crash course in music theory (white fields assembly seremban)

7/31/2019 Crash Course in Music Theory (White Fields Assembly Seremban)

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Index


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Notes and Steps

Music Notes:

In alphabet: A,B,C,D,E, . X,Y,Z

In numbers:1,2,3,4,5,6,

In music:C,D,E,F,G,A,B C,D,E,F,G,A,B C,D,E,F,G,A,B

*A total of 7 notes.

**when you move up from a note back to the SAME note, it is called an octave

Exp: the note from C to C is called an OCTAVE the note from D to D is called an OCTAVE

the note from G to G is called an OCTAVE Steps:

Half Step : the key next to it. A half step is also called SEMI-TONE

Exp:

Whole Step : 2 half steps. A whole step is also called TONE

Exp:


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Accidentals

Accidental:

Accidental is a sign used to raise or lower the pitch of a note.

(Sharp) Raises the note by one HALF step

C# D# F# G# A# C# D# F# G# A#

**E and B does not have

(Flat) Lowers the note by one HALF step

Db Eb Gb Ab Bb Db Eb Gb Ab Bb

**C and F does not have

So, from the above, we can see that

C# can also be named Db

D# can also be named Eb

F# can also be named ____

G# can also be named ____ A# can also be named ____


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Music Scale

Scales:

A scale is the selection of notes within an octave.

There are 3 main type of scales :

1. Chromatic Scale2. Major Scale3. Minor Scale

A scale is named by the first note it starts with.

Exp:

A C Major Scale starts and ends with C

C Major Scale: C ,D,E,F,G,A,B, C

An E Major Scale starts and ends with E

E Major Scale: E, F#, G#, A, B, C#, D#, E

We will only be looking further at Chromatic and Major scale in this lesson~


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1. Chromatic Scale

A chromatic scale is a musical scale which has 12 pitches, within an octave.

Each pitch is a semi-tone (half-step) from each other.

When ascending, the scale is usually noted with SHARP;while descending, the scale is usually noted with FLAT~

Chromatic scale starting on C(ascending)C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

(descending)C B Bb A Ab G Gb F E Eb D Db C

Chromatic scale starting on E(ascending)E F F# G G# A A# B C C# D D# E

(descending)E Eb D Dd C B Bb A Ab G Gb F E

Your turn to write some chromatic scales~

Chromatic scale starting on F

(Ascending)

(Descending)

Chromatic scale starting on A

(Ascending)

(Descending)

**note**

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

C Db D Eb E F Gb G Ab A Bb B C


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2. Major Scale

A major scale is constructed with the formula

(Starting note) T T s T T T s

*T represents a TONE and s represents a SEMI-TONE

We will useC Major Scale

as an example~ our starting note will beC.

From C we add a TONE which gives us D From D we add a TONE which gives us E From E we add a SEMI- TONE which gives us F From F we add a TONE which gives us G From G we add a TONE which gives us A From A we add a TONE which gives us B

And finally, From B we add a SEMI-TONE which gives us C

So, a C Major Scale is C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

T T s T T T s

G Major Scale

Starting note will be G Using the formula **(Starting note) T T s T T T s **

G G# A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G

T T s T T T s

So, G Major Scale is:

G, A, B, C, D, E, F, F#, G

Your turn to write a Major Scale~

D Major Scale


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Key Signature

There are a total of 15 Major key signatures, and 15 minor key signature.

Key signature indicates the sharp and flats within a scale.

We will be looking at the key signatures using the circle of 5ths below.

Circle of 5ths (circle of 4ths)

We will first be looking at the outer circle.

Going clockwise, each step is 5 steps.

From C to G is 5 steps, G to D is 5 steps, and so on

Going Anti-clockwise, each step is 4 steps.

From C to F is 4 steps, F to Bb is 4 steps and so on.

**In this section, we will ONLY be learning how to determine a Major scaleusing the circle of 5ths and 4ths


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1. Circle of 5ths (Clockwise)

Key Signatures

C No SHARPS

G F#

D F# C#

A F# C# G#

E F# C# G# D#

B F# C# G# D# A#

F# F# C# G# D# A# E#

C# F# C# G# D# A# E# B#

Therefore, using the above to construct Major Scales

E Major Scale: F# C# G# D#*FIRST write down the full scale without any sharps starting on E*

E F G A B C D E

*now add in the SHARPS*

E F# G# A B C# D# E

A Major Scale: F# C# G#

*FIRST write down the full scale without any sharps starting on A*

A B C D E F G A

*now add in the SHARPS*

A B C# D E F# G# A


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Your turn to write some Major Scales using the circle of 5ths~

Key Signatures

C No SHARPS

G F#

D F# C#

A F# C# G#

E F# C# G# D#

B F# C# G# D# A#

F# F# C# G# D# A# E#

C# F# C# G# D# A# E# B#

C major scale:

D major scale:

B major scale:

G major scale:


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1. Circle of 4ths (Anti-Clockwise)

Key Signatures

C No FLATS

F Bb

Bb Bb Eb

Eb Bb Eb Ab

Ab Bb Eb Ab Db

Db Bb Eb Ab Db Gb

Gb Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb

Cb Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Fb

Therefore, using the above to construct Major Scales

F Major Scale: Bb

*FIRST write down the full scale without any FLATS starting on F*

F G A B C D E F

*now add in the FLAT*

F G A Bb C D E F

Your turn to write some Major Scales using the circle of 4ths~

Bb Major Scale:

Db Major Scale :


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Major Keys and Relative Minor Keys

So, the major keys are

C G D A E B Gb Dd Ab Eb Bb F

And the minor keys are

Am Em Bm F#m C#m G#m Ebm Bbm

Fm Cm Gm Dm

Relative Minors

Looking at the inner circle, Am is below C.So, the RELATIVE minor of C is Am

D relative minor Bm

E relative minor C#m

B relative minor G#m

F relative minor Dm


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Chords

Chords are a combination of THREE or more notes.

There are many types of Chords: Major Chords, Minor Chords, Dominant 7 th Chords, Augmented Chords, Diminished Chords, Major 7 th Chords, Minor 7 th Chords.

We will ONLY be looking at Major Chords, Minor Chords, Dominant 7 th Chords.

Chords are built based on a ROOT NOTE, together with a THIRD and a FIFTH.

1. Major Chords

A major chord is built with a MAJOR THIRD and a PERFECT FIFTH from theROOT NOTE.

** 1 3 5 ** **bass note major third perfect fifth**

So for a C major chord,

C E G

So for a F major chord,

F A C

So for a G major chord,

G B D

So for a E major chord, (E has G#)

E G# B

So for a B major chord, (B has D#, F#)

B D# F#

So for a Eb major chord (Eb has Bb)

Eb G Bb

Your turn to try some chords~

D major chord

Bb major chord

Db major chord

A major chord


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2. Minor Chords

A minor chord is built with a MINOR THIRD and a PERFECT FIFTH from theROOT NOTE.

** 1 b3 5 ** **bass note minor third perfect fifth**

So for a Am chord,

A C E

So for a Bm chord, (Bm relative major is D, and D has a F#)

B D F#

So for a F#m chord, (F#m relative major is A, and A has a C#)

F# A C#

Your turn to try some chords~Dm chord

G#m chord

C#m chord

Cm chord


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3. Dominant Seventh Chords

A minor chord is built with a MAJOR THIRD, PERFECT FIFTH and a MINOR SEVENTH from the ROOT NOTE.

** 1 3 5 b7 ** **bass note major third perfect fifth minor seventh**

For a C7 chord, we use the C Major chord, which is

C E G

and add a SEVENTH note to it, which is B note.

C E G B

and we FLAT that note (lower it by a SEMI-TONE)

So a C7 chord is C E G Bb

For a G7 chord, we use the G Major chord, which is

G B D

and add a SEVENTH note to it, which is F# note. (G major has F# - refer page 8)

G B D F#


So a G7 chord is G B D F

For a D7 chord, we use the D Major chord, which is

D F# A

and add a SEVENTH note to it, which is F# note. (D major has C# - refer page 8)

D F# A C#


So a G7 chord is D F# A C


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Chords Inversion

- In music, to invert a chord, means to bring the lowest note in a chord anoctave higher.

- Major Chords are formed by 3 notes (root note major 3 rd perfect 5 th)The lowest note in any chord is called the bass note.

- We will be taking the C chord as an example :

- this is called, ROOT POSITION.

The notes of C Major chord are : C (root note) E (major 3 rd) G (Perfect 5 th)*the bass note is C

To invert it, we will bring the lowest note up an octave.

Now, the inverted chord looks like this:

- this is called, FIRST INVERSION.

- The C chord now is : E(major 3 rd) G (perfect 5 th) C (root note)*the bass note is E


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We will invert it again, bringing the lowest note, which is E, up an octave:

Now, the inverted chord looks like this:

- this is called, SECOND INVERSION.

- The C chord now is : G (perfect 5 th) C (root note) E(major 3 rd)*the bass note is C

- Every chord can be played by 3 methods: o Root position o First inversion o Second inversion

- Exp:

D Chord:Root position: D F# A

First Inversion: F# A D

Second Inversion : A D F#

G Chord:Root position: G B D

First Inversion: B D G

Second Inversion : D G B


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Family Chords

- Family Chords are a set of chords form by each note in that Key. Each familycomprises of 7 chords.

- Taking the key of C Major as an example:

C Major Scale:

I ii iii IV V vi vii iC D E F G A B C

The family chords for C Major Key:

I ii iii IV V vi vii(dim)C Dm Em F G Am B(dim)

major minor minor major major minor diminished

- In this lesson, we will be omitting the vii(dim) chord.

- So, the family chords for C Major : C Dm Em F G Am

- In a set of family chords, there are 3 Major and 3 minor chords.

- The Major chords are: I, IV, V- The Minor chords are: ii, iii, vi

- Note that the Major chords are noted with CAPITALS,and the minor chords are noted with small letters.

- Taking another example of, D Major:

D Major Scale:

I ii iii IV V vi vii iD E F# G A B C# D

so the family chords for D Major Key are:

I ii iii IV V viD Em F#m G A Bmmajor minor minor major major minor


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Family Chords for each Key

Circle of 5ths (Clockwise) Major Keys with #

Key(Relative Minor)

I ii m iii m IV V vi m

C (Am) C Dm Em F G Am

D (Bm) D Em F#m G A Bm

E (C#m) E F#m G#m A B C#m

G (Em) G Am Bm C D Em

A (F#m) A Bm C#m D E F#m

B (G#m) B C#m D#m E F# G#m

Circle of 4ths (anti-Clockwise) Major Keys with b

Key(Relative Minor)

I ii m iii m IV V vi m

C (Am) C Dm Em F G AmF (Dm) F Gm Am Bb C Dm

Bb (Gm) Bb Cm Dm Eb F Gm

Eb (Cm) Eb Fm Gm Ab Bb Cm

Ab (Fm) Ab Bbm Cm Db Eb Fm

Db (Bbm) Db Ebm Fm Gb Ab Bbm


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Chord Progressions

- Most songs move in a common chord flow.

- If you can familiarize yourself with the following chord progressions, youcan play a whole lot of songs with just those chords. Some common chordprogressions in a song.

1. I, vi m, IV, V7 progression:*the V7 can be substituted as V*

a. C, Am, F, G7 (G)

b. D, Bm, G, A7 (A)

c. E, C#m, A, B7 (B)

d. G, Em, C, D7 (D)

e. A, F#m, D, E7 (E)

f. F, Dm, Bb, C7 (C)

2. I, IV, I, V7 progression:*the V7 can be substituted as V*

a. C, F, C, G7 (G)

b. D, G, D, A7 (A)

c. E, A, E, B7 (B)

d. F, Bb, F, C7 (C)

e. G, C, G, D7 (D)

f. A, D, A, E7 (E)

3. I, IV, V, I progression

*happy upbeat*

a. C, F, G, C

b. D, G, A, D

c. E, A, B, E

d. F, Bb, C, F

e. G, C, D, G

f. A, D, E, A


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Appendix

Key Signatures Table

1. Circle of 5ths ( #)

Key Signatures

C No SHARPS

G F#

D F# C#

A F# C# G#

EF# C# G# D#

B F# C# G# D# A#

F# F# C# G# D# A# E#

C# F# C# G# D# A# E# B#

2. Circle of 4ths ( b)

Key Signatures

C No FLATS

F Bb

Bb Bb Eb

Eb Bb Eb Ab

Ab Bb Eb Ab Db

Db Bb Eb Ab Db Gb

Gb Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb

Cb Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Fb


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List of Major Scales:

C Major:C D E F G A B C

G Major:G A B C D E F# G

D Major:D E F# G A B C# D

A Major:A B C# D E F# G# A

E Major:E F# G# A B C# D# E

B Major:B C# D# E F# G# A# B

F Major:F G A Bb C D E F

Bb Major:Bb C D Eb F G A Bb

Eb Major:Eb F G Ab Bb C D Eb

Ab Major:Ab Bb C Db Eb F G Ab

Db Major:Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C Db

Chromatic starting on C: C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B C

C Db D Eb E F Gb G Ab A Bb B C


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Family Chords Table

Key(Relative Minor)

I vi m IV V (V7) ii m iii m

C (Am) C Am F G (G7) Dm Em

D (Bm) D Bm G A (A7) Em F#m

E (C#m) E C#m A B (B7) F#m G#m

G (Em) G Em C D (D7) Am Bm

A (F#m) A F#m D E (E7) Bm C#m

B (G#m) B G#m E F# (F#7) C#m D#m

F (Dm) F Dm Bb C (C7) Gm Am

Bb (Gm) Bb Gm Eb F (F7) Cm Dm

Eb (Cm) Eb Cm Ab Bb (Bb7) Fm Gm

Ab (Fm) Ab Fm Db Eb (Eb7) Bbm Cm

Db (Bbm) Db Bbm Gb Ab (Ab7) Ebm Fm


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List of Major and Minor Chords:

1. Major Chords:

C Major:C E G C

G Major:G B D G

D Major:D F# A D

A Major:A C# E A

E Major:E G# B E

B Major:B D# F# B

F Major:F A C F

Bb Major:Bb D F Bb

Eb Major:Eb G Bb Eb

Ab Major:Ab C Eb Ab

Db Major:Db F Ab Db

2. Minor Chords: Am : A C E A

Em: E G B E

Bm: B D F# B

F#m: F# A C# F#

C#m: C# E G# C#

G#m: G# B D# G#

Dm: D F A D

Gm: G Bb D Bb

Cm: C Eb G C

Fm: F Ab C F

Bbm: Bb Db F Bb

crash course in music theory (white fields assembly seremban)

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