, 162

gansxvavebebi 10, 49, 51, 53, 71, 86, 105, 109, 134

uTanasworobebi 16, 17, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 69, 70,

94, 97, 102, 105, 155, 158

germania 100, 128

d

dabali akademiuri moswreba 18, 34, 47, 56, 59, 61, 71, 90, 112,

115, 155, 158

dabalSemosavliani

qveynebi 22

ojaxebi 61, 83, 86

damgegmavebi ix. agreTve kanonmdeblebi,

politikosebi, praqtikosebi 13-14, 17-18, 33-34, 42-43, 115, 148,

149, 154, 157-158, 161-162

dasavleT evropa 31, 32, 34, 155

e

egvipte 12, 25, 44, 49, 51, 52, 64, 113, 129, 161

evropa 10, 34, 53, 130, 155

eTnikuroba ix. agreTve rasa 55

ekonomikuri 13, 43, 44, 85, 92, 107

zegavlena 13, 43, 44

183

tvirTi 69, 70, 74, 85, 96

Sedegebi 44, 92, 107

ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebis instrumenti 68

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD) 8, 14, 69, 152, 153, 168, 174

ena 120, 132

erTi-erTze repetitoroba ix. repetitoroba 60, 61, 135

v

vietnami 25, 51, 143

z

zambia 29

zanzibari 29, 127

zegavlena (repetitorobis) 11, 13, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 57, 59, 61,

62, 65, 85, 88, 91, 96, 104, 114, 121,

127, 141, 158

ekonomikuri 13, 43, 44

saganmanaTleblo 43, 56

socialuri 43, 47

T

Tanasworoba ix. agreTve gansxvavebebi 51, 106

TurqeTi 49

i

iaponia 12, 13, 22, 26, 33, 41, 74, 105, 109, 134, 154, 155

inglisi 11, 56, 111, 138, 157

indoeTi 8, 10, 11, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 53, 54, 113A

andhra pradeSi 30, 36, 54

dasavleT bengali 29

kerala 30, 36, 37, 38, 54

maharaSTra 30, 37, 38, 54, 136

uTar pradeSi 30, 37, 54

184

intensivoba ix. repetitoroba 5, 10, 18, 21, 35, 36, 43, 62,

82, 114, 141

interneti 18, 21, 38, 40, 42, 68, 76, 77, 98, 105, 118, 148, 156,

160

irlandia 32

k

kavkasia 117

kamboja 22, 23, 51, 113, 128, 154

kanada 22, 23, 332, 41, 55, 100

vankuveri 55

toronto 55

kanonebi, wesebi 73, 88, 89, 134, 135, 137, 138, 143

kenia 22, 25, 29, 50, 51, 113

kerZo mecadineobebi 17, 83, 85, 86, 105, 106, 132, 133, 134, 135,

136,137, 142, 143, 145, ix. agreTve repetitoroba

Tvisebebi da roli 96

zoma da forma 15, 16, 17, 21, 141

kerZo repetitorebi 23, 25, 25, 28 - 33, 43, 47, 48, 50, 53 - 55,

58 - 60, 62, 68, 69, 71

kviprosi 24

klasgareSe (RonisZiebebi, aqtivoba) 76

klasgareSe repetitoroba ix. repetitoroba

kolejSi Sesasvleli gamocdebi 76

kolombo 45

konfucianizmi 33, 70

konfucianuri tradiciebi 33

korea 33, 39, 44, 45, 50, 62, 68, 69, 70, 77, 113, 154, 160

korufcia 14, 17, 118, 120

kulturebi 43, 52, 156, 157

l

laTinuri amerika 33, 34, 155

litva 26, 27, 54, 130, 133, 134, 152

185

m

mavriki 29, 63, 79 - 87, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 104, 114, 148,

152, 157

makao 38, 137, 148, 160, 161

malavi 29, 155

masStabebi ix. agreTve repetitoroba 16, 33, 34, 141, 142

154, 157

maswavleblebis motivacia 127

maRali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi 18, 33, 63, 67, 109,

115

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) 7, 24, 44, 69, 95

mimwodeblebi repetitorobis 40, 42, 102, 107, 108, 112, 118

mkvlevarebi 51, 148, 151

moTxovna (kerZo) repetitorobaze ix. repetitoroba

momxmareblebi ix. agreTve mSoblebi

monitori / monitoringi ix. repetitoroba

monRoleTi 27, 54, 131, 134

moswavleebi 12, 18, 19, 22 - 25, 28, 31, 35, 36, 38, 66,

67, 108, 111, 116, 119, 120, 125, 146

dabali akademiuri moswrebis moswavleebi 18, 34, 47,

56, 61, 73, 90, 112, 155, 158

eTnikuri umciresobis moswavleebi 55

zeda saSualo klasebis moswavleebi 23, 24

umaRlesi skolis moswavleebi 63

mSoblebi ix. agreTve momxmareblebiM 16, 39, 42, 45, 47 -

50, 58 - 60, 68, 69, 73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 97,

98, 102, 115, 117, 143, 145, 148, 152, 155, 158, 161

mSobliuri ena 37

n

namibia 29, 36, 136

o

ojaxis 28, 47, 48, 50, 52

gamokiTxva 24

danaxarjebi 23, 152

186

repetitorobis dafinanseba 23

ojaxis danaxarji ganaTlebaze 23

p

politika 39, 42, 75, 77, 85, 92, 94, 103, 104, 113, 127, 135,

138, 162

politikis forumi (IIEP) ix. IIEP-is politikis forumi 6,

14, 15 26, 56, 92, 108, 154, 155

politikosebi 16, ix. agreTve damgegmavebi

praqtikosebi ix. agreTve damgegmavebi

poloneTi 27, 54

portugalia 10, 35, 36, 136, 147

praqtikosebi ix. agreTve damgegmavebi, kanonmdeblebi, poli-

tikosebi

privatizacia 155

r

rasa ix. agreTve eTnikuroba 55

repetitoroba 12, 13, 15 - 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30 - 34,

38, 39, 42, 44, 46, 50, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64,

68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91- 98,

101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111 - 115, 117, 127, 129, 130,

132 - 135, 138, 141, 143, 144, 150, 153 - 158, 162

adgilmdebareoba 22, 82, 92

qalaqis / soflis dawesebulebebSi 106

haquonebi (korea) 68, 78, 82, 134, 135

juku (iaponia) 12, 24, 41, 109, 110, 135

intensivoba 10, 18, 21, 35, 36, 43, 62, 82, 141

masStabi 10, 21, 22, 26, 27, 34, 43

mimwodeblebi 40, 42, 101, 107, 108, 112, 118

moTxovna 46, 47, 53, 59, 61, 64, 69, 81, 91, 95, 104,

112 - 115, 156, 162

momarageba / uzrunvelyofa 76, 130, 160

monitori / monitoringi 8, 14, 19, 28, 141, 145, 148,

150

formati / saxeoba / miwodebis saSualeba 22, 39, 114

individualuri, erTi erTze 60, 61, 135

187

internetis saSualebiT 18, 38, 156

skolis Semdeg 19, 39, 91, 99, 101, 117, 123, 161

saxeobebi 12, 18, 21, 33, 34, 38, 40, 42, 68, 105

sixSire 30, 36

xangrZlivoba 21, 35, 38, 83, 141

repetitorobis miReba ix. momxmareblebi 40

repetitorobis saxeobebi ix. repetitoroba

s

sabazro Zalebi 17, 19, 56, 104, 105, 112, 154

sabazro ZalebiT marTuli repetitoroba 56, 105

saberZneTi 32, 44, 128

sabWoTa kavSiri 26, 33, 34

Semosavali 46, 102

saganmanaTleblo zegavlena (repetitorobis)

ix. zegavlena 11, 43-44, 57, 65

saganmanaTleblo miRweva ix. agreTve akademiuri

miRweva 113

saganmanaTleblo, socialuri da ekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebi 162

sagnebi ix. akademiuri sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148

saklaso 62, 65 - 67, 82, 84, 88, 127, 159

programa 61, 64, 109, 123, 132

swavleba 66, 82, 88

samTavrobo 18, 24, 32, 33, 39, 42, 46, 56, 57, 70, 87, 95, 114,

127, 138, 139, 147, 155, 157, 158

danaxarji 32, 46

politika 18, 33, 39, 42

samxreT azia 34, 55

samxreT 15, 28, 29, 34, 39, 55, 60, 150

saswavlo programa 16, 36, 39, 46, 56, 64, 66, 69, 91, 92, 95,

98, 130, 159

satelevizio gadacemebi 39, 42, 76, 77

safrangeTi 11, 12, 15, 31, 32, 44, 48, 68, 95, 100 - 102, 104, 111,

129, 139, 157, 159

188

saqarTvelo 26, 27, 53, 117, 155

saSemosavlo jgufi 106, 107

singapuri 8, 36, 40, 60, 105, 111, 112, 137, 155, 162

skola 7, 8, 10, 18 - 21, 23 - 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33 - 40,

45, 46, 48, 51, 55 - 60, 62, 65, 67, 120, 123, 124,

126, 147

dawyebiTi da saSualo skola 10, 19, 23 - 26,

29, 31 - 38, 40, 42, 49, 50, 55, 57, 60, 68 - 72,

74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 84 - 86, 90, 95, 97, 98, 105, 115,

131, 132, 137, 145, 147, 152, 155

intensiuri momzadebis skolebi 32, 44, 109, 144,

149

kerZo skola 96

saskolo sagnebi 37, 63, 82, 96, 121, 128, 148

sajaro skola 7

skolis teritoria 30, 82, 88, 89, 92, 133

slovakeTi 26, 27, 54, 130, 132, 134, 152

socialuri 13, 16 - 18, 22, 37, 46, 49, 52, 55, 67, 68, 70, 83, 94,

96 - 98, 102 - 104, 113, 114, 129, 130, 155 - 158,

162

klasebi 98, 157

socialuri da ekonomikuri 67, 105, 155, 156, 158, 162

uTanasworobebi 17, 47, 52, 70, 94, 97, 62, 105, 155,

158

winsvla 19, 83

Zalebi 95

uTanasworobebi 55

socialuri, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo zegavlena 43-

44

(repetitorobis) ix. zegavlena 3, 43, 44, 47, 56

sruli akrZalva 112, 158

stratifikacia 86, 87, 96

swavlebis xarisxi 8, 28, 45 - 47, 56, 57, 66, 81, 87, 106,

123 - 125, 145

t

taivani 33, 55, 128

tanzania 29

189

tajikeTi 27, 45, 54, 117, 130, 132, 134, 155

testebi ix. agreTve gamocdebi 57, 73, 76, 83, 110

teqnologiebi 7,, 38, 41, 60, 97, 156, 159, 160

tvirTi (finansuri) 69, 70, 74, 85, 96

u

uaryofiTi zegavlena (repetitorobis) 16, 61, 80, 88

uganda 28, 113, 138, 148, 155

ukraina 27, 54, 130, 133, 134

universaluri da savaldebulo ganaTleba 71

ufaso ganaTleba 87, 115

q

qumoni 41

Q

y

yazaxeTi 27, 53, 117, 130, 134

yirgizeTi 27, 51, 54, 117, 120, 121, 155

S

Sedareba (saerTaSoriso) 115, 149

Sedegebi 14, 18, 29, 34, 35, 44, 53, 61, 67, 77, 81, 87, 92, 94,

97, 105, 107, 118, 130, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152

ekonomikuri 44, 92, 107

Semosavali 33, 45, 46, 52, 65, 95, 102

SesaZleblobis xarji, CaTvlili xarji 45

Sefaseba 7, 8, 11, 19, 42, 58, 59, 61, 67, 76, 93, 96, 97, 98,

106, 108, 141, 143, 145, 146, 152

Sri lanka 44, 154

C

Caricxva 49, 50

CineTi 23, 26, 38, 40, 70

CrdiloeT amerika 34, 155

Crdilovani ganaTlebis sistema 13, 16, 17, 19, 33, 41, 104,

114, 127, 129, 149, 154, 162

190

Z

ZiriTadi 11, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 332, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43,

46, 47, 50 - 52, 56, 60, 61, 63, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76,

77, 79, 83, 86, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, 113 - 115, 117,

118, 121, 133, 136, 139, 150, 155, 157, 158, 162

ganaTlebis sistema (sistemebi) 13, 16, 17, 105, 118, 158

saskolo sistema 42, 43, 50, 56, 77, 115, 127, 133, 155,

157, 162

saskolo sistemis maswavleblebi 39, 43, 46, 73, 131, 150

x

xarisxi(s) 8, 45, 47, 50, 51, 56, 57, 75, 81, 84, 87, 106, 115, 125,

126, 128, 132, 137, 138, 143, 145, 150, 152, 155, 157,

161

momsaxureba 41, 128, 157

uzrunvelyofa 88, 123, 125

xarjebi 24, 35, 44, 45, 60, 75, 102, 152, 157

xarjis efeqturoba 58

xorvatia 26, 27, 53

j

juku (iaponia) 12, 24, 41, 109, 110, 135

h

haquonebi (korea) ix. agreTve repetitoroba 68, 78, 82,

134, 135

hong kongi 24, 25, 33, 40, 55, 144, 148, 155

191

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP)publikaciebi da dokumentebi

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutma 1,200-ze meti

dasaxelebis publikacia gamosca, romlebic ganaTlebis dageg-

mvis yvela sakiTxs moicavs. am publikaciebis sruli katalogi

Semdeg sagnobriv kategoriebad aris Sedgenili:

ganaTlebis dagegmva da globaluri sakiTxebi

zogadi kvlevebi – globaluri / ganviTarebis sakiTxebi

ganaTlebis administrireba da marTva

decentralizacia – monawileoba – distanciuri ganaTleba

– skolis dagegmva – maswavleblebi

ganaTlebis ekonomika

xarjebi da dafinanseba – dasaqmeba – saerTaSoriso Tanam-

Sromloba

ganaTlebis xarisxi

Sefaseba – siaxleebi – zedamxedveloba

formaluri ganaTlebis sxvadasxva doneebi

dawebiTi ganaTlebidan umaRles ganaTlebamde

ganaTlebis alternatiuli strategiebi

mudmivi ganaTleba – araformaluri ganaTleba – arasaxar-

bielo / dazaralebul mdgomareobaSi myofi jgufebis ganaTleba

- genderuli ganaTleba

katalogis aslebis mopoveba SeiZleba moTxovniT Semdegi

internet misamarTebidan da saitebidan:

GganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IIEP) pub-likaciebis da komunikaciebis ganyofileba

info@iiep.unesco.org

192

axali publikaciebis saTaurebis da Tezisebis moZieba Sesa-

Zlebelia Semdeg saitze:

www.iiep.unesco.org

193

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti

ganaTlebis dagegmvis saerTaSoriso instituti (IIEP) arisumaRlesi safexuris treiningis da kvlevis saerTaSoriso cen-

tri ganaTlebis dagegmvis sferoSi. is 1963 iuneskos

(UNESCO) mier daarsda da finansdeba iuneskosa da wevri

qveynebis nebayoflobiT gaRebuli TanxebiT. Ukanaskneli wlebis

ganmavlobaSi Semdegma wevrma qveynebma Seitanes nebayoflobiTi

wvlili institutis dafinansebaSi: avstraliam, daniam, indoeTma,

irlandiam, niderlandebma, norvegiam, espaneTma, SvedeTma da Sve-

icariam.

institutis mizania mTels msoflioSi ganaTlebis gan-

viTarebis xelSewyoba codnis gavrcelebis da ganaTlebis

dagegmvis dargSi kompetenturi profesionalebis momzadebiT.

Aam miznis gansaxorcieleblad instituti wevri qveynebis

treiningis da kvleviT organizaciebTan TanamSromlobs. insti-

tutis samTavrobo sabWo maqsimum rva arCeuli wevrisa da

gaerosa da masTan arsebuli specializirebuli saagentoebisa

da institutebis mier arCeuli oTxi wevrisgan Sedgeba. sabWo

amtkicebs institutis programas da biujets.

Tavmjdomare:

reimond i. uoneri (aSS) Raymond E, Wanner (USA)iuneskos sakiTxebze ufrosi mrCeveli, gaeros fondi, vaSig-

toni, kolumbiis olqi, aSS.

gaeros mier daniSnuli wevrebi:

qristin evans-qloqi Christine Evans-Clockdireqtori, saerTaSoriso SromiTi organizaciis SromiTi

Cvevebis da dasaqmebis unaris departamenti, Jeneva, Sveicaria.

karlos lopesi Carlos Lopesgeneraluri mdivnis asistenti da aRmesrulebeli direq-

tori, gaeros treiningis da kvlevis instituti (UNITAR),gaero, niu iorki, aSS.

jamil salmi Jamil Salmi

194

ganaTlebis seqtoris menejeri, msoflio bankis instituti,

vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi, aSS.

dieri seqi Diėry Seckdireqtori, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da dagegmvis afrikuli

instituti, dakari, senegali.

arCeuli wevrebi:

aziza benani (maroko) AAziza Bennani (Morocco)marokos elCi da mudmivi delegate iuneskoSi.

nina iefimovna borevskaia (ruseTi) Nina Yefimovna Borevskaya(Russia)

mTavari mkvlevari da proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, Soreuli aR-

mosavleTis Semswavleli instituti, moskovi.

birger fredriqseni (norvegia) Birger Fredriksen (Norway)msoflio bankSi mrCeveli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis sak-

iTxebSi.

rikardo henrikesi (brazilia) Ricardo Henriques (Brazil)prezidentis specialuri mrCeveli, erovnuli ekonomikuri

da socialuri ganviTarebis banki.

Takivaa manuhi (gana) Takyiwaa Manuh (Ghana)afrikis kvlevebis direqtori, ganas universiteti.

filip meo (safrangeTi) Philippe Méhaut (France)Sromis ekonomikis da sociologiis laboratoria-samec-

niero kvlevis erovnuli

centri LEST-CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, safrangeTi. SinSeng zang (CineTi) Xinsheng Zhang (China)ganaTlebis ministris moadgile, CineTi.

institutTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebi SeiZleba gaigzavnos

Semdeg misamarTze:

The Office of the Director, International Institute for EducationalPlanning,

7-9 rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France

195