cp physical science -...
TRANSCRIPT
CP Physical Science Physics: Bell Work, Notes, Study Guides
Name: _____________________________________
Block: ______________________________________
Clicker Number: ______________________________
Mr. Banker
Fall 2014
http://wandohigh.ccsdschools.com/directory/science/banker_ian/physical_science/
Remind101.com CP Reminders: text @MrBankerCP to (442)333-7101
Due Date: ______________
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Table of Contents Bell Work……………………………………..……………………………..…………………………………. First 4 pages
Equation Sheet ………………………..…………………………………..……………………… Following Bell Work
Unit 6.1: Motion, Speed, and Velocity .................................................................................................................................... 3
Unit 6.2: Position vs Time Graphs: Guided Fill in Notes ......................................................................................................... 5
Unit 6.4: Acceleration and Gravity .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Unit 6.5: Velocity vs Time Graphs: Guided Fill in Notes ......................................................................................................... 9
Unit 7.1: Forces, Newton’s Laws ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Unit 7.2: Weight, Mass, Friction, and Free Body Diagrams .................................................................................................. 15
Unit 8.1: Work and Power..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Unit 8.2: Energy ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Unit 8.3: Nuclear Energy (Fission, Fusion, Uses, and Problems) ........................................................................................... 23
Unit 9.1: Electric Charges ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Unit 9.2: Current and Ohm’s Law.......................................................................................................................................... 27
Unit 9.3: Series and Parallel Circuits ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Unit 9.4: Magnets and Electricity .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Unit 10.1: Waves ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Unit 10.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum ................................................................................................................................... 39
Unit 10.3: Wave Interactions ................................................................................................................................................ 41
Study Guides: Unit 6 thru Unit 10 .………………………………………….………………………………………………………At the end of each unit
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 6.1: Motion, Speed, and Velocity
Further Reference: 11.1 Observing Motion MOTION
1. Motion is a ______________________relative _______________
a. Frame of Reference is a system used ______________________________
2. Distance is _____________________________________
3. Displacement is _______________________________________
a. Displacement must always include _______________________
4. If you run around a 400m track, what is your traveling distance?
5. If you run around a 400m track, what is your traveling displacement?
SPEED AND VELOCITY 1. Speed is _____________________________________________
a. _________________________ includes a direction
2. Velocity is ___________________________________________
a. Includes ______________________________________
VELOCITY EQUATION
1. What are the SI units for: a. Velocity (and speed) _________________ (__)
b. Displacement (and distance) _______________(__)
c. Time __________________ (__)
VELOCTY: In words In symbols
Due Date: ______________
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2. Average Speed is ______________________________________
a. What is a real world example?
WE WILL ALMOST ALWAYS CALCULATE AVERAGE SPEED.
3. Instantaneous Speed is __________________________________
a. What is a real world example?
Practice Problems Write the equation, Show your work, Include units!
1) What is the velocity of a commercial jet which travels from New York City to Los Angeles (4800km) in 6 hours?
2) What is the velocity of a bike that travels 355 meters in 103.7 seconds?
3) A train travels 100km/hr for 2 hours. What distance has it traveled?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 6.2: Position vs Time Graphs: Guided Fill in Notes 1) __________________________ can be studied using a __________________ vs_______________ graph
a. ________________________ is on the vertical axis (it can also be labeled __________________________)
b. ________________________ is on the horizontal axis
2) The _________________________ of the line indicates the ______________________ of the object.
3) _____________________ can be calculated by finding _____________________________ over ___________________________
So let’s work one out.
4) Choose 2 points: one to start and one to end with
Y2 = X2 =
Y1 = X1=
5) Calculate the change between the points.
Difference in Position (Y) =
Difference in Time (X) =
6) Calculate for Slope = Position / Time
7) And remember, SLOPE = _____________________
DIFFE RENT SLOPES MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS
POSITIVE SLOPE:
8) A POSITIVE slope indicates a __________________________________
a. Positive velocity means it is ___________________________
9) The greater the slope, ________________________________________
a. The less the slope, ___________________________________
10) On the graph to the right, which has a greater velocity?
Due Date: ______________
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HORIZONTAL (ZERO) SLOPE:
11) ZERO slope indicates a _____________________________________
a. ZERO slope means that the line is ____________________________________
12) On the graph to the right, which has a greater
velocity?
NEGATIVE SLOPE:
13) A NEGATIVE slope indicates a _____________________________________
a. Negative velocity means the object is ________________________________________________
14) On the graph to the right, which has a greater
negative velocity?
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER:
15) So what is happening at each of these
positions on the graph to the right?
a. ______________
b. ______________
c. ______________
d. ______________
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 6.4: Acceleration and Gravity
Further Reference: 11.2 Acceleration and 12.2 Gravity ACCELERATION AND MOTION
1. Acceleration is the ____________________________________
a. The 3 ways to cause an acceleration is to _____________________, to _________________, or to _____________________
b. For acceleration to be zero, ______________ cannot be changing
Q1 – If I were to drive around a circular race track at a constant 60km/hr, am I accelerating or not? Explain why. CALCULATING ACCELERATION
1. What is the acceleration equation in sentence form? ACCELERATION EQUATION
2. What are the SI units for:
a. Acceleration________________________________ (__) b. Time _________________________________ (__) c. Vf (final velocity) _____________________________ (__) d. Vi (initial velocity) ____________________________ (__)
3. If the acceleration is small, the velocity is increasing _____________________ 4. If the acceleration is large, the velocity is increasing _____________________ 5. Positive acceleration means an object is ______________________________ 6. Negative acceleration means an object is ___________________________
a. Negative acceleration is also called __________________________
In words In symbols In triangle form
Due Date: ______________
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GRAVITY AND ACCELERATION
1. Gravity is ______________________________________________________________________
a. What is the value of the acceleration due to gravity?
b. What is a vacuum?
c. How does air resistance affect an object in motion being pulled by gravity?
UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 1. All objects in the universe exert a ___________________ on every other object in the universe.
2. The gravitational force of gravity between two objects depends on:
1)___________________: As the _________________ increases, the gravitational force _________________ 2)___________________: As the _________________ increases, the gravitational force ________________
Practice Problems (write the equation, show your work, include your units)
1) You are driving from school home and your speed goes from 10m/s to 40m/s in 5 seconds. What is your acceleration?
2) If a football is thrown from rest with an acceleration of 8.5m/s2 and had a final velocity of 25m/s. How long was the football accelerating?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 6.5: Velocity vs Time Graphs: Guided Fill in Notes 1. Acceleration is_________________________________________________________________
2. The vertical axis (____) will be ___________________________
3. The horizontal axis (___) will be _________________________________
4. Slope of a Velocity vs Time is equal to _____________________________________________
5. Does the graph to the right represent velocity or acceleration?
a. How can you tell?
6. Does the graph to the right represent velocity or acceleration?
a. How can you tell?
7. A velocity vs time graph shows _____________________________________________
8. Any slope shows us _______________________________________
DIFFE RENT SLOPES MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS
POSITIVE SLOPE:
9. A POSITIVE slope indicates a ______________________________
a. Positive acceleration means it is
_______________________________________________
10. On the graph to the right, which has a greater
acceleration?
Due Date: ______________
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NO SLOPE:
11. A slope of ZERO indicates a _____________________________________________________
a. This just means that there is a __________________________________________
b. Slope of zero = ______________________________________________________
12. On the graph to the right, which has a greater
acceleration?
13. On the graph to the right, which of the two lines have the
greater velocity?
NEGATIVE SLOPE:
14. A NEGATIVE slope indicates a _____________________________________________________
a. NEGATIVE acceleration means it is ______________________________________________________
b. Deceleration = __________________________________________________________
15. On the graph to the right, which has a greater
deceleration?
Due Date: ______________
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RECAP
16. What does a positive slope indicate? ____________________________________________________
17. What does a negative slope indicate? ____________________________________________________
18. What does a perfectly horizontal line indicate? _____________________________________________
CALCULATING SLOPE:
19. What is the formula for acceleration?
20. What is the velocity of the object at 1 second?
21. What is the velocity of the object at 4 seconds?
22. What is the acceleration of the object between 1 second and 4 seconds?
23. What do you notice about the slope and your acceleration?
Due Date: ______________
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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER:
24. This is a Velocity vs. Time graph, what does the slope represent?
25. What is happening at each of the following line segments?
a. _______________________________
b. _______________________________
c. _______________________________
d. _______________________________
26. Calculate the acceleration for each of the following line segments: Line A) Line B)
Line C) Line D)
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 7.1: Forces, Newton’s Laws
Further Reference: 12.1 Newton’s Laws and 12.3 Newton’s Third Law FORCE
1. Force is________________________________________________________________________________
a. You must have a force to ___________________________________
b. Things will continue in motion unless a _____________ acts on that object. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
1. Newton’s First Law:
a. What are 3 outside forces that could act on an object?
2. Inertia is property of an object to __________________________________________________________
a. The inertia of an object _________________ because it depends on the ____________ of the object
i. Object who’s mass is large has ____________ inertia and is ___________ to stop
ii. Object who’s mass is small has ____________ inertia and is ___________ to stop
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW 1. Newton’s second law:
2. Newton’s second law formula: Words symbols
3. Force is measured in _______________ (___)
In words In symbols In Triangle
Due Date: ______________
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4. The more __________ you have, the bigger the ______________ required to move you
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW: ACTION - REACTION FORCES 1. Newton’s 3rd Law:
a. Forces always act in ______________________
i. These forces are _______________________ and _______________________
b. Newton’s 3rd law includes forces acting on ______________ instead of just _____________
c. The action reaction forces do not ___________ because they are acting on ________________
Practice Problems: Include a formula. Show your work. Include units.
1. What is the acceleration of a boy on a skateboard if the met force acting on the boy is 15N, assuming the
total mass of the boy and the skateboard together is 58kg.
2. What is the mass of an object if a force of 34N produces an acceleration of 4.0m/s2?
Recap! Which of Newton’s Law’s is this?
1. Balloon is blown up with air, and then let go. The balloon flies forward as long as air is exiting the balloon?
2. A bowling ball, once thrown down a greased up bowling lane, will continue traveling unchanged until it hits the pins or the backstop.
3. Cannon fires a cannonball. The cannon moves backward as it is fired, while the cannonball shoots forward.
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 7.2: Weight, Mass, Friction, and Free Body Diagrams
Further Reference: 12.2 Gravity and 11.3 Motion and Forces
WEIGHT AND MASS 1. Weight is:
a. g = ______m/s2
2. Weight is a ________, and thus the SI units for weight is _______________
3. Your ______________ will be different on Earth and Mars because weight changes with __________________
4. Weight Equation:
5. Mass is a measure of ________________________
a. The units for mass are _____________________
b. Your ____________________ will be the exact same on Earth or Mars, because you have the _______________________________ everywhere.
THE FORCE OF FRICTION
1. Friction is:
2. Friction occurs because the surface of any object is ______________
3. Unwanted friction can be _________________ a. List 2 real world examples:
4. Helpful friction can be ___________________ a. List 2 real world examples:
In words In symbols In Triangle
Practice Problems: Show the formula. Show your work. Show your units. 1. If you have a mass of 22kg on Earth (9.8m/s2), what is your weight?
2. If you have a mass of 22kg on Mars (with 1/3 the gravity of Earth), what is your weight on Mars?
Due Date: ______________
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BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES
1. There will always be ____________________ force acting on an object at one time.
a. Net force is the ________________________
2. There are two options for net forces. a. Balanced forces occur when all forces on an object are _____________ and no _____________ occurs
i. Describe a scenario where balanced forces are occurring.
b. Unbalanced forces the __________ does not ___________________
c. Motion will occur in the _________________________________________ i. Describe a scenario where unbalanced forces are occurring.
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 8.1: Work and Power Further Reference: 13.1 Work, Power, and Machines
WHAT IS WORK?
1. Work is:
c. Motion of the object must be __________________________ as the force for work to be done
d. If there is no motion, work equals _____________
2. Work Equation:
BODYBUILDER EXAMPLE:
1. Is the body builder doing work when he is lifting the barbell?
2. Is the body builder doing work as he holds the barbell above his head for 3 seconds?
DORA EXAMPLE:
1. Is Dora doing work on the bag when she lifts her backpack?
2. Is Dora doing work on the bag when she runs out the door with the backpack on?
HINTS:
1. What are some words that generally mean work is being done?
2. What are some words that generally mean no work is being done?
3. Any exceptions to those hints? WORK = FORCE * DISTANCE
1. The SI unit for work is _________________________________ ( ___)
a. 1 ______________________________ = 1 ______________________________ = 1 __________________________
In words In symbols In triangle form
Due Date: ______________
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2. You do 1 joule of work when you _______________________________________
Practice Problems: Show the formula. Show your work. Show your units. 3. A father plays with his daughter by lifting her in the air. How much work does he do
on the child if he lifts her 2 meters and exerts an average of 190N?
4. A bicycle’s brakes apply 125N of frictional force to the wheels as the bike moves 14 meters. How much work do the breaks do on the wheel?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 8.2: Energy
Further Reference: 13.3 What is Energy and 13.4 Conservation of Energy
ENERGY AND WORK 1. Energy is “the ability ___________________,” or ability to __________________
a. Energy is measured in ____________________ (___)
2. Each of the 7 types of energy have forms of kinetic and potential energy a. Potential = _____________________ b. Kinetic = _____________________
THE 7 TYPES OF ENERGY
Energy Type Description Example
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Which of these 7 types of energy have Potential forms of Energy? So knowing that, are potential and mechanical energy acceptable answers when you are asked to list one of the 7 types of energy?
Due Date: ______________
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POTENTIAL ENERGY 1. Define Potential Energy (PE):
2. 2 Types:
a. Elastic Potential Energy:
i. Give 2 examples:
b. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE):
i. Give 2 examples:
3. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) Equation:
4. Being that GPE is a form of energy, the SI units for GPE are _______________
Q1 – What does GPE depend on? Q2 – What does NOT affect GPE? KINETIC ENERGY
1. Kinetic Energy (KE):
2. Kinetic energy depends upon _______________ and ________________ :
3. Kinetic Energy (KE) Equation:
In words In symbols
Practice Problems: Show the formula. Show your work. Show your units. 5. A 65kg rock climber ascends a cliff. What is the climber’s gravitational potential energy at a point
35m above the base of the cliff?
6. A 1.5kg baseball is traveling 8m above the ground at 14m/s. What is the gravitational potential energy of the baseball?
In words In symbols
Due Date: ______________
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4. What are the SI Units for Kinetic Energy (KE)? ______________ a. 1 joule = __________________
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
5. Law of Conservation of Energy: energy can _____________________________ or _________________. Energy can only ____________________________________
a. ________________________ is the total amount of energy in a system
b. The total or net energy of the system must ________________ when energy changes forms.
SOCCER BALL EXAMPLE: Law of Conservation of Energy Soccer ball = 4kg.
1. Before the Drop @ 5 meter height: a. GPE = _____________ because _______________ b. KE = ______________ because _______________
2. Mid Drop @ 3 meter height a. GPE = _____________ because _______________ b. KE = ______________ because _______________
3. At Impact with Ground @ 0 meter height
a. GPE = _____________ because _______________ b. KE = ______________ because _______________
4. For an object that is simply going to fall, GPE at the ____________ will be equal to KE ______________
a. Because _________________________________________________
Practice Problems: Show the formula. Show your work. Show your units. 1. What is the kinetic energy of a 44kg cheetah running at 31 m/s?
2. A 1.5kg baseball is traveling 8m above the ground at 14m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the baseball?
Due Date: ______________
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ROLLER COASTER: Law of Conservation of Energy 5. The initial energy of the car is stored as __________________ at the top of the hill.
a. The _________________ changes into _________________ as the car travels downhill.
b. At the bottom of the lowest hill, the car has the most ________________ and the least
____________________
c. As it travels back up the hill, ________________ turns into _____________
6. But this is NOT a PERFECT TRANSFORMATION a. Each time a roller coaster car moves, energy is converted into _____________ and ________________,
in addition to the GPE and KE.
Practice Problems: Energy Transformations In every energy transformation, there is a form of energy that the item starts with and a different form (or more than 1 form) of energy that the item ends with. Tell me the starting energy, and the ending energy that shows up after the transformation A Lightbulb Starts with: ___electrical___ Desired Energy: _____light ______ “Waste” Energy: ___heat ___ A Fan Starts with: _____________ Desired Energy: _______________ “Waste” Energy: _________ A Battery Starts with: _____________ Desired Energy: _______________ “Waste” Energy: _________ A Fire Starts with: _____________ Desired Energy: _______________ “Waste” Energy: _________ A Glowstick Starts with: _____________ Desired Energy: _______________ “Waste” Energy: _________
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 8.3: Nuclear Energy (Fission, Fusion, Uses, and Problems) Further Reference: 10.2 - Nuclear Fission and Fusion and 10.3 Radiation Today
NUCLEAR STABILITY
1. The stability of a nucleus depends on the ________________ forces that hold the ___________ together. These forces act on _____________________ and ______________________
a. Nuclei are held together by a __________________________________ force.
b. This force causes _____________ and _____________ in the nucleus to ____________ one another.
2. Nuclei with too many ______________ or _____________ are _______________
a. If an atom is _________________, it will try to become stable by
___________________________________________________
FISSION 1. Fission is the process where:
a. The nucleus must be __________________________ for this to happen. Ex: ___________________
2. Draw the equation starting with: a. 235
92U + __________ ___________ + ___________ + ___________ + ____________
3. ______________ are used as bullets to break apart __________________
a. The 3 products of a fission reaction are: i. .
ii. . iii. .
4. Chain Reaction: The Neutrons released by _________________ can start a ____________________ in a
different U-235 nucleus.
a. This process may be ___________________________ (ex: nuclear power plants / subs) b. This process may be ___________________________ (ex: nuclear weapons)
NUCLEAR FUSION
1. Fusion is the process where:
2. Fusion starts with ___________________________________________________
3. Fusion ends with ____________________________, __________________________, and __________________
4. Fusion occurs in ______________________________
5. A large amount of _______________________ is needed to start a ______________________, because all nuclei are _____________________ charged and ______________________ each other.
Due Date: ______________
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WHERE IS RADIATION? 1. Radiation is:
a. Background radiation is:
b. We are continually exposed to radiation from ____________________, such as ___________________,
_____________________, _______________________, and ______________________.
c. More than _______ of the background radiation comes from ___________. NUCLEAR ENERGY DAY 2 INFORMATION: USES, PROS, AND CONS:
1. Nuclear Medicine is:
a. List 2 pros for nuclear medicine: -
-
b. List 2 cons for nuclear medicine:
-
-
2. Nuclear Weapons are an ________________________________ fission reaction
3. Nuclear reactors are a _________________________________ fission reaction
a. In nuclear power plants, _________________________ are used to _________________________ fission by ____________________ the chain reaction.
4. Explain, in 3 general steps, how a nuclear power plant converts nuclear energy into electrical energy: 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 –
5. _________________________ of the energy produced in the United States is Nuclear Energy. a. In South Carolina, nuclear accounts for __________________________ of our energy.
6. List 4 Benefits of Nuclear Power Plant Energy:
7. List 4 Negatives to Nuclear Power Plant Energy:
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 9.1: Electric Charges
Further Reference: 17.1 Electricity A LITTLE CHEMISTRY
1. All matter is made up of ___________________
2. Atoms are made of: a. _________________ (___)
b. _________________ (___)
c. _________________ (___)
3. Atoms can have a________________ charge, a ____________charge, or ____________ charge.
ELECTRIC CHARGE
4. Electrical charge is caused by ________________of ___________ and ___________
a. Positive charged objects have more ____________ than ___________
b. Negative charged objects have more ____________ than ___________
c. Neutral charged objects have __________________________________
5. Like charges __________ and opposite charges __________
6. Like energy, electric charges can never be ____________ or ____________. It only _______________ from one
object to the next when ____________ move from one object to another.
Draw the charge arrows for each scenario
Opposites? Likes?
Due Date: ______________
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TRANSFER OF ELECTRIC CHARGE 7. ________________: Transferring a ______________ by bringing a ______________ near a
_________________ without touching it.
a. The total charge on the door knob will still be _____________, but the oppsite sides will have
_______________ charge.
8. ________________: Electrons are transferred from one object to the next by _______________________
a. When a ______________ charged rubber rod touches a ______________ , some electrons move from _________________ to ________________ to give the doorknob a __________________.
9. ________________: two objects ________________________, leaving __________ built up one side,
leaving both objects _____________________
a. Give 2 examples:
CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR
1. Electrical conductors are:
a. List 2 examples:
2. Electrical Insulators are:
a. List 2 examples:
3. Charges in the electrical cord of an appliance can move through the __________, but cannot excape through the surrounding _____________.
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 9.2: Current and Ohm’s Law
Further Reference: 17.2 Current
1. Electricity is:
2. Electric Current is:
3. Ohm’s Law Equation:
a. The SI unit of voltage is the ______________________ (__)
b. The SI unit of current is the ______________________ (__)
c. The SI unit of resistance is the ______________________ (__)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT 1. Voltage is the difference in ____________________________ between two places where _____________ are
flowing.
a. A ______________________ wants to move away from _____________________
b. Electrons flow from ______________________ to ____________________
c. ________________ provides the energy that ___________ or ___________ electrons through a circuit.
2. Batteries can have different ______________, and therefore different __________ currents.
a. The two different ends of a battery are called _____________
b. The voltage ranges from ___________ on a small battery to ___________ on a car battery.
3. Voltage is the _______________________ that sets charges__________________ (it is “the push”).
4. Electric current is the ________________________________________________________________________
a. The SI unit for current is the ______________ (__)
b. In metals, moving ______________________________ make up the current.
c. Electrons travel from ___________________________ to ____________________________
d. Direction of current is __________________ to ___________________ , which is _____________ as the direction as the electron flow.
In words In symbols In triangle form
Due Date: ______________
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5. There are two types of current. a. AC:
i. AC examples:
b. DC:
i. DC examples:
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE 1. Objects use difference amounts of power because they have ______________ in them.
b. The difference in current between these objects is due to the __________.
2. Resistance is:
a. Resistance is caused by ______________.
3. Conductors have ____________________ resistance.
a. The better the conductor, the _____________ electrons will move through the material
b. Give 2 examples:
4. Insulators have____________________ resistance.
a. The better the insulator, the more the substance will ______________ the movement of electrons
b. Give 2 examples:
5. The resistance of the filament of a light bulb determines ________________ the light bulb will be.
a. The filament of a 40-watt light bulb has a much _______________________ resistance than that of a 100-watt light bulb. This is because ____________________ resistance means _____________________ current, which means a ______________________ light bulb.
6. What are 2 things that we can do to increase resistance?
7. Explain how we accomplish these two methods within the filament of a lightbulb or a toaster?
Practice Problems: Show the formula. Show your work. Show your units. 1. The headlights of a typical car are powered by a 12V battery. What is the resistance of the headlights if
they draw 3.0 A of current when turned on?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 9.3: Series and Parallel Circuits Further Reference: 17.3 Circuits
WHAT ARE CIRCUITS? 1. Electric circuit is:
d. Because of the ___________ of the outlet, ___________ move through the wires and bulbs from one
side of the outlet to the other.
e. _______________ need to travel around the ______________ in order for anything to work.
2. When there is a _______________ path for current connected to a voltage source, it is considered a _____________ circuit
3. When there is no _______________ path for current connected to a voltage source, it is considered an _____________ circuit
a. A switch allows you to _________ and _________ a circuit
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS 1. If many devices are connected across an electrical outlet, the overall resistance of the circuits is
________________.
a. As a result, the electrical wires carry __________ than a safe level of current, which is called an ____________.
b. The high currents in overloaded circuits can cause _____________.
2. Fuses ____________ to prevent circuit overload.
a. A fuse is a ribbon of wire that has a _____________. b. If the current in the line becomes ______________, the fuse ____________ and the circuit is
_______________. c. Each fuse can ___________________________ and then must be replaced. d. Each fuse has a certain current level that will cause it to melt.
3. Circuit breakers _______________________ with a high current.
a. Circuit breakers use a _____________ strip that responds to __________ overload by ___________ the
circuit. b. The circuit breaker acts as a _______________. c. Unlike fuses, circuit breakers can be _________________ (reset).
i. Must be reset after the circuit breaker has been _______________
4. Schematic diagrams are used to represent circuits:
Schematic Diagram Symbols: Draw the following Resistor Battery (with + and - terminal) Light Bulb Open Switch
Due Date: ______________
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Practice Schematic Drawings: Draw the following: 1. A circuit with one resistor, one battery, and one switch.
2. A circuit with two resistors, three batteries, and one switch.
Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
Pathways for current
Current (I)
Voltage (V)
Resistance (Ω)
Due Date: ______________
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SERIES CIRCUITS
1. There is _____________________ path for current/electrons to travel
a. If the circuit opens in any way, ___________________________________, because current ________________
b. Current ____________________ as it flows through every part of a circuit. a. The resistance, and therefore voltage, will ____________________ at different points on a series circuit. b. Electric current always flows _______________ to ________________. c. Add up _________________ to get __________________ in a series circuit. d. Voltage _____________ after each resistor. e.
Practice Drawings: Practice Drawings Series: with 2 resistors (one is 4 ohm, one is 7ohm), a 12V battery, and a 10 ohm light bulb.
Parallel: with a 1.5 volt battery and 3 light bulbs (each on its own branch). Light bulbs have a resistance of 2, 4, and 6 ohms. Series: 6v battery, one switch, one 20ohm resistor. Parallel: 12volt battery, 3 light bulbs. 2 light bulbs (2 and 3 ohms) are on one branch, while the 3rd light bulb (8ohms) is on another branch)
Due Date: ______________
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PARALLEL CIRCUITS
1. Parallel circuits have ______________ paths for current. a. Paths are known as _________________ b. If one of the bulbs or resistors in the circuits were removed, the other branches still _____________ c. When devices are connected in parallel, the voltage across each branch is the ____________. d. When devices are connected in parallel, the current in each branch depends on the _________________
i. If one light bulb in a parallel circuit has less resistance, _______ charge moves through that bulb because the bulb offers ________ opposition to the movement of charges.
e. Instead, the __________ of the currents in all the devices equals the total current.
Class Notes: Voltage Drop 1. Draw a series circuit with a 3 different1.5 V batteries (all together), 2 equal resistors, and a current of 0.5 A. Drawing:
What is the total voltage of the circuit?
What is the total resistance of the circuit?
What is the resistance of each resistor?
2. Use the picture to the right for the following: What is the total resistance of the circuit? What is the current for the circuit? What is the voltage drop across each resistor?
R1 R2 R3
Class Notes: Parallel Drawing 1. Draw a parallel circuit with two resistors, one 2 ohm and one 3 ohm (one on each branch) and a 12
V battery. Drawing:
What is the voltage through each resistor?
What is the current flowing through each branch?
What is the total current?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 9.4: Magnets and Electricity 1. What is a magnet?
2. What are the 4 elements that can be magnetic?
a. What are 2 other examples of magnets?
3. All magnets have 2 poles: ______________________ and ________________________
a. Like poles ________________________, opposite poles _________________________
b. If a magnet is cut, each piece will have __________________________________
4. What is a permanent magnet?
a. How long can permanent magnets last?
5. What is a magnetic field?
a. Leave __________________________ pole and enter ________________________ pole
b. Magnetic field lines that are closer together mean a ________________________ magnetic field
c. Magnetic fields are strongest at the ____________________________
6. Electric currents produce ____________________________
a. Magnetics is produced by _________________________ electric charges
b. The magnetic field of a coil of wire resembles ______________________________
Due Date: ______________
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7. What is/How do you create an electromagnet?
8. Strength of an electromagnet depends on :
a. ___________ wire
i. ____________ wire = __________ resistance
b. Number of ____________ in the wire
i. More __________ = stronger electromagnet
c. The amount of _______________
i. More ____________ = stronger electromagnet
d. The size of the ______________
i. Bigger ____________ = stronger electromagnet
9. The 2 reasons that electromagnets are useful are: 1. 2.
10. What is a motor?
11. What is a generator?
a. Does a generator produce AC or DC?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 10.1: Waves
Further Reference: 15.1 Types of Waves and 15.2 Characteristics of Waves WHAT IS A WAVE?
1. What is a wave?
2. What is a medium?
3. The two subsets of waves are mechanical and electromagnetic:
a. Waves that require a ________________________ are called _________________ waves. i. What are 3 examples of a mechanical wave?
d. Waves that DO NOT require ___________________________ are called __________________waves . i. What is the only type of electromagnetic waves?
4. Most waves are caused by _____________________
a. ______________ is transported, but the _______________ simply vibrate in one small area.
5. Waves are classified according to the direction in which the ___________________ move as a wave passes by.
TRANSVERSE WAVES
1. Particle motion is _________________________________________ to the direction of the wave motion. a. 3 Examples of transverse waves:
2. Define the following:
a. Wavelength _________________________________________________________________________
b. Amplitude __________________________________________________________________________
c. Crest _______________________________________________________________________________
d. Trough _____________________________________________________________________________
e. Resting State ________________________________________________________________________
f. Drawing with labels:
Due Date: ______________
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LONGITUDINAL WAVES 1. Particle motion is ______________________________ to the direction of the wave motion.
a. 2 Examples of longitudinal waves:
2. Define the following:
a. Compression_________________________________________________________________________
b. Rarefaction__________________________________________________________________________
c. Drawing with labels:
WAVE SPEED EQUATION
WAVE PROPERTIES 1. Wavelength is:
a. Wavelength is represented by the greek letter _________________________ (______)
b. Wavelength is a distance measurement, measured in ________________________
c. Oscillation is:
2. Frequency is:
a. The symbol for frequency is _______________________
b. The SI unit for frequency is _____________________________ (____)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS: Show a formula, show your work, show your units. The string of a piano that produces the note middle C vibrates with a frequency of 262Hz. If the sound waves produced by this string have a wavelength in air of 1.3m, what is the speed of the sound waves?
In words In symbols In triangle form
Due Date: ______________
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WAVE ENERGY 1. The two ways to increase energy of a wave are:
a. Increase the ________________________________________________
b. Increase the _______________________________________________
i. This is done by decreasing _______________________________________________
2. The larger the __________________________ of a wave is, the more _________________________ it carries.
3. The greater the ___________________________ of a wave, the more ________________________ it carries.
DOPPLER EFFECT
1. What is the Doppler Effect?
2. What happens as the object making noise moves closer to you? Use the words frequency, wavelength, and pitch.
3. What happens as the object making noise moves further from you? Use the words frequency, wavelength, and pitch.
4. Draw a quick picture with an object that is making noise moving towards, and away from, a stationary person.
Due Date: ______________
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Due Date: ______________
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Unit 10.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum
Further Reference: 16.2 The Nature of Light
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 1. Electromagnetic waves are waves that ___________________________________
a. They travel as _________________________________________________
b. They ALL travel at a speed of __________________________ through the air or empty space
Electromagnetic Spectrum: consists of waves at all possible energies, frequencies, and wavelengths. They are placed in order of increasing frequency. Q1 - So what do we notice about the wavelength as we move further right on our diagram?
1. Radio waves are the ____________________________ in the electromagnetic spectrum and have wavelengths
from ____________________________ to ______________________________.
a. Give 4 examples/uses of radiowaves:
2. Microwaves:
a. Give 4 examples/uses of microwaves:
3. Infrared Light / Waves:
a. Infrared light from the sun ___________________________
b. Give 4 examples/uses of infrared light:
4. Visible Light is the only portion of the EMS ___________________________________________
a. What are the colors of the EMS in order from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength?
b. What color of light has the most energy?
Due Date: ______________
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5. UltraVioloet Light carries ____________________________ than visible light.
a. This is the type of wave that causes your skin ________________________________
b. List 4 examples/uses of Ultravoilet (UV) light:
6. X rays form images because they have enough energy to pass through _____________________ but are
absorbed by __________________________.
7. Gamma rays are the electromagnetic waves with the _____________________ energy in the entire EMS.
a. They have the _______________________ wavelengths (and the ______________________ frequency)
Follow up Practice Questions: EMS What type of electromagnetic waves has the most energy? What type has the longest wavelength? What type has the highest frequency? What visible light has the longest wavelength? What visible light has the lowest frequency? Q1 - So what do we notice about the wave as we move further right on our diagram?
Due Date: ______________
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Unit 10.3: Wave Interactions
Further Reference: 15.3 Wave Interactions
REFLECTION, DIFFRACTION, AND REFRACTION 1. Waves can interact with other waves, other objects, or change medium (travel through different substances)
a. When a wave meets a new surface or boundary, the wave ________________________
b. When a wave passes the edge of an object or passes through an opening, the wave _________________
c. When a wave passes from one medium to another at an angle, it will _________________________
2. Reflection is the ______________________________ of a wave when it meets a surface or a boundary that is
_____________________________ that it can’t travel through. a. 2 examples of reflection are:
b. Light obeys the ________________________________, which states that the _______________________ will equal the _______________________.
3. Diffraction is when waves pass the edge of an object (or reach an opening), they _______________________ as if a new wave were created there.
a. For small openings, waves will ________________________
b. When waves pass an edge, they will ______________________
c. This bending is called ___________________
Drawing: Reflection Flat surface drawing Rough surface drawing
Due Date: ______________
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4. Refraction is the bending of waves when they pass from _______________________________
a. Occur when waves reach a new medium at ___________________________
b. Each time a wave reaches a new medium, it will be _______________ as the waves _________________
c. The waves from the bottom part of the pencil (traveling through air then water then air) reach your eyes __________________ than the waves reflected from the top of the spoon (only traveling through air).
d. Different substances have different __________________________________________
i. This is because waves travel __________________________ in ______________________
ii. The ______________________________ light travels through a substance, the more it will _____________________________ when it enters the substance.
e. Prisms ________________________ light.
i. Light ___________________________ and “bends” when it enters the prism at an angle.
ii. Each wavelength within white light slows down and bends __________________________
iii. The violet light end slows down _________________________ than the red light end, so it bends ________________________.
INTERFERENCE
1. Waves can _____________________________ with other waves.
2. Interference: When several waves are ______________________________, they ________________________
to form a new wave that is __________________________ from the original waves.
a. Once the waves have _________________ and moved on, they will return to their _________________.
3. Constructive interference
a. When the crest of one wave overlaps the __________________________ of another wave, the waves ______________________________ each other.
i. These waves are “_________________________”
b. Draw a picture of constructive interference
Due Date: ______________
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4. Destructive interference a. When the crest of one wave meets the _________________ of another wave, the resulting wave has a
_____________ amplitude then the larger of the two waves.
i. These waves are “____________________”
b. Draw a picture of destructive interference
LENSES 1. A lens is an optical device that _________________________ and ___________________________ light
2. What is the difference between a simple and a compound lens?
3. Convex lenses ________________________ light a. Draw a convex lens, showing light entering and exiting.
4. Concave lenses ________________________ light a. Draw a concave lens, showing light entering and exiting.