cp0633_06-oct-2011_rm01
TRANSCRIPT
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Social Issuesand
the Environment
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Urbanization
What is urbanization Increased population in cities due to migration of
people from rural areas
Why does it occur?
In search of employment
For better education for children
For better commodity availability For better health facilities
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What is the impact of urbanization on environment?
Increase in population density
Closely constructed houses
Increased traffic traffic jams
More need for resourcesenergy, water, fuel
Stress on locally available resources
Greater pollution air, water, soilwaste dumping Increased chance of epidemics
Decreased aesthetic appeal of landscape
Loss of farmland;
Reduced species diversity;
Increased stormwater runoff due to construction of pavements.. Increased risk of flooding
Excessive removal of native vegetation;
Ecosystem fragmentation
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Problems related to energy
With fast Urbanization there is an increase in needfor energy and in its utilization. More lighting, transport, electrical devices, industries, more
waste and energy required to dispose it,
Increased air pollution and global warming energy needed to control air and water pollution
This is leading to
Stress on non-renewable energy sources Threat to long term sustainability
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Important issues on energy management
Urban planning should show concern forEfficient use of energy
1. Transportation network should be proper no
traffic congestion and no pollution2. Cities should be planned well for proper
ventilation and drainage so that need for energyis reduced
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How do we conserve energy?
Search for renewable resources
Tidal, wind, Biomass, Solar, Geothermal, Alternative fuelcells like Hydrogen cell
Save energy:
Switch off lights and fans when you leave a room
Use more of public transport
Use energy efficient devices And others which you have already studied..
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Sustainable development
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Why did we become a threat to the nature
in which we live?
We do not want to live like animals
We are intelligent -We tried to improve our quality of life
We want to DEVELOP.
In the process of development we created problems.
Is development wrong? What actually went wrong?
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What is wrong in development?
Development is not wrong but Our Outlook ondevelopment is wrong.
We considered improvement in our economy as development.
That is wrong!
If a country has sound economy we called it developed if it
does not then it is undeveloped
In an effort to improve the economy, all nations used the nature
around indiscreetly.
Result?
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Result?
The indiscreet use of our natural resources and a race to develop economically
resulted in the following.
Increased economic differences in nations within as well as between
different nations.
Economy improved in some countries, but quality of life did not improve.
Example, Pollution and waste, caused several health problems
Exhausted natural resources, -fights for them
(For how much money can you buy fresh air and water?)
Caused threat to our biodiversity as a whole -a threat to human race
itself.
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If not better economy what is
development?
Two decades back it is realized that developmentshould be
Sustainable development
What is sustainable development?
development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
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Sustainable Development
The definition comes from two words: Sustainability and Development
Sustainability is three types in terms of
Social
Ecological (Not Political as given in Kaushik and Kaushik)
Economic
A sustainable development is a development in which a balance ismaintained between these three types.
That means, before going for any developmental activity we should verify,
How will our action impact people?
How will our action impact the environment?
How will our action impact economy?
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destroy the environment
waste money
hurt others
Nobody reallywants to
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Key aspects of Sustainable development
Intra-generational equity: Minimize wealthgaps within and between nations
Inter-generational equity: Minimize anyadverse affects on resources andenvironment for the future generations.
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-How achieve sustainabletodevelopment
1. Using appropriate technology:
Technology employed should be Locally adaptable, eco-
friendly, and culturally suitable
It involves local resources and local labour design with
nature
2. The 3 Rs, Reduce, reuse and recycle
Minimize resource use, reuse again and again, Recycle if
not possible to reuse.
3. Prompting environmental education, public awareness andtraining
4. Resource utilization should be limited to Carrying Capacity
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What is carrying capacity?
Carrying capacity refers to
the number of individuals who can be supported in a
given area within natural resource limits, and without
degrading the natural, social, cultural and economicenvironment for present and future generations.
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Water
Reduce water demand in Agriculture
Rainwater harvesting and watershedmanagement
Other methods of water conservation
Measures that can be taken by individuals
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Measures in Agriculture:
Decreasing run-off losses
Contour cultivation, terracing
Barren land runoff is more so Cover soil withcrops/vegetation
Reducing evaporation losses
Application of organic materials like manure and compost :they retain more water and prevents run off
Chemical methods are available
Use of asphalt sheets below the soil
Super slurper copolymer of acrylonitrile andstarch retains 35-40% of moisture
Planting trees on the edges of fields
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Storing water in soil: Some water is stored in soil in the root zone. If the land is
left fallow for some time that water will become available.
Reduce irrigation losses Covered canals to reduce seepage Irrigation in early morning or evening Sprinklers
Use of less water requiring hybrid varieties Drip irrigation
Reuse: Treated water: Desalinization like reverse osmosis
distillation, electrodialysis Water from washings bath tubs etc (grey water) for
watering gardens
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Stop wastage
Close taps
Repair leaks
Use small capacity flush
Increase block pricing
Put a charge on water.
Introduce proper laws
Educate people
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Rainwater Harvesting
What is it and why do we need it?
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Problems Associated with Water
Why are some of the Cities like Chennaifacing water problems
Less rainfall?
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Compare rainfall in 5 Indian cities
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
January
February
Ma
rch
A
pril
M
ay
June
J
uly
Aug
ust
Septem
ber
Octo
ber
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
months
rainfallinInches
Mumbai
Delhi
CalcuttaChennai
Bangalore
Bangalore gets 37annually but the rainfall is more spread out.
Delhi = 32.1 Mumbai=120 Calcutta=62.3
2323
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
It is a technique of increasing the recharge ofgroundwater by capturing and storingrainwater.
This is done by construction of special waterharvesting structures like dug wells,percolation pits, lagoons, check dams etc.
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
Objectives
Reduce run off loss
Avoid flooding of roads
Meet the increasing demands of water
Raise the water table
Reduce groundwater contamination
Supplement groundwater supplies during leanseason
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RAINWATER HARVESTING
Methods of rainwater harvesting are,
1. Storing in tanks or reservoirs above or belowground
2. Constructing pits, dug wells, lagoons trenchesor check dams on rivers and streams
3. By recharging groundwater
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Ground levelsump
tankRain water
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
House - Ground floor
House - Top floor
pump
filter
3
1. Rain water collected
on the roof
2. Flows thru drain pipe
3. First flush - discard
some initial water
4. Water flows thrua filter - bottom to
top (sponge is filter)
5. Store in a sump
6. Pump water to tank
7. Water pumped up8. Store in a overhead
tank - to house
9. Overflow from sump
charges the aquifer
Roof top Rain Water harvesting
9
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Rural water harvesting
Check dams along a river - Rajasthan
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TRADITIONAL RAINWATER
HARVESTING What were the good deeds of Asoka? In ancient India there were lakes and ponds in every village
constructed by kings
In Rajesthan underground tanks and embankments were found
In Himalayan regions bamboo pipes were used to draw waterfrom streams
Collecting rain water from roof-tops is one of the oldest
techniques in India
In villages lake cut ponds were made. In Tamilnadu, they hadseparate such ponds for bathing, washing and drinking.
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What is WATERSHED?
The term watersheddescribes
An area of land that drains downslope to the lowest point.
It is defined as the area of land where all of the water that is drainsoff it goes into the same place.
The water moves through a network of drainage pathways, bothunderground and on the surface. Generally, these pathways join intostreams and rivers, which become progressively larger as the watermoves on downstream, eventually reaching an estuary and the
ocean.
Watersheds have a well-defined boundary and one water outlet.
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watershed
diagram(Note the border dashed line)
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Importance of watershed
It is directly involved in food productionIrrigation
Power generation
Transportation (water line)
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Problems with watershed
Watershed is degraded due to improper landmanagement:
overgrazing
mining
deforestation
construction activities and industrialization,
shifting cultivation,
fires,
soil erosion
and ignorance of local people
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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Its objectives are To restore watershed through proper land use soil
conservation and moisture retention
To make watershed available for domestic watersupply, irrigation hydropower generation in asustainable manner
To minimize the risks of floods, drought and landslides
To develop rural areas in the region to improve theireconomy
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Watershed Practices1. Water harvesting: Proper storage of water
1. Afforestation and Agroforestry ( Half forest halfagricultural)
Help prevent soil erosion and retention of moisture In high rainfall areas woody trees reduce runoff Done
in Dehradun
2. Mechanical measures Terracing, no-till farming,
contour cropping, strip cropping etc
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Watershed Practices
4. Scientific mining: Planting some soil binding plantsto minimize destruction to watershed
5. Public participation:
Farmers and tribals are key to the success of watershedmanagement
So, peoples cooperation should be encouraged.
NGO are encouraged they work either with or withoutlocal peoples cooperation
Case studies: Himalayan regions, Sukhomajri Panchkula,Haryana
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Resettlement and Rehabilitation Issues Resettlement means, The transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement
(as after an upheaval of some kind)
Rehabilitation means, The restoration of someone to a useful place in society
They should grow back to a respectable position with respect to culture andeconomy
Need for resettlement and rehabilitation: Displacements occur
For construction of dams For Mining For creation of National park
People migrate voluntarily In search of better employment To escape epidemics Wars
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ProblemsResettelement and Rehabilitation Land acquisition act, 1894 empowers government to acquire land
Amended later - Compensations are also fixed in the act
Still several problems exist
1. Mostly displaced are tribalsthat are already poor. They becomepoorer lose their homes, jobs, food security, and social isolation
2. They may need to take up small jobs and lose their respect in thesociety.
3. Often families are broken down
4. Tribals are not familiar with market policies. If they get cashcompensation they do not know how to manage and sustain withthat.
5. Tribals community is lost
6. Their culture is lost their dances, folk-songs, and other activities arelost.
7. Their age old knowledge on flora and fauna are lost
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ProblemsResettelement and
Rehabilitation
1. Big dam people get more compensation than
smaller projects
2. Delays in compensation
3. Women are more affected. When men go to work, women cannot survive on
their own They do not get any compensation and become
dependent on their husbands. Otherwise, theymay need to take cheap jobs and lose their self-respect