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Published by order of the Government of India

2012

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GEOL

OGICA L S U RV EY OF I N DI A

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCESOF HARYANA

Miscellaneous Publication No. 30 : Part - XVIII(Second Revised Edition)

© Govt. of IndiaController of Publication

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Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dk HkwfoKku ,oa [kfut lalk/kuGEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE STATES OF INDIA

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ISSN 0579-4706PGSI - 345 (HARYANA)

700 - 2011 (DSK - II)

Compilation

K.P. Verma, M.P. Gaur and Dr. H.S. SainiDirectors

Amitava Kundu and Mukesh NagarSenior Geologists

Price : Inland : ` 137 Foreign : £ 4.0 $ 6.1 4.6

Front cover : Erosional structure in interbedded sequence of sandstone, Tatrot Formation, Upper Siwalik Group, Panchkula District, Haryana.

Back cover : Field photographs of Proterozoic rocks of Haryana, showing various metamorphic structure.

© Geological Survey of India (2012)

Printed at : Army Printing Press, 33 Nehru Road, Sadar Cantt, Lucknow Tel. (0522) 2481164

Scrutiny

N.K. DhirDirector

Manuscript Processing

D.D. Bhattacharya, Champa Sensarma and S.S. HasanSenior Geologists

Supervision and Editorial Scrutiny

Dr. P.C. BandopadhayayDirector

Publication Division, Northern Region

Guidance and Overall Supervision

L.S. Jain &Dr. S. Mukerji

Dy. Directors General, GSI (Retd.)

M. ChakradharDirector-in-Charge

State Unit : PH & HP

D.R.V. Ramana MurtyDy. Director General & HOD

Northern Region

Geological Survey of IndiaNorthern Region

Sector ‘E’, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 024

Geology and Mineral Resources of Haryana

1

Introduction

Ever-since the inception of industry in India,minerals played an extremely crucial role in shapingthe economic development and modernization of thenation. About little over a century back, with theexploration and exploitation of coal and iron, Indiaheralded a new beginning in the mineral industry withthe Geological Survey of India, being at the centrestageplaying the pivotal role. The continued thrusts formineral exploration resulted in the accumulation ofhuge database. This necessitated systematicdocumentation and publication of the acquiredinformations gathered from time to time. TheMiscellaneous Publication No. 30: Geology and MineralResources of the States of India, is a foot-forward inthat direction. The present revised volume, second inthe series, after its first edition in 1989, deals with theState of Haryana which emerged as a separate stateon 1 November, 1966. It has an area of 44, 212 sq kmbetween latitudes 27° 40' and 30° 56' (North) andlongitudes 74° 28' and 77° 35' (East). It is bounded byPunjab in the north-west, Himachal Pradesh andUttarakhand in the north and north-east, Delhi and UttarPradesh in the east and south-east and Rajasthan inthe west and south-west, respectively, having its capitalat Chandigarh. The population of Haryana as perCensus 2011 is 2,53,53,081.

To establish a near-accurate stratigraphy andtectonics of an area, especially in the Proterozoicterrain, is an arduous task and needs constantrevisioning. However, effort is made to rationlise theavailable data and present a moderate geological/stratigraphic viewpoint in the present text. This write-up briefly gives an updated account of the geologyand mineral resources of the Haryana state, whichhas been compiled mainly from the unpublished reportsof Geological Survey of India and the availablepublished literatures.

History of Geological InvestigationsC.A. Hackett reconnoitered the southern Haryana

as early as 1877 and Medlicott (1879) mapped thenorth-eastern part of the state. Heron (1917) is themost notable amongst earlier workers who has carriedout mapping of the southern parts of Haryana, besidescovering north-eastern part comprising Rajputana

(Rajasthan), during later years. The western part ofthis area was mapped by Mishra (1962-63, 63-64),Kashi Ram and Bhattacharya (1970), and Kumar (1972-73), while the eastern part of this area was taken upby Prasad (1975) and Sharma and Bhattacharya(2010). The Quaternary Geological andgeomorphological mapping and the Geoenvironmentalappraisal of the state initiated around 1992, werecompleted in the year 2000.

As stated this write–up has been compiled fromthe work of a host of geoscientists of Geological Surveyof India, spread over nearly, past half a century. In theyears that followed the state was mapped by Prasadand Srivastava (1950-51), Misra (1962-63, 63-64),Kumar (1972-73), Prasad (1973) and Khan (1985).Prasad et al. (1994) carried out second generationmapping of Delhi Supergroup in Haryana whilegeological environs of southern districts of the statewere studied by Dhir and Joshi (1988) and Jayapauland Dhir (1988) for locating economic mineralprospects. Notable workers of basemetal investigationsin the state are Fox (1946), Prasada Rao (1962),Prasad and Srivastava (1950-51), Kumar (1972-73),Prasad et.al. (1976-77), Lal (1979), Wokhloo (1980-82), Khan (1985). Wokhloo (1980-82) while continuingbasemetal investigation discovered tin deposit atTosham in Bhiwani District which was subsequentlypersued by Wokhloo and Prasad (1982-86). Khoranaet al. (1996) carried regional investigation for strategicminerals in the extension areas of Tosham tin deposit.Arsenopyrite occurrences have been examined byChatterjee and Mathur (1976). Iron ores have beeninvestigated by Ramiangar (1955) and Chandra (1955).Baryte occurrences were studied by Lal (1979). Glasssand/clay/limestone occurrences have been assessedby Srivastava (1956, 59-60 & 61), Singh (1959), KashiRam and Prasad (1969-71) and Prasad (1981-82).Kankar deposits have been examined by Agarwal andSadhu (1973-74), Chopra (1974-75), Sadhu (1976-77),Anand (1978) and Rastogi (1979-80). Slate depositshave been investigated by Rastogi (1977-78, 1978-79).Palaeo and Neoplacer gold occurrences of Siwalikshave been investigated by Chopra et al. (1992) andSharma et al. (1992). Occurrence of gold in DelhiSupergroup of southern Haryana was reported by

Geol. Surv. Ind. Misc. Pub. 30 (XVIII)

2

Wokhloo et al. (1990). Occurrence of cassiterite insouthern Haryana was reported by Wokhloo (1995).Reported carbonatite occurrences were studied byMawar (1992), Bhalla and Kazim (1994).

ClimateThe climate of the state varies from sub-tropical,

semi-arid to sub-humid, continental and monsoonal.Summers are very hot (up to a high of 47o Celsius)and winters are very cold (1o Celsius). The months ofMay and June are the hottest and the coldest monthsare December and January.

RainfallRainfall recorded in the region is low and erratic

in most parts excepting some areas of the Karnal andAmbala districts. Siwalik Hills region receives highestrainfall and the Aravalli Hills region records the leastrainfall. Monsoon season normally spans from Julyto September and it sometimes causes local flooding.Winter rains are usually received between Decemberand February. Maximum rainfall is recorded fromAmbala area, being 47.16 inches (119.78cm) perannum, but it is sporadic in other areas. The averageannual rainfall recorded from the state is about 650mm and varies from less than 300 mm in southwesternparts to over 1000 mm in the Siwalik Hills region. Thethree main climatic regions of the state are - hot aridregion, hot semi arid region and hot sub-humid region.The mean rainfall (mm) recorded in hot arid regionranges from 300 mm-500 mm, whereas 500 mm -750 mm in the hot semi arid region and 750 mm -1050 mm in the hot sub humid region of the state. Themean temperatures recorded in the three regions are27o C, 26o C, and 24o C, respectively.

WetlandsPanchkula has the highest, (around 3.53%)

geographic area under wetland. The other two districtsviz. Yamuna Nagar and Karnal have 2.79% and 1.65%areas under wetland respectively. The two wetlands ofthe state which attract migratory birds are – theSultanpur and the Bhindawas Bird sanctuaries, locatedin Gurgaon and Jhajjar districts respectively.

Flora The flora of Haryana includes the truly indigenous

trees namely Shisham (Dalbergia sisso) and Kikar(Acacia arabica). The shrub comprises Jal (Salvadoraoleodes), Jand (Prosopis specigera) and coral floweredleafless Kair (Capparis aphylla) besides other commontrees and grasses. Only 3.7% (1,66,000 ha) area of

Haryana is under forest cover, of which 85% is understate forest and rest is under private control.

FaunaHaryana is the abode of a variety of mammals,

which include the larger species like, leopards, jackals,wild boars, and several types of deer. These aregenerally limited to the hilly regions of the northeasternand southern parts of state. Smaller mammals, suchas bats, squirrels, mice, rats, and gerbils, are commonin the plains area. Ducks and teals of various speciesare found near the rivers. Pigeons and doves arecommon in the agricultural areas, besides, the colourfulbirds like parakeets, buntings, sunbirds, bulbuls andkingfishers. Several species of snakes like the pythons,boas, and rat snakes are reported, besides thepoisonous kraits and vipers. Other reptiles, includingvarious lizards, frogs, and tortoises are also present.

The present work has been painstakingly compiledby the Director and officers of STM, EPMA, MI divisonsof P, H and H.P., Faridabad. The accompanyinggeological map of the state and inset geological mapof special areas have been digitized by the officersand staff of Geodata Division, Faridabad. All the workwas completed under the supervision of the Director,Technical Coordination, SU: P, H and H.P. Faridabad.

AcknowledgementsThe present work is the outcome of a collective

effort put in by the Directors and officers of STM andMineral Investigation Projects, Geodata Division andEPMA Laboratory of GSI, Faridabad office. Geologicalmaps have been prepared and digitized by the officersof Geodata Division, Faridabad. The compilation hasbeen done under the watchful supervision of Director,Technical Coordination–II, SU: P.H. & H.P., Faridabad.Shri Basab Chattopadhyay, Director, EPMA Lab, iswarmly thanked for critically going through the compiledmanuscript. Besides contributing vital scientific inputs,S/Shri A. Kundu and Hemant Kumar, Sr. Geologistsowe special thanks for providing photographs forcover pages. Shri M.K.Sadhu, S/Smt. Renu Joshi,Vinita Rawat and Sanjukta Sahu are thanked forextending assistance. Compliers are grateful toShri D.R.V. Ramana Murty, Dy. Director General &HOD, Northern Region for his support and constantencouragement. Compilers wish to place on recordthanks and gratefulness to the Director and officers ofthe Publication Division, Northern Region and also toall those who lent active support in finalizing andpublishing this work.


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Based on topographic, drainage and lithologicalcharacteristics, three major geomorphological unitsnamely- structural and denudational hills, alluvial plainand aeolian plain, can be identified. Most of the surfacearea of the state is constituted of the Late Quaternarydeposits.

The structural and denudational hills can be sub-divided into, the WNW-ENE trending series of parallelridges of Siwalik rocks in the northern part and widelyspaced NNE-SSW ranges and isolated hills of DelhiSupergroup in southern part. The Siwalik ranges attainelevations between 400m- 1200m amsl and form thesouthernmost part of Himalayas. The southernboundary of these ranges exhibits steep scarp whiletheir northern sides show gentler northerly slope. Theseranges are intensively affected by water erosion whichhas produced rugged and at places badlandtopography. Due to differential weathering of the rocks,saw-teeth features are developed at many places.Another important feature of the area is the presenceof narrow strike valleys between the successive ridgesknown as “duns” which are filled up with coarse clasticdetritus. Drainage has mostly developed along thecontacts of the litho-units. However, the anti-formalstructures also influence the course of the drainages.The drainages run along northeast - southwest directionand are seasonal rivers.

Alluvial plain unit represents the surface of LateQuaternary sediments deposited by fluvial processes.Based on lithology, slope and drainage characters,the unit can be further sub divided into three zones,namely, piedmont , central alluvial plain and marginalalluvial plain. The piedmont zone is 20 km – 40 kmwide and lies adjacent to the Siwalik range between360 m and 240 m RL. In north, it is delimited by theSiwalik range and in south it irregularly extends up toAmbala. The zone has a southerly slope and ischaracterized by high drainage density, high southerlyslope and presence of gravelly sediments below thesurface. It has been formed by the merger of subdued

alluvial fans. A number of short, narrow, incised,seasonal water courses originate on this surface anddisappear at the northern margin of the central alluvialplains or join the fourth order trunk streams. Ghaggaris the main river of the area and originates in the outerSiwalik belt, north of the Morni hills. Around Fatehabad,it often floods a 2km –10km wide stretch on itssouthern side which also includes a palaeochannelsegment of ‘Vedic’ Saraswati River. Other importantephemeral streams are Markanda and Dangri whichalso disappear on entering the central alluvial plain.

The central alluvial plain is a ~120 km wide stretch,forming most of the central part of state. The surfaceelevation varies between 240 m in the north and210 m in the south. Its southern margin occurs alongthe NW–SE Bhiwani–Rohtak–Delhi axis which nearlydefines the northern flank of the subsurface Delhi–Sargodha ridge. A subtle saucer like depression existsin the state along Jhajjhar- Rohtak alignment, whichbecomes conspicuous during monsoon flooding.

The marginal alluvial plain forms the southernborder of Haryana and unlike the northern part, has anortherly slope and drainage. There are only twoseasonal, plains-fed streams namely Krishnawati andDohan, which have wide floodplains in this unit. Thesestreams carry little sediment loads from the local plainsand disappear in the contact zone with the centralalluvial plain. The contact zone is a broad NW–SEtrending subtle depression prone to flooding bydrainage from the southern and northern sides.

The alluvial plain exhibits several landforms, viz.lowland, palaeochannel, tals and lakes. The lowlandincludes the areas along the river channels of Yamuna,Ghaggar etc. and lies 3m - 6m lower than the upland.It is of erosional as well as depositional nature. In atypical set-up along Yamuna, the lowland comprises,two –three levels marked by subdued to sharp scarpor bluff, which separate different terraces. Usually, theupper level is an erosional terrace of patchy nature. It

Geomorphology


4

is followed by a T1 terrace of grey micaceous sandand To defining the active flood plain regime of riverwith bars. The tals are distributed all over the uplandas small ponds and few meter deep saucer-likedepressions. Palaeochannels are present aselongated left out segments of the older, defunctdrainage in the central alluvial plain. Few lakes arepresent around Sultanpur in Gurgaon and Kotla Daharnear Nuh.

The aeolian plain is the northeastern extensionof the Thar Desert and comprises sand dunes andsand sheets. The dunes are 0.4m–10m in height, fewmetres to 5 km long and stabilized to active in nature.

The stabilized dunes are longitudinal and oval in shapewhile active dunes are transverse and barchanoidal.The latter show easterly, westerly and southeasterlytrends of sand migration. Sand sheets are present inthe dunal plain areas adjoining the Thar Desert. Theseare 0.5m–2.0m thick and consist of very fine-grainedsand attaining elevations between 190 m and 200 mamsl. East of 400 mm isohyet, the aeolian morphologyis replaced by an alluvial surface with relict stabilizedsand dunes.

In addition to the modern drainage, few buriedpalaeo-drainage segments also exist in the state,some of which have faint geomorphic impressions.


5

Geology

Age Supergroup Group/ Formation Lithology

Quaternary Older and Newer Alluvium and Aeolain Deposits@

Grey & brown sand, silt, silt-clay, clay with calcrete, limestone and gypsum.

Upper Siwalik Boulder conglomerate, sandstone, clay/ mudstone and pebble beds.

Middle Siwalik Sandstone with variegated clay/ mudstone Lower Siwalik Sandstone, mudstone/shale

Tertiary Siwalik Supegroup

Subathu Fine grained sandstone, clay and limestone

Pre-Tertiary (?) Tundapather ‘series’ Lower (Palaeozoic unconformity)

Stromatolitic limestone Tosham rhyolite, granite (Erinpura), migmatite, ultramafic and pegmatite

Ajabgarh Group (divided into 5 Formations)

Quartzite and basic flows, mica-schist, carbonaceous phyllite and slate, calc-schist, dolomite, marble, calc-silicate,amphibolite, hornblende-schist, phyllite Proterozoic Delhi

Supergroup Alwar Group Quartzite, conglomerate, amphibolite, mica-schist

and arkosic quartzite

Table I: Generalised stratigraphy of Haryana

@ Not used in the formal stratigraphic sense.

The geology of Haryana is predominated by theQuaternary alluv ium and aeolian sedimentscovering nearly 95% of area. The rest of the areacomprises Proterozoic and Tertiary rocks exposed inthe southern and northeastern extremities of the state,respectively.

PROTEROZOIC GEOLOGY

The Proterozoic rocks of Haryana, representedby the Delhi Supergroup, are the northeasterncontinuation of rocks of the Alwar and Khetri basins ofnortheastern Rajasthan. They occur as isolated hills,parallel ridges, inselberg and discontinuous ridges,confined to the southern parts of the state and extendup to Delhi in the north-east.

The lithology of the Delhi Supergroup comprisesschists, quartzite and marble of Proterozoic age withassociated basic flows, tuffs, acid and basic intrusives.The generalised stratigraphic sequence of Haryana isgiven in Table –I.

DELHI SUPERGROUPGeology and Stratigraphy

The rocks of Delhi Supergroup constitute a partof the main Aravalli Range originating from Gujarat inthe southwest to Haryana in the northeast. Thissupergroup comprises thick pile of meta-sedimentshaving a cumulative thickness of 6000 m which isdivided into an older Alwar Group and younger AjabgarhGroup. The Alwar Group is dominantly arenaceous withargillaceous intercalations while the Ajabgarh Groupis dominatly argillaceous with arenaceous andcalcareous components. The demarcation between thegroups, in the absence of any unconformity, is basedon facies variation, structural discontinuity andlithological characteristics in the rocks exposed in theadjacent state of Rajasthan (Prasad et al. 1994). Therocks of both these groups are intruded by acid andbasic intrusives. The metapelitic rocks exposed inTosham area are associated with rhyohite and granite,and are tentatively clubbed under undifferentiatedAjabgarh Group, till further classification. The detailedstratigraphic sequence of the Delhi Supergroup of rocksin Haryana is given in Table –II.


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Haryana (after Sheo Prasad et al., 1994 and Sharma et al., 2006)

Rajasthan (after Dutta & Ravindra, 1980)

Age Supergroup Group Formation Lithology

Post Delhi Intrusive Pegmatite, rhyolite, granite metadolerite/ amphibolite

Pegmatite, rhyolite, granite metadolerite/ amphibolite

Slate with minor phyllite

Phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite, slate, rhythmite with quartzite Tasing Formation

Phyllite, slate,quartzite (locally)

Arauli Formation

Current bedded quartzite with phyllite

Sericite quartzite with slate and phyllite

Asarwas Formation

Massive, felspathic quartzite with schist and tuff

Bharkhol Formation

Thanaghazi Formation

Carbonaceous phyllite with ash/tuff bands

Thanaghazi Formation

Deota-Dantal Formation

Brecciated quartzite interbedded with schist and phyllite

Sariska Formation

MEMBER

F Quartzite, amphibole quartzite and mica-schist

E Impure marble, calc amphibole-schist and amphibole quartzite

D

Tremolite marble with quartzite, K-feldspar biotite-schist and magnetite quartzite

C K-feldspar mica-schist

B Garnet-schist, kyanite-schist, banded marble and calc-silicate

Ajabgarh Group

Golwa-Gangutana Formation

A K-feldspar biotite schist, marble, amphibole quartzite, biotite schist

Kushalgarh Formation

Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic

Delhi Supergroup

Alwar Group

Bayal-Panchnota Formation

Cross bedded ripple marked quartzite Massive, feldspathic, gritty quartzite, amphibolite, amphibole -quartzite, minor marble, chlorite-schist etc.

Pratapgarh Formation

Table II: Generalised stratigraphy of Delhi Supergroup in Haryana and Rajasthan


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Alwar Group

Based on the classification of Prasad et al.(1994) the rocks of Alwar Group in Haryana arerepresented by Bayal- Panchnota Formation, after thetype locality in Bayal and Panchnota villages, whichis equivalent to Pratapgarh Formation, the youngestformation of Alwar Group in Rajasthan (Sant andSharma, 1973). The rocks belonging to this group areexposed in two sectors in southwestern andsoutheastern Haryana. In the southwestern sectorthese rocks are exposed as linear NE – SW trendingridges consisting of quartzite. These ridges areexposed in Bayal-Panchnota, Sarel i-Tehla-Mukundpura, Ruppursarai – Narhedi, Sohla, Nimbi,Narnaul, Khodana and Kaliana areas. In the southeast,prominent exposures are found around Khori Khurd,Khori Kalan and Shikarpur. The regional strike variesfrom N15oE-S15oW to N45oE-S45oW with vertical tosteep dips to the NW or SE.

The Bayal-Panchnota Formation:The Bayal-Panchnota Formation mainly

comprises quartzite with intercalation of mica-schist,amphibole-quartzite, minor kyanite-schist, garnet-schist, chlorite-schist, Fe-Mg amphibole-schist,impure marble, amphibolite, sillimanite-schist andporphyroblastic K-feldspar schist.

Quartzite and mica-schist : The quartzite varies frombeing massive to thickly and thinly bedded and arecommonly micaceous in nature. In massive varieties,bedding is indistinct and is mostly identified on thebasis of partings of mica-schist or rare colour banding/laminations. In general, bedding is parallel to theschistosity. The quartzite is, commonly white to dirtywhite and locally very fine grained, with occasionalmalachite stains and primary sulphides like pyrite,pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Impressions of kyanitecrystals are noted on bedding planes of quartzite fromBayal and Sohla.

In Nimbi-Dadhor- area, three varieties of quartzitewith NNE-SSW trend have been observed viz. (i)massive, (ii) felspathic-sericitised and (iii) ferruginousquartzite with or without brecciation. In Nimbi, massivevariety is highly jointed and does not show bedding.Near Tilori-ki-Dhani the quartzite is highly ferruginousand limonitised. Around Sohla, the quartzite is

ferruginous with black, brown and purple weatheringcolours. These rocks have numerous small pits onthe surface filled with limonite. Cavities formed bydissolution of silica are filled with later precipitation ofquartz crystals. In Dadhor, it is mostly brecciated andalso contains discordant magnetic veins which mostlyoccur along joints and fractures. Thinly beddedfelspathic quartzite is mostly medium to fine grainedand occurs interbanded with massive quartzite as wellas a separate unit in Khodana area. It is dark brown,containing ferruginous matrix and shows botryoidalstructures. The ridge crests at Kaliyana and Kheribaterare occupied by hard, black, banded haematitequartzite of varying thickness. These quartzites containinterbands of flexible sandstone (Ghosh, 1996).

The quartzite and interbanded schist in the Sareli,Bayal and Ruppursarai ridges are tightly folded by thesecond phase of deformation giving rise to crenulatedmuscovite-schist at the nose of the folds. Cross beddedfeldspathic quartzite is exposed in the spur to thesouth of Rawaton-ki-Dhani. Thin section shows foliationdefined by oriented muscovite flakes (200 micron insize) and quartz. Microcline constitutes 20 per centof the rock. Rare pale yellow to orange biotite andgreen tourmaline are the minor phases.

Petrographically, the quartzites are made ofmedium to coarse flattened quartz with sutured unevengrain-to-grain contact. The flattened quartz grains andoriented mica flakes define the foliation. The quartz isfine grained in zones that contain larger proportion ofmica. Tourmaline and fine grains of opaques are ofaccessory phases. A sample of kyanite-schist fromSareli comprises crenulated sheafs of muscovite andbiotite with xenoblastic grains of kyanite. Bayal areaexposes fibrolite bearing quartzite (Kundu et al., 2010).The rock is medium to fine grained with clusters ofradiating fibrolite (~750 micron diameter) surroundedby xenoblastic interlocked strained quartz and minorquantities of pale-yellow to brown biotite, chlorite (both~300 microns), fine grained, green, zoned, tourmaline,zoned sub-idioblastic zircon and brown rutile. In somesections, chlorite is present as oval shaped aggregate.The fibrolite is commonly enveloped by albite-oligoclase(An0-14, Ab86-100) and minor alkali feldspar. Fine grainedmuscovite is commonly associated with fibrolite andappears to be of secondary origin. Some of the biotitesare partly altered to chlorite.


8

The primary structures in general indicate normaldisposition. The quartzites exhibit discontinuousparallel nature and preserve ripple marks, tabular andherringbone type cross beds. Exposures at Sonepara,Doiwala-ki-Dhani, Pancho-Kharkhara, Gaonri,Khaspur, Sarehpur and Un-Nangalmala ridge are cross-bedded and ripple-marked.

Bioturbations (?) within quartzite are noticed onthe western slope of Kaliyana hill. There are rareinstances of graded bedding, scour and fill structuresand mud cracks as reported from these quartzites.Dominant palaeocurrent direction as delineated fromthese structures is towards west with fluctuations inNW, NE and SE directions.

On the basis of sedimentary structures,bioturbations (?) and elongated arenite bodies,transitional environment near the shore-line has beensuggested as depositional environment.

Amphibolite : Numerous bands of amphibolite arepresent within the dominantly exposed quartzite rocksof Bayal - Panchnota Formation. Excellent exposuresof these amphibolites are noticed on the ridges to thenorth of Simli, Bayal, Ruppursarai and Sareli. Thickamphibolite bands are also observed around Ghataserand Doiwala-ki-Dhani. The amphibolite bands vary inwidth from a few centimeters to more than 70m andextend along strike for up to 2km. The contact betweenquartzite and amphibolite is very sharp. Some of theseamphibole bands are schistose while others appearto be non-foliated. At places these amphibolite bandscontain large crystals of garnet. The amphibolites areconsidered to be metamorphosed basic volcanic rocksand contain ferro-tschermakite to tshermakite, zonedplagioclase, quartz, ilmenite, apatite, retrogradechlorite and allanite. In addition, epidote and garnetare also noticed in some of the outcrops. In Bayalarea, the amphibolite is interlayered with minor bandsof staurolite amphibolite, biotite-schist, chlorite-schistand garnet-schist. Amphibolite contains plagioclase,Ca-amphibole, quartz and ilmenite. Sphene, epidote,chlorite, apatite, zircon and allanite are also noted insome of the samples. The amphiboles aretschermakite.The metavolcanics are low K, tholeiitic,

subalkaline basalts derived from an enriched mantleand extruded in a within plate setting (Kundu et al.,2010).

Marble and para-amphibolite : Grey and pinkmarble and para-amphibolite form a minor componentof Bayal -Panchnota Formation. They are exposed aslinear interbands within the quartzite units to the northeast of Sareli, southeast of Narhedi, along the westernflank of Ruppursarai – Narhedi ridge, along the westernslope of the ridge to the northeast of Simli in adjacentstate of Rajasthan. Brown amphibole marble is alsoseen as interband within amphibole quartzite, 1kmwest of Gaonri village. These rocks are medium tocoarse grained, brown to grey, with dispersed clumpsof green amphibole. A number of marble bands,alternating with amphibolite and quartzite are exposedtowards the southeastern side of the Sareli ridge. Clotsof amphibole in these marble bands stand out on theweathered surface.

Amphibole bearing quartzite : Amphibole quartziteis exposed on the ridge adjacent to Gaonri Jat village,in the Sareli ridge, Simli – Ruppursarai ridge. The bestexposure of this rock is seen along the Gaonri Jatridge where a tightly folded sequence of amphibolequartzite is co- folded with thin brown amphibolemarble, grey fine grained quartzite and segregatedlayers of para-amphibolite and minor calcsilicatebands. Cross bedding and ripple marks are commonin this unit. Cross fractures are filled with epidote veins.Minor interbands of calcsilicate within the amphibolequartzite contain amphibole, diopside, epidote,sphene, opaques, calcite, quartz and albite. Epidoteand albite are also found along fractures indicatingalbitisation.

Feldspar bearing schist : Alkali feldspar bearingschistose rocks are exposed to the south of GaonriJat village and Lodhawali-ki-Dhani, to the southeast ofNarhedi along the northwestern tip of the Ruppursarai– Narhedi ridge and on the western flank of the ridgeto the north of Simli (in adjacent parts of Rajasthan).

Porphyroblastic K-feldspar schist and fibrolite andgarnet bearing K-feldspar schist are exposed to the


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southeast of Narhedi, showing l ight grey,porphyroblastic K-feldspar with massive to flaggy,coarse to medium grained nature occasionally showinggraded bedding. Porphyroblastic K-feldspar schist hasfoliation defined by muscovite and biotite, which passesthrough the porphyroblast of K-feldspar. The matrix iscomposed of f iner grained K-feldspar, minorplagioclase, quartz, tourmaline and allanite. Flaggyfibrolite and garnet bearing schistose rocks are foundadjacent to the feldspar schist. Clusters of fibrolite, K-feldspar and garnet can be identified in hand specimen.

Fe-Mg amphibole bearing schist : These clovebrown to mauve coloured rocks are readily recognisedin the field by the bouldery nature of the outcrops andoccur as discontinuous lenses and boulder trail withinamphibolite country rock and are exposed in the lowereastern flank of the Doiwala ki Dhani ridge, west ofBayal and Panchnota village, northeast of Simli, onekilometer to the west of Gaonri Jat village, in manylocations along the eastern flank of the ridge to thenorth of Ruppursarai and less commonly along theSareli- Tehla ridge. In Bayal, these are sporadicallyexposed from south to north in the central portion ofthe area. The characteristic feature of the rock is thepresence of large radiating aggregates of Fe-Mgamphibole in a groundmass of bluish -grey cordieriteand reddish- brown staurolite. Foliation is feeblydeveloped in the rock defined by the large grains ofamphibole. The radial arrangement of the amphiboleis well developed on the foliation plane. Rarely, therocks show open folds and are also crenulated

Patches of Fe–Mg amphibole-schist exposed inSareli–Tehla ridge have chlorite and anthophyllite,defining a transposed S2 foliation with relict S1 foliationdefined by chlorite grains. Albite twinned plagioclaseare elongated parallel to the S2 foliation. The otherminerals present are rutile and quartz. These rocksare medium to coarse grained with a crude foliationdefined by large blades of amphibole.

In thin section, the Fe-Mg amphibole-schist ofBayal area shows coarse grained pale- green to mauvecoloured gedrite and cummingtonite, surrounded bypools of cordierite, relict poikloblastic to skeletalstaurolite, rutile and quartz.

Ajabgarh Group

The lithology of Ajabgarh Group is predominantlyargillaceous, comprising slate, phyllite, pelitic schist,limestone and quartzite. These grade upward fromcalcareous to argillaceous facies. Lithologically, it isdivisible into five formations represented by Golwa-Gangutana Formation, Deota-Dantal Formation,Thanaghazi Formation, Asarwas Formaion and TasingFormation in the order of superposition. In thesouthwestern part of Haryana, the rocks of Golwa-Gangutana Formation covers most of the area,whereas, the southeastern part is occupied by therocks of Deota-Dantal, Thanaghazi, Asarwas, andTasing Formations.

Golwa-Gangutana Formation :In Haryana the lowermost unit of Ajabgarh Group

is represented by Golwa-Gangutana Formation, whichshows a considerable facies variation along and acrossthe strike from-calcareous to argillaceous associationsand is stratigraphically equivalent to “KushalgarhFormation” of Rajasthan. The formation is welldeveloped at Narnaul, Gowla, Gangutana, Masnuta,Donkhera, and Antri Biharipur.

Based on the gross lithological assemblage thisformation has been divided into six members (Sharmaet al., 2006) designated as members A, B, C, D, Eand F, in ascending order. The description of variousmembers are as follows.

Member A: The oldest member of Golwa-GangutanaFormation is exposed as a NNE-SSW trendingapressed fold from east of Panchnota to north ofDoiwala-ki-Dhani, to the southeast of Sada-ki-Dhaniand near Harinath-ki-Dhani. Towards north it isintersected in some of the well sections up to NiyazAlipur. This member can be subdivided into three unitsie. 1) K-feldspar biotite-schist, 2) amphibole quartziteand 3) biotite-schist, amphibole-schist and marble.

The K-feldspar-biotite-schist is identified by itscharacteristic pinhead sized white spots in a dark greyschistose rock. It contains K-feldspar, biotite, scapolite,calcite, opaques, epidote, muscovite, quartz andtourmaline. Amphibole quartzite is interlayered withflaggy quartzite, amphibole marble, actinolite-schistand pink marble. It is co-folded with the underlying K-


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feldspar schist making a syncline, the nose of which,is exposed to the southeast of Panchnota. The rockcontains coarse grained poikiloblastic amphibole(neutral to pale green) and calcite in a matrix ofinterlocked quartz and plagioclase and fine grainedclusters of sphene. Amphibole marble comprise neutralto jade green actinolite and minor plagioclase in amatrix of medium grained calcite. Biotite schist,amphibole-schist and marble are exposed in the coreportion of F1 fold to the east of Panchnota. The biotite-schist and dark green amphibole-schist host profusemalachite coating on fracture surfaces. The core ofthe sequence is occupied by a flaggy impure marble,which is very thin in the north but widens considerablysouthwards.

Member B: The Member ‘B’ can be subdivided intotwo units. They are described below.

1. Banded marble and metapelites: This unit isexposed as a megascopic refolded fold to thesouth of Sada-ki-Dhani. The limb of the foldtrending N-S is exposed to the north of Golwa.The limb portion is dominantly metapelite with afew dismembered outcrops of banded marble andthin bands of para-amphibolite. The thickintricately folded banded marble is exposed atthe nose portion of the fold to the southeast ofSada-ki-Dhani. The banded marble is inter-layeredwith 2cm to 1m layers of brownish yellow marbleand thinner darker indurated layers of metapelite.Approximately 300m thick metapelite formingthe limb of the megascopic refolded fold is wellexposed from Golwa in the south to just east ofSada-ki-Dhani. The unit is dark brown andconsists of alternating bands of garnet-mica-schistand kyanite-schist. The garnet crystals vary frompinhead to few millimeters thick while staurolitecrystals in the kyanite-schist are upto 5cm long.Large crystals of kyanite, garnet and stauroliteare found associated with the quartz veins. Bandsof para-amphibolite are present within themetapelites and are parallel to the lithologicallayering of the metapelites.

2. Bluish grey marble and calc-silicate: Lightgrey tremolite marble, brown amphibole marbleand dark grey graphitic meta-siltstone and

quartzite are part of this unit. These rocks areexposed in the high ground to the west of Golwavillage, along the Golwa-Gangutana road, on thesemi circular hillocks to the southeast andsouthwest of Musnota and to the south of NangalDurgu. The light grey tremolite marble is mediumto coarse grained, off-white to grey with profusevein quartz. Individual needles of the radiatingbunches of actinolite can be seen up to 30cm inlength. The rock comprises polygonal calcite (200micron), along with pale yellow to golden yellowphlogopite (100 micron), large poikiloblastic toskeletal amphibole and minor quartz. Brownamphibole marble is exposed as bands within thelight grey tremolite marble to the south ofMusnota. Thick beds of this rock are exposed tothe west of Golwa. The rock is weathered to brown,hard compact with clots of green amphiboleprotruding from its surface. The rock containsmuscovite, rectangular opaques, minor skeletalto poikiloblastic amphibole and iron stainedcalcite. Dark grey graphitic meta-siltstones/slateis associated with brown amphibole marble. Theyare exposed along the nullah draining theundulating surface to the west of Golwa. Theyare also exposed to the south and east ofGangutana village. These rocks contain graphite,which soils the hand, and sometimes visible asbright black reflecting surfaces. Oval shaped(probably boudinaged) quartzite is present withinthe light grey amphibole marble to the west ofGolwa. Quartzite and marble are exposedintermittently from north of forest rest house,Golwa to Gangutana to the west of theMember C.

Member C: This 50m thick member is exposedbetween Golwa and Gangutana to the east of Member‘B’. Further north of Gangutana it takes a swing to thewest. The core portion is occupied by pegmatite inthe E-W section. The rock is untraceable further west.It comprises light grey schistose flaggy K-feldspar –mica-schist and minor laminated fine grained quartzite.Small scale folds and crenulations are well developedin the rock.

The rock is characterized by the presence ofcoarse grain poikiloblast of microcline with sigmoidal


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inclusion trails, defined by quartz and mica. Theperipheral part of the internal inclusion is parallel tothe external foliation of the schist indicating that theK-feldspar porphyroblast grew during the formation ofS2 foliation. The matrix minerals are oriented flakes ofyellow biotite, muscovite, quartz and opaques. TheK-feldspar has upto 1.54 wt % BaO. Biotite is rich inMgO (12.13 wt %). Some of the samples also containfine grained pink garnets with high MnO (19 to 27wt %).

Member D : The various rock types constituting thisunit are diopside marble, tremolite/actinolite marble,calc-silicate, carbonaceous slate, amphibole quartzite,amphibole-schist, K-feldspar – biotite-schist, quartziteintercalated with muscovite-schist and magnetitequartzite. This member straddles the amphibole-schistand quartzite dominated Member E. The outcrops ofthe western limb can be traced from east of Golwavillage towards north as a thin band, which widensconsiderably north of Nangal Durgu. Further north therocks again swing towards NNE along Islampur andMukandpura-ki-Dhani, where it is dominantlyarenaceous. The eastern outcrops of this member arewell exposed on the arcuate Donkhera – Said Alipurridge. Further north it is exposed on the elongatedhillock to the west of Antri and Biharipur. The importantunits of this member are described below:

Dark grey K-feldspar – biotite-schist is exposedin Donkhera, Antri – Biharipur, between Golwa andGangutana, Dhanota, north of Musnota and in the valleyto the west of Mukandpura ki Dhani. These rocks areassociated with magnetite quartzite bands inDonkhera, Antri – Biharipur and Dhanota. The rocksare dark grey, well foliated due to high modal contentof biotite. Thin arenaceous and amphibole marbleinterbands are common in some localities. Greenishbiotite and K-feldspar are the major minerals in therock. The other minerals are coarse, xenoblastic tosubidioblastic epidote, minor quartz, titano-magnetiteand scapolite (meionite). Some of the outcrops contain1mm to 4mm brownish red garnets (spessertine). Twobands of K-feldspar – biotite-schist are exposed atAntri- Biharipur along the western and eastern slopeof the hillock to the north of Biharipur. Towards south,K-feldspar biotite-schist exposed around Donkhera are

associated with a 2m wide band of magnetite quartzite.The grey schist has K-feldspar, biotite, quartz,muscovite and Mn rich garnets.

This rock hosts disseminated chalcopyrite –bornite mineralisation and has been investigated forits economic potential. The weathered surface has aridge and groove texture. White 1 mm to 1 cm laths oforiented scapolite are commonly noticed in handspecimen.

Member E : Member E of the Golwa – GangutanaFormation straddles the Member F and trends NNE-SSW. These rocks exposed as irregular, gently raisedgrounds, appear to thin out both towards the northand south direction. The best exposures are presentto the east of Gangutana, east of Nangal Durgu,southwest and northwest of Meghot Bija and to theeast of Dholera and Meghot Hala. This unit has agradational contact with Member D and Member F.

Impure marble, calc amphibole-schist and minoramphibole quartzite and biotite-schist are thepredominant rock types. It is profusely intruded bylinear thin pegmatite both parallel to and transverse tothe lithological layering. Malachite coating alongfractures is common in all the outcrops.

Member F: It comprises quartzite, mica schist,amphibole quartzite, feldspar-bioti te-schist,amphibolite and marble. It is exposed in a N-S orientedarcuate disjointed chain of low hills approximately onekilometer to the east of Golwa village. It is straddledby the rocks of Member E of the Golwa – Gangutanaformation. The unit is one kilometer wide at the thickestpart and gradually thins out to the north. The dominantrock type is an off white to reddish brown quartzitewith intercalations of mica schist. The quartzite is fineto coarse grained, massive to thinly bedded and welljointed and otherwise structure-less except for thepresence of bedding plane.

Deota-Dantal Formation :This Formation is represented by brecciated

ferruginous quartzite interbedded with schist andphyllite. It is exposed at Deota-Dantal, Kalba andKanwal villages in southwestern part and at Firozpur-Jirka in southeastern part of Haryana. This unit isequivalent to Sariska Formation in Rajasthan. The


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brecciated quartzite is composed of angular,subangular and even rectangular fragments of greenishwhite to blackish quartzite, vein quartz, chert and rarelyof schist embedded in a siliceous/ferruginised matrix.The brecciated quartzite of Deota-Dantal Formation insoutheastern part of Haryana contain ash/tuff beds inthe south of Mahadeo-ka-Temple on Firozpur-Jirka-Tijara road. The thinly bedded tuffs have light colouredlayers of coarser materials and blackish grey of finermaterials. The creamish layers consist of white lapillisarranged parallel to bedding.

Thanaghazi Formation :The Thanaghazi Formation is developed in Nuniya-

Ka-Nangal, Kalba, Bahmanwas and Firozpur Jhirka.It consists of carbonaceous phyllite, slate withlimestone, quartzite bands, ash and tuff. The phylliteis light to dark grey and blackish in colour, the laterbeing carbonaceous in nature. The ash bands withinthe phyllite are 2.5m to 4m thick and are similar to theash beds of Deota-Dantal Formation.

Asarwas Formation :In southwestern part of Haryana, the Asarwas

Formation is exposed at Nuniya-ka-Nangal, Asarwas,Kantikhas, Ghaniyar, Checkmalipur, Thanwas andGotri represented by phyllite/slate with minor quartzitebands. The phyllite and slate are grey to dark grey,khaki green and pinkish brown, fissile and laminated,at place (west of Tankri village), shows developmentof garnet and staurolite.

In the southeastern part, arenite dominates overargillite in Firozpur-Jirka-Sohna, Bhaundsi-Panchgaonand Harchandpur-Badhkal-Surajkund ridges. Theformation comprises quartzite, phyllite, slate and minorschist. The quartzite is grey to dark grey in colour,medium to fine-grained, thickly to thinly bedded andlocally ferruginous. Colour banding and intercalationsare mostly absent. Primary sedimentary structuresare rarely observed. Cavities of varying shape (circular,elliptical and rectangular) and size in the quartzite arelined by limonitic/ferruginous material formed byleaching and removal of pyrite. These quartzites haveinterbands of muscovite-schist with or without garnet,staurol i te-schist and lenses of graphite incarbonaceous phyllite. Grey phyllite associated withash/tuff containing white laths and lapillis have been

recorded from Ankhir, Balgram and Nawada onHarchandpur Badkhal-Surajkund ridge.

In Kolgaon-Mahun-Kalinjar ridge, the valleyportions and flanks of ridges are occupied by slateand phyllite with subordinate quartzite bands, whereas,the crest portions of the ridges are occupied by themassive quartzite with rare slate and phyllite bands.

Tasing Formation :

Tasing Formation comprising phyllite withoccasional quartzite laminations and minor slate isexposed around Kund, Khol, Khori, Tankri, Rajgarh,Pali, Bawan Gujar and Harjipur. The phyllite bandsoccasionally contain interbands of carbonaceousphyllite. Slate shows variety of colours ranging fromshades of grey to green, purple and black. Quartziteis fine grained, thinly bedded and grey to dark greyishin colour and occurs as inter-bands of thin lenticularbodies.

Depositional History of Delhi Supergroup

Sedimentary structures are preserved in quartzite,phyllite and slate. Bedding, cross bedding, ripple marksand load casts are prominent in quartzite while mudcracks, load casts and bio-turbations are seen in thephyllite and slate. The sedimentary structures revealthat the rocks of Alwar Group were deposited near lowwater line in an intertidal environment. Ripple markswith rounded or sharp crests and shallow troughs andbifurcations and mud cracks indicate subaerial orquasi-subaerial depositional environment.

The Ajabgarh Group is inferred to have beendeposited in lagoonal environment and barred basinconditions with penecontemporaneous deformationsand volcanic activity as indicated by the presence ofaccretionry lapilli/pellets and concretionary bodies.

POST DELHI INTRUSIVES AND EXTRUSIVESMagmatism in the area is represented by basic

and acidic rocks. The plutonic phase of acidmagmatism is represented by granite, granodiorite,tonalite, aplite, pegmatite, hypabasal feldspar porphyryand quartz veins while the volcanic phase isrepresented by basalt, rhyolite and tuff. Occurrencesof ultrabasic rocks, albitite and magnetite have also


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been reported from the southern parts of the statebesides possible presence of carbonatites(?).

In Haryana, granite occurs mainly as inselbergsand isolated hillocks aligned NE-SW from north ofDhanota to Kultajpur. It occurs at north east, east andsoutheast of Nawalgarh, Tehla, Kultajpur, MokhutaAzmabad, Bansur, Bawal, Kheribater (near Kaliyana)and Tosham. The Dhosi hill is the single largest outcropof granite in the area. A linear two mica granite plutonis exposed at the northern tip of Sareli ridge near Tehlaand is named Tehla Granite. A chain of outcropstrending NE-SW from Kultajpur in the north to Dhanotain the south exposes foliated hornblende – biotitegranite. The granite shows intrusive relationship withthe metasediments of Delhi Supergroup at Dhanota.Two phases of this granite can be distinguished basedon field, petrographic and geochemical data. Thesehave been termed the Maroli Type (MT) and KultajpurType (KT). Small hillocks scattered around Toshamtown expose granite and rhyolite.

Tehla Granite (TG) : The N-S trending Tehla Granite(exposed near Tehla village) in Mahendragarh Districtis a grey, coarse grained, foliated, quartz, two -micaand two-feldspar granite. The country rocks arequartzite, mica-schist and amphibolites of Bayal-Panchnota Formation. The major portion of the graniteis covered by alluvium and only the southern andwestern contacts are well exposed. Aplite dykes arecommon and show mutually intrusive relationships.Aplites disposed transversely to the regional foliationof the granite are folded with development of internalfoliation parallel to the host granite. Aplite dykes alsooccur as corroded rafts within the granite. The finalphase of the magmatism here is the intrusion of rarepegmatites and quartz – tourmaline veins, the formercut across both granite and aplite. The foliation in thegranite mimics the foliation of the country rocks at themargin of the granite. Second phase fold in the contactzone shows cofolding of both the foliation in the graniteand the country rock. A large amphibolite enclave ofapproximately 100 m is present near the southerncontact of the granite. The enclave is free of any granite,aplite or pegmatite veins.

Maroli Granite (MT): Granite of Maroli type (MT) isexposed in the hills to the west of Maroli village, on

the southeastern flank of Dhanota hill, hillocks to theeast of Dhanota village and in the northern tip ofKultajpur hill. It is dominantly a hornblende-biotite-granite The best exposures of this granite can be foundin one kilometre elongated hill to the west of Marolivillage. This granite is pink to pinkish green and iscommonly very strongly foliated. It contains feldspar,quartz, biotite, amphibole, opaque oxides and sulfideslike pyrite and rare chalcopyrite. Porphyroclasts ofalbite along with microcline is present in a groundmassof xenoblastic brown to deep green amphiboleassociated with sphene, biotite (iron rich), quartz,albite, microcline, opaques, apatite and zircon. Theamphiboles are ferroedinite to hastingsite and rich iniron.

Kultajpur Granite (KT): This is also a hornblende-biotite-granite, best exposed in the hill adjacent toKultajpur village. This granite is also exposed on theentire hill except in the northern portion where MT andtrondhjemite are exposed in small zones. The graniteis medium to coarse grained with augens of feldspar,dark stringers of biotite and amphibole and flattenedquartz. The eastern flank of the hill exposes greyfoliated granite with pink granite covering the rest.Contact with the country rock is covered with alluvium.A 0.5 m wide and 15 m long raft of amphibolite ispresent in the marginal portion of the granite. Palepink fine grained aplite is found as intrusive into thegranite. The internal foliation developed within the apliteis parallel to the foliation in the granite. Fragmentedxenoliths of an MT are found in the southern face ofthe Kultajpur hill. Elongated oval shaped dark grey toblack micaceous enclaves are common in the granite.This granite is also exposed in the western andnorthern portions of Dhanota hill. The rock is foliatedwith streaks of mafics and annealed flattened quartzand porphyroclasts of feldspar. Bands of augen gneiss,with a similar mineralogy as the KT, are present withinthe granite. The rock is inequigranular with fine grainedgroundmass of albite, quartz and microcline. Otherminerals present are hastingsite, annite, sphene,opaques, zircon, allanite and epidote. Sphenecommonly rims ilmenite. Relict feldspar, mesoperthiteswith almost equal proportion of microcline and albiteare the porphyroclasts. They constitute surroundedby annealed and exsolved fine grained microcline andalbite.


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Trondhjemite: The rock is exposed in the northeasterntip of the Kultajpur hill and in two isolated hillocks tothe north of Thana village. The rock is buff to pale grey,medium grained, equigranular and show effects of milddeformation. The rock is leucocratic owing to nearabsence of mafic minerals. Albite (XAb = 0.99) withpolysynthetic twinning, strained quartz, minor K-feldspar (twinned in Carlsbad law and cross hatched)fine grained rutile, zircon and opaques are the mineralconstituents.

Hornblende – biotite granite of two generations(i.e. KT and MT) have intruded the metasediments ofDelhi Supergroup. The two varieties havedistinguishable though similar chemistry. Both thevarieties host melanocratic enclaves. Trondhjemite isspatially associated with the KT at Kultajpur.Geochemically, the enclaves are the oldest followedby MT, KT and trondhjemite.

Hornblende – biotite granite exposed in Rajasthanhave been dated 1.71 to 1.78 Ga by CHIME on zircongrains (Biju-Sekhar et al., 2003; Kaur et al., 2006)implying that these were emplaced much before theDelhi Orogeny (considered at 1.45 Ga) and hence arebasement rocks to Delhi Supergroup. However clearcut intrusive relations with magnetite quartzite unit atDhanota and lack of contact relations in other outcropsof the hornblende –biotite granites of SW Haryanapoints to gaps in data which merits further research.

Pegmatite and aplite : These are well exposedbetween Bayal and Panchnota, south of Sada-ki-Dhani, north of Masnuta, Megot Bija, to the southeastof Narhedi, around Antri – Biharipur, in RusulpurProtected Forest area, within MT, KT and TehlaGranites. Pegmatites are rare to nonexistent in theeastern part of the area. The biggest pegmatite bodymeasures 3m x 1m exposed between Bayal andPanchnota. Other notable pegmatite dykes are, the2km long body, exposed to the south of Sada-ki-Dhaniand the 1.5 km long pegmatite exposed to the southof Nangal Durgu. Alkali feldspar and quartz are themajor constituents of the pegmatite. The other mineralspresent are aggregates of muscovite, biotite and longblack tourmaline. Zoning is rare in pegmatite of thisarea. Thin pegmatites with smoky quartz, plagioclase,K-feldspar and muscovite are present in Dhanota. Thepegmatites follow two major trends i.e NNE-SSW and

WNW-ESE. Rarely, they are disposed in radial fashionas seen to the north of Rawaton-ki-Dhani. They havebeen emplaced in two episodes. The larger pegmatitebodies appear undeformed and probably intruded afterthe second phase of deformation, which was the mostintense. The thinner pegmatites are deformed by theF2 phase of folding.

Most of the pegmatites in Bayal area, trend N-Sas elongated units and are exposed as continuous orintermittent outcrops. Quartz, muscovite, alkalifeldspar, tourmaline and albite are the commonminerals. Garnet and beryl are present in a fewpegmatite bodies. Many of the pegmatites are zonedwith a muscovite + quartz intergrowth in the rim zonefollowed by coarse interlocked quartz and feldsparaggregate towards core. Tourmaline is present bothwithin and in the marginal portion of the pegmatite.

Kyanite bearing pegmatites are exposed to thewest of Bayal village. These veins are associated withFe- Mg amphibole-schist, kyanite-biotite-schist andquartzite. These veins are upto 15 cm wide and extendfor couple of meters. Coarse grained kyanite, feldsparand quartz in the interior of the vein are margined byblack tourmaline present in the zone of contact withcountry rocks.

In the area, aplites are confined to the proximityof granite bodies. They are exposed within the TehlaGranite, hornblende-biotite granite (both MT and KT)and feldspar-quartz porphyry in Tosham. Theseleucocratic rocks have a saccroidal texture, and aredeformed along with the host granite in Kultajpur areawhere the foliation of the granite continues in to theaplite dyke.

Albitite : Albitites are found in two variants and arecomposed dominantly of albite with sphene, opaques,rutile etc. The other more dominant one is a red andgreen rock made up of albite, diopside, opaques,apatite, sphene, rutile, calcite and rare quartz. Theless dominant one is homogenous red, fine grainedand looks like a brick. Albitite occurs as veins andimpregnations in diverse rocks like quartzite, marble,schist, pegmatite and granite. However, its mostextensive development is in calcareous lithologies.Albitite, intrusive into pegmatite, is found to the westof Bayal village. Here albitite occupies cross fractures


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sets. The effect of albitisation on granites can beobserved in Dhanota hill, where MT granite istransformed to a deep red rock. Towards north in thesame hill albitisation of the KT granite has transformedthe rock to a diffused mottled rock with clouded albites,formation of bluish green amphibole and increase inthe modal percentage of opaques. Sphene overgrowthis also noticed on the opaques.

REE enriched calcite veins : Ramiangar andVishwanatha (1978) reported the occurrence ofcarbonatite dykes closely associated with magnetite,apatite and calcite veins from Dhancholi hill,Mahendragarh District. Saxena et al., (1984)described the occurrence of carbonatite dykes inDhanota - Dhancholi hills and carbonatite breccia fromKhalra hills. REE enriched calcite veins are noted inMokhuta, Dhanota and Antri Biharipur area (west ofZainpur). The best development of these veins is inDhanota hill where yellow calcite veins up to 1m thickare associated spatially with albitite and massivehornblende rock and shows elephant skin weathering.Other than calcite, the minerals present are amphibole,albite, magnetite and sub microscopic grains ofmonazite and REE carbonates.

Igneous rocks of Tosham areaThe scattered hillocks around Tosham expose

felsic volcanics, tuffs and different types of sub-volcanicintrusive rocks. These rocks are considered to beequivalent to the Malani Igneous suite. They areintrusive into the metapelite rocks of Ajabgarh Group.Coarse grained randomly oriented laths of andalusitehave grown in the metapelite as a result of this intrusion.A total of five types of igneous (intrusive and extrusive)rocks are exposed in Tosham area. Rhyolite, theextrusive rock is exposed predominantly in Toshamhill as a volcanic plug. It is rimmed by thin feldsparporphyry, which has intruded the older rocks as a ringdyke. Feldspar-quartz porphyry and porphyritic graniteare exposed in hills other than Tosham.

The various igneous rocks occurring in Toshamarea are described below.

Grey Porphyritic Granite : Grey porphyritic graniteis exposed in the western flank of the Tosham hill.The rock is coarse grained with oriented laths of alkali

feldspar up to 5cm in size. The primary foliation (flowbanding) defined by the feldspars trend N20oE and dips35o towards NW. Thin aplite veins are present in therock. Xenoliths of metasediments are common in thegranite. Xenoliths upto 30 cm in length of the greyporphyritic granite are present within the rhyolite.

Rhyolite : Rhyolite is exposed in the Tosham hill asan approximately 700 m long oval shaped plug. Therock is massive, compact and hard showing flowbanding. The western contact is with grey porphyriticgranite and the eastern contact is with metasediments.Andalusite is developed in the metasediments becauseof the intrusion of rhyolite.

Feldspar Porphyry : A 15 m thick discontinuousoval shaped dyke of feldspar porphyry is intrusive intothe metasediments and rhyolite of Tosham hill. Therock is filled with abundant white alkali feldspars up to8 cms in size with an average of 2cm-3cm. Thephenocrysts of alkali feldspars are rectangular, circularand hexagonal in shape. Some of the alkali feldsparshave zoning defined by included minerals, commonlybiotite. Rare grains of alkali feldspars are also rimmedby pale green plagioclase. The contact between thefeldspar porphyry and the metasediments and rhyoliteare sharp.

Pink Porphyritic Granite : Pink porphyritic graniteis exposed in the Dadam hill and Khanak hill. Thegranite is coarse grained almost pegmatoidal, withpink orthoclase (upto 10 cm long), white to pale greenplagioclase laths and black and white specks of mica.Some pockets within the porphyritic granite have ahigh concentration of feldspar. At the contact zonebetween pink granite and feldspar–quartz porphyry,the veins of porphyritic granite have intruded thefeldspar-quartz porphyry and has entrapped xenolithsof the same. A medium grained pink granite exposedin Dadam hill is considered to be a variant of theporphyritic granite. Thin dykes of the rock are presentwithin the feldspar-quartz porphyry. A fining of grainsize is discernible towards the margin of the dyke.Alkali feldspars have inclusion zoning defined by biotiteand colour zoning in pale pink, white and pale green.Alkali feldspars are larger than plagioclase and havehexagonal and rectangular outline. Some of the alkalifeldspar grains have a mantle of chalk white plagioclaseup to 1cm thick. Dykes of microgranite intruded both


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rocks and show branching. Inter-tonguing of feldspar-quartz porphyry and porphyritic granite is noticed atDadam. Near the contact of feldspar-quartz porphyryand porphyritic granite the small clusters of dark greyxenolith present within the feldspar-quartz porphyryare oriented parallel to the contact indicating alignmentof the xenoliths due to magmatic flow. Rhyolite dykes,8cm to 10cm thick, with a fine grained margin, visuallyclear of any crystals and a central zone consisting ofpink fine grained feldspar and grey quartz grains areintrusive into the porphyritic granite.

Feldspar-Quartz Porphyry : A grey to dark grey fineto medium grained porphyry is exposed in the smallhills scattered around Tosham. The rock varies fromporphyry to equigranular granite. Colour of the rock iscommonly grey, though light grey, pale purple and palebrown are also noticed. Plagioclase, alkali feldspar,biotite and amphiboles can be identified in handspecimen. Thin black 0.5cm to 2cm wide sulfidebearing branching veins are present. The veins have10cm wide alteration zones of bleached rock. Shearedportions of the veins bear blue chalcocite, malachiteand iron oxide stains. Joint planes have coating ofchlorite. Veins with rare molybdenite are seen inKhanak.

The feldspar-quartz porphyry hosts different typesof enclaves. The most common is the angular smallmelanocratic fine grained enclaves found in all the hillsaround Tosham where feldspar-quartz porphyry isexposed. Petrographic examination indicates them tobe probably diorites. Rare xenoli ths with anassemblage of brown biotite with lots of green spineland fibrolite are probable from a granulite undercrust.The pink porphyritic granite, exposed in a N-S directionto the southeast of Khanak village, is present as roofpendant and xenoliths within the feldspar-quartzporphyry at Khanak.

METAMORPHISMOn the basis of petrographic and EPM analysis

of constituent minerals of the pelitic rocks, viz., chlorite,muscovite, biotite, hornblende and plagioclase, byvarious workers, the metamorphism of the rocks of

Delhi Supergroup in SW Haryana is considered to beof green schist facies to middle amphibolite facies.

Bhola (1989) estimated the metamorphicconditions for the rocks of southwest Haryana fromSada-ki-Dhani village. On the basis of modalproportions of minerals and their textural relations, hededuced the following reactions in the metapelite rocksof Ajabgarh Formation:

Chlorite + Muscovite = Staurolite + Biotite +Quartz

Staurolite + Muscovite + Quartz = Kyanite +Biotite + Garnet + Staurolite 2 + H2O

Based on the mineral assemblage he inferred atemperature of 540oC to 600oC and pressure of 4 to 5kb.

Pant et al. (2000) inferred two stages ofmetamorphism for the sub-calcic amphiboles bearingrocks of Bayal area. The first stage is estimated to beabove 550oC based on the crystallization of staurolitein adjacent metapelites and the second stage wasdeduced to have been triggered by the intrusion ofamphibolites causing contact metamorphism of 590oCat low pressure of around 2 Kb.

Prasad and Kumar (2000) estimated metamorphictemperatures of 540o C at 4 Kb pressure based on thepresence of garnet and staurolite in the metapelitesKundu et al., (2004) and Sharma et al., (2006) didthermobarometric study of metapelite and garnetamphibolites of Golwa-Gangutana Formation. Thepressure estimated ranged from 6.4 Kb to 7 Kb atpeak temperature of 640oC.

TERTIARY GEOLOGY

The north-eastern part of Haryana ispredominantly characterized by sedimentarylithology in the Sub-Himalayan zone comprisingSubathus, Dagshais, Kasaulis and Siwaliks. Ageneral stratigraphic sequence in the area is given inTable III.


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Age Super-group

Group Formation Lithology

Holocene Newer Alluvium and Newer Aeolain Deposits*

Gravel, sand, silt-clay, limestone, gypsum

Lower to Upper Pleistocene

Older Alluvium and Older Aeolain Deposits*

Gravel, grey sand , silt-clay, brown sand, calcrete,

Boulder Conglomerate Formation Conglomerate, sandstone, silt-clay Lower to Middle Pleistocene Pinjor Formation Coarse grit, red sandstone and clay,

conglomerate Upper Pliocene

Upper Siwalik

Tatrot Formation/ Saketi Formation Friable sandstone and variegated clay Dhokpathan Formation Brown sandstone and orange clay

Middle Siwalik Nagri Formation Hard, grey, sandstone, mudstone and

minor shale Middle Miocene

S I

W A L I K Lower

Siwalik

Nahan Formation Coarse, gritty, clay and red sandstone grey, micaceous sandstone, often calcareous, brownish shale with lignite lenticles, greenish white quartzite

Kausauli Formation Grey sandstone, green shale and grey clay

Lower Miocene

Dagshai Formation Purple and green sandstone, Deep red, gritty, clay, white sandstone with ferruginous concretions.

Upper Eocene

Sirmur

Subathu Formation (Nummulitic) Sandstone with gritty clay. Impure fossiliferous limestone calcareous slate, greenish shale and dark brown quartzite.

Pre-Proterozoic Tundapathar Thickly bedded, stromatolitic limestone with carbonaceous shale and quartzite

Table III: Tertiary sequence of Haryana

The great Cenomanian Transgression during theCretaceous was a world-wide phenomena and in theUpper Cretaceous, there were fairly distinct faunas inthe lands bordering the Indian Ocean. The end of theCretaceous was marked by important changes in floraand fauna. These changes were brought up by thefirst phase of the compression of the Tethys in theUpper Cretaceous, resulting in the shallowing of theTethys and ridging up of its bottom in the Himalayanregion.

Among the earliest sediments deposited in thisbasin are those of Eocene and Oligocene period whichare characterized by numerous foraminifera, highlyuseful for correlation. Nummulites occur in both theseperiods, Assilines and Orthophragmines are confinedto the Eocene while Lepidocyclines occur in theOligocene. In view of the Subathu occurring over therocks of different ages, it is apparent that a considerable

part of Himalayan area was beneath the sea duringthe Tertiary times and that there must have beenextensive erosion accompanied by orogenic activitybefore the deposition of the Subathu sediments began.The Subathu is succeeded by the deposition of theDagshai and Kasauli, roughly equivalent to Lower andUpper Murrees of Jammu and Kashmir area. Thetransition between the Subathu and Dagshai is,however, somewhat abrupt, representing astratigraphical gap in between these. The lithologyindicates that the Dagshai is brackish water deposit,while the Kasauli is a fresh-water one.

The termination of Murree sedimentation wasfollowed by the mountain building activity in the Tethyanbelt, resulting into a long, narrow depression in frontof the rising Himalayan mountain ranges, towards theside of Peninsula. This depression, foredeep, was thesite of deposition of the Siwalik sediments which

* Not used in formal stratigraphic sense


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commenced in Middle Miocene and in which most ofthe sediments were derived from the denudation ofthe newly rising mountains.

The Lower Siwaliks in this region are representedby the Nahan Formation and the junction betweenthese and the underlying Kasauli is generally a thrustplane.

Subathu Formation :The Subathu Formation consists of calcareous

and argillaceous rocks including thick beds of grittyclay, generally of subdued neutral colours, of very finetexture and weathering in acicular and cuboidalsplinters. The calcareous element occurs mostfrequently in irregular; sub-concretionary; earthy bandsof impure limestone which are also highly fossiliferrous.There are occasional beds of hard coarse grit to finesandstone of dull colour towards the top.

Dagshai Formation :The Subathus are succeeded by thicker beds of

sandstone having purplish tint and contain beds ofgritty clay, bright and deep red in colour. A well-definedwhite, quartzitic sandstone intervenes the Dagshai andthe Subathu. The change from grey and brownSubathus to deep, bright red clay is abrupt which aregypsiferous at places. The top of the Dagshai is markedby a purple and green sandstone, where clay becomessubordinate. The alternation of purple cindery shaleand purple and green sandstone is frequent.

Kasauli Formation :The Dagshai Formation conformably passes

upwards into the Kasauli Formation in which there isan absence of bright red clay and comprise essentiallyof sandstone group with minor argillaceous bands, thestandstone being grey to greenish in colour andgenerally softer, coarser and more micaceous thanthe Dagshai sandstone. The shale is soft and lesscindery and more green. Grey clay slate also occur inthese rocks. The transition between Dagshai andKasauli is very gradual and the lower beds pass almostimperceptibly into the upper.

SIWALIK SUPERGROUPGeology and Stratigraphy

A tectono-stratigraphic domain comprisingNeogene – Quaternary molassic sediments of theSiwalik Supergroup occurs in the northern part of

Haryana which is delimited in the south by theHimalayan Frontal Fault (HFF) and in the north by theMain Boundary Fault (MBF). These rocks form thesouthernmost Himalayan range that extends fromPotwar Plateau (Pakistan) in the northwest toArunachal Pradesh in east. The Siwalik belt is thebiggest repository of vertebrate fossils in India and isexposed as a series of parallel ridges with steep scarptowards south and gentler dip slope on the north. TheSiwalik sequence was first divided into Upper, Middleand Lower units by Pilgrim (1913) in the PotwarPlateau. In Haryana, the description of Siwalik rocksis as follows

LOWER SIWALIK GROUPNahan Formation:

The rocks of Lower Siwalik Group in Haryana areundifferentiated and hence are collectively refferred toas Nahan Formation. These rocks are exposed aroundNahan town between the Main Boundary Fault (MBF)in north and Nahan Thrust (NT) in south. The NahanThrust brings up the Nahan Formation in contact withthe boulder conglomerate of the Upper Siwalik. TheNahan Formation is characterized by grey, mediumto fine grained massive, compact sandstone, siltstonewith interbedded mudstone. The sandstone bedsusually exhibit load casts and fine laminations.Mudstone is concretionary, at places appears likeshale. The medium grained sandstone shows pepperand salt texture and at places is reddish, due to coatingof the red clay. Being hard and indurated, the Nahansandstone is resistant to erosion and produces highrelief as compared to the sandstone of Upper Siwalikbelt. Pseudo conglomerate beds associated with theclay and sandstone are common. In composition theseare usually pellets of greenish clay of varying sizes, insandy matrix. The contacts of the various sandstoneand red clay beds are usually sharp and often haveerosional features. Some siltstone and clay showoscillation ripple marks. The heavy minerals in thesandstone include opaques, garnet, tourmaline,epidote, staurolite, zoisite, zircon, rutile and chlorite.

Throughout their extension, near the thrust planethe Nahan rocks are highly disturbed. Besides theminor displacement, they also show crushing, jointingand shearing features. Away from the thrust plane thebeds show gentle dips though small scale faults anddisplacements along the joints are also observed. Alongtheir contact with Subathu rocks, the Nahans have


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steeper dips, but crushing, shearing and jointing areless prominent.

The Lower Siwalik constitutes an imperfectrhythmic deposition of medium grained sandstone,grading to fine sandstone, siltstone and mudstone/clay. Studies show that the sedimentation took placein shallow basin. In upper parts, current beddedmedium grained sandstone with minor pebbles isfrequent, indicating channel fills. Predominance of finegrained sandstone and clay are indicative of a distantsource of the detritus. The litho association suggeststhe deposition under vast flood plain, characterizedby extensive grass lands with profuse terrestrial faunaas indicated by the presence of drifted fossilized woodlogs at several places. The bright grey sandstone andred colour of mudstone suggest fluctuating cycles ofhumid and arid climates.

Due to thin clay partings the massive sandstoneand tectonically disturbed nature of sediments, theNahan terrain is susceptible to frequent landslides.

MIDDLE SIWALIK GROUPThe Middle Siwaliks are exposed in the area

around Dhanoura, Adh Badri and Khet Purali and areclassified into two sub divisions namely NagriFormation and Dhok Pathan Formation, based on thefrequency of sandstone and mudstone deposits. InSirmaur area, the Middle Siwaliks consist of alternatelithounits of clay and sandstones in the lower partsand massive sandstone in the upper parts.

Nagri Formation :The Nagri Formation is represented by medium

to coarse-grained “pepper and salt” sandstone withdark grey to black mudstone. Mudstone is thinner andless varigated than those of the Lower Siwaliks.Thickness of coarse grained sandstone ranges from1m to 3m, whereas muddy sandstone and mudstonerange from 1m to 1.5 m. Fining-upward succession ofcoarse sandstone to mudstone is distinct and anindividual succession is 2m to 5m thick. The sedimentsoccupy the core of the large southeasterly plunginganticline, the southern limb of which has been faulted,eroded and presently lies concealed beneath thealluvium. Near the closure of the anticline the MiddleSiwalik exposures also pinch out near Kala Amb inthe west and at Chikan in the east.

The Nagri Formation spanning over 11.5 Ma –8.5Ma period (Kumar et al., 2004) represents sheet floodand braided river deposits throughout the HimalayanForeland Basin, in response to the change in thehinterland basin at around 11 Ma (Johnson et al., 1985,Burbank et al., 1988, and references therein). Duringthis period several hundred metres of sandstone–mudstone alternations of Middle Siwalik fluvialsuccession record numerous packages of multi-stacking of the channel-belt.

Dhok Pathan Formation :The Dhok Pathan Formation of the area comprises

fine to medium grained, gritty, bright grey, massivesandstone, bright grey and brown siltstone andinterbedded subordinate variegated pink, red, orangered and yellow clay. Lenticles of pseudo-conglomerateare occasionally seen interbedded with sandstone andclay. Some pseudo-conglomerate beds contain pelletsof hardened, uneven shaped shale nodules andferruginous material. The sandstone in basal beds iscomparatively fine grained, compact, massive andresistant to weathering. Sparse conglomeratic pebblesof metamorphic source are usually seen in thesandstone. Inter-bedded with these sandstone are thesubordinate yellow, brownish, red, orange red clay,ranging upto 2 m in thickness. The sandstone is moremassive and coarser, bright grey, but their surfacesappear red on the escarpments due to red claywashing. The sandstone beds are 2 m to 15 m thick,whereas mudstone beds are 2 m to 3 m thick. Thesandstone escarpments rising immediately north ofthe Haryana plains near Dhanoura village belong tothis formation. Their maximum aerial width across thestrike is about 1km to 2km beyond which they passinto Upper Siwaliks.

The base of the sandstone strata shows loadstructures and imprints of mud cracks. At places thesandstone shows one or two sets of jointing. In theChowkiwala stream, east of Kala Amb some sandstonebands show nodular structures of 0.5cm to 2cmdiameter, formed due to differential weathering. Currentbedding from fine to torrential type are present. Northof Adh Badri, the siltstone surface exhibits ripplemarks, rain imprints, annelid tracks and root fillings.The compact sandstone bands show development ofsericite. Maximum thickness of the multistoriedsandstone bodies in this basin varies from 10m to few


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hundred metres. The deposition of sandstone inchannel and flood plain environments have beeninferred from sedimentary structures.

UPPER SIWALIK GROUP The Upper Siwalik consists of Tatrot, Pinjor and

Boulder Conglomerate Formations in ascending order,based on their lithological variations. However, theyare named as Saketi Formation, Pinjor Formation, andKalar Formation respectively in the adjoining SirmaurDistrict of Himachal Pradesh.

Tatrot Formation/ Saketi Formation :It is a polycyclic sequence of red-grey-buff

mudstone and grey micaceous sandstone. Usuallythe top of red mudstone is a palaeosol zone which isgrey in colour and has erosional features and rolledcalcrete. The sandstone is grey in colour and hascalcretised bodies along and across the bedding plains.Good exposures are present near Nadha SahibGurudwara and along the Morni Hill road. Thesandstone occurs in three forms (1) major grey sheetbodies (2) minor grey sheet bodies and (3) ribbonshaped grey and buff bodies. Buff ribbon sandstonebodies are associated with higher proportion ofoverbank deposits and are dominated by small scaletrough cross strata and parallel laminations. The sizeof buff sandstone bodies increases upwords in thesection. The thickness of trough cross-strata setthickness is <20 cm. Lateral accretion beds inchannels are common. At places, channel bodiespass laterally into mudstone channel fills. Overbankdeposits have mature palaeosol profiles and well-developed mudcracks. The contact between Tatrot andPinjor is gradational and marked by the apperaenceof pebbly sandstone.

Pinjor Formation :It comprises well sorted, pebble and cobble-

conglomerate associated with reddish brownsandstone and dark grey mudstone. Conglomerateclasts are rounded to sub-rounded and show slightincrease in size towards the younger succession.Crude cross-beddings occur throughout the unit andimbrication of clasts is common. Conglomerate bedsare 2m to 5m thick while mudstone and sandstonebeds are 2 m to 8 m thick. Fining-upward cycles ofabout 5m to 25m thickness are common and comprisemassive, friable, coarse to medium grained sandstone

(often pebbly and conglomeratic) with thin interbedsof buff, grey and red mudstone. The sandstoneoccasionally contains hard calcified sandstone lensesand pockets of ferruginous matter, while theconglomerates enclose lenticular bands of sandstone.The pebbles/ boulders are mostly of sandstone,quartzite, schist, granite, gneiss, basic rock, veinquartz, jasper, dolomite, shale and claystone and areembedded in coarse grained sandy matrix, induratedby calcareous cement. These clasts are generallyspherical to elliptical in shape and vary from less than0.5cm to 20cm in size. Their roundness and sizeincrease in the younger succession.

The sandstone is grey as well as buff and arelocally multistoried, and are accompanied by theTertiary clast-bearing conglomerate. The single tomultistoried conglomerate bodies are stratified,transverse imbricated, and are composed of sub-angular to sub-rounded clasts, mainly of quartzite withsubordinate limestone, phyllite, slate, chert, granite,and rare basic igneous rocks. At the contact betweenthe upper part of the Pinjor Formation and the BoulderConglomerate Formation, the conglomerate clast sizeas well as their composition change from quartzitedomination to those derived from the Lesser Himalayarocks to reworked sub-Himalayan, lower Tertiarysandstone.

The sediments indicate deposition in proximal todistal facies environments of the vertically accretingflood plains. Large scale current bedding and truncated,horizontal channel fills indicate a fluviatile origin andthe channel fills.

Boulder Conglomerate Formation :The uppermost part of the Siwalik Supergroup is

characterised by disorganised, loose, boulder-sizedconglomerate with orange pigmented mudstone. Theformation is well exposed south of Shambhuwala, nearMoginand, Kalar village and along the Pinjor-Morni Hillroad. The conglomeratic layers are 1m - 6m thick,stratified, imbricated, and composed of sub-roundedto sub-angular clasts embedded in buff sandy cummuddy matrix and interbedded with buff sandstone andmudstone. The pebbles, cobbles and boulders are frommetamorphic and Tertiary provenances.

Depositional History of Siwalik Supergroup

The Siwalik Supergroup comprising > 7000 m


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thick sedimentry sequence was deposited in anelongated, east–west foreland basin south of risingHimalaya. A number of Siwalik rivers flowed in adirection transverse to the strike of Himalaya,deposited the megafan sequences. The rivers joinedeasterly flowing truck river ultimately draining in theBay of Bengal. It is interpreted that the rise of Himalayaafter the obliteration of the Palaeogene Sea, for a shortduration at least, regionally pounded the Peninsularrivers that were earlier flowing towards the Tethyanpart. In this vast lake-like basin, part of the Lower Siwalik(Nahan Formation) was deposited. At the time of theMiddle Siwalik deposition, the Himalaya had acquiredrelief and the rivers became more turbulent and carriedcoarser clastics. During the Upper Siwaliksedimentation, the thrust sheets and even thePalaeogene sediments (Sirmaur Group) were largelyuplifted, bared and eroded by turbulent streams to carryfiner, medium and coarser clastics including thediamictons. The monsoon appears to have intensifiedgradually from Lower to Upper Siwalik period and thendeclined after the depositon of Boulder Conglomerate.

Bed rock

Based on the lithologs of Central Ground WaterBoard and GSI and the geophysical surveys of GSI,patchy information is available on the structure andlithology of the basement from some parts of the state.In northwestern Haryana, boreholes drilled up to 365mdepth indicate a NW-SE trending hump. The pre-Quaternary topography is in a northerly deepeningbasin with a NW–SE trending ridge occurring at about200m below the ground along Delhi-Sirsa axis.Lithologically, the basement is made up of sandstoneof Nagaur Group around Ottu in Sirsa District, Tertiaryclay around Maujgarh (in northern parts of SirsaDistrict), granite, pegmatite and gneisses betweenSirsa and Agroha and mica schist/quartzite in Hissararea. Several faults have been inferred in the basementin NW Haryana (Saini and Anand ,1995) . Theseinclude a NE-SW fault passing through Jhalania andother a NNE-SSW fault between Agroha and Hissar.In Gurgaon-Nuh region, the area between FirozpurJhirka-Sohna and Mandkola ridge, the bedrock belowthe alluvium is quartzite and limestone.

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY

Except the linear ridges of Delhi Supergroup and

Siwalik ranges, about 95% of the area of Haryana iscovered by Post –Siwalik alluvial and aeolian deposits,which unconformably overlie the quartzite and graniteof the Delhi Supergroup, Nagaur Sandstone ofCambrian age and Tertiary clay (Saini and Anand, 1995;Thussu, 1995, 2006).

The Quaternary deposits form a wedge like fill,where thickness increases from south to north. Itsoverburden is around 200m thick along the Delhi-Hissar-Sirsa axis and increases to few kilometers nearthe Siwalik Hills in north. The sediments are mainlyalluvial in nature with minor incursions of aeolain andlacustrine lenses (Saini, 2003). The Quaternaryoverburden has been classified into Older Alluvium andNewer Alluvium. The Older Alluvium is also referred toas Ambala or the Varanasi Older Alluvium by previousworkers and included the sediments of upland plains.The Newer Alluvium included the younger Holocenesediments present in the lowland or flood plains ofriver valleys. However, the recent data on absolute agesof the sediments from upper part of upland ( i.e.Ambala Alluvium), it is found that sediments ofHolocene age are also present , therefore it isinappropriate to classify the entire sediment columnof the upland as Ambala or Varanasi Older Alluvium ofMid to Upper Pleistocene age.

Alluvial Deposit (Older Alluvium) :The post Siwalik overburden mainly comprises

alluvial sediments, which are brownish silt-clay, clay,grey micaceous sand calcretised at several levels. Inthe piedmont zone, the sediments are more rudaceouswith lenses of gravel and boulders within the sand.The gravel disappears gradually towards the south andthe sediments tend to become finer in the central alluvialplain. On surface, mud, brown sand and silt arecommon and are underlain by grey sand with layersand lenses of gravels. With the available data, it is notpossible to precisely classify the sediments intoPleistocene or Holocene. Possible sediments of bothare present in this zone in ascending succession. Theupper most fan like deposits appear to be of Holoceneage and can be classified as Newer Fan Alluvium.

In northwestern parts of the state in Sirsa, Hissarand Fatehabad Districts, the sediments areapproximately 200 m to 400 m thick. These include ameter to few tens of meters thick beds, ribbon, andlenses of sand, clay and silt-clay. The beds show


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frequent lateral facies variations and suggest the spatialvariability in the depositional environment and climate(Saini et al., 2009). It is inferred that in northwesternpart a thick succession of alluvial sand occurs at ashallow depth of around 4m, which was depositedduring Marine Isotope Stage 3. This sand is grey andmicaceous and is of Himalayan origin. It is overlain bysilt-clay deposited under flood plain environment. Thereare younger alluvial activities also, one such activityof so-called “Saraswati” has been dated to exist around4.3 ka and desiccated around 3.4 ka (Saini andMujtaba, 2011).

The central part of state, around Rohtak isdominated by the fine muddy sediments. In GurgaonDistrict, the sediments are semi-consolidated clay andsilt with minor sand. These are around 90m thick inthe southern part (around Raoli), around 220m thicksurrounding Rithora and more than 260m (apprx.) thickaround Gurgaon (Saini & Mujtaba, 1998). Insubsurface, the clay forms between 90% and 95% ofgross lithology in Firozpur-Jhirka, Nuh and Naginaareas. The rest occurs in the form of sand lenses. InSohna area, the silt-clay are between 70% and 75%,and decreases further northwards. In northwesternpart around Tauro and Pataudi, the clay varies from60% to 70%. It is calcareous and shows calcretisationof different stages from fine nodular dissemination tolensoidal and even bedded form. At some places, atthe bottom of the alluvial sequence, grey, red andgreenish clay with occasional gypsum crystals arepresent around Bhodas and Morena areas. Kankaroccurs as fine nodules and lenses of few metersthickness in sand at various horizons from bottom totop of the column. It is usually of siliceous nature.

Newer Alluvium :A few meter thick succession of grey micaceous

sand occurs as terraces and channel bars along theYamuna and Ghaggar rivers within their palaeo-banks

in the lowlands. These are mainly Holocene depositsand consist of gravels and sand near the mountainexits and grey micaceous sand and silt in thedownstream. These have been referred to as theTerrace Alluvium. The sediments are derived from theHimalaya by the modern rivers and their tributaries.

Lacustrine Deposit :The palaeo-lake deposits, mostly of Holocene age

(Bhatia and Singh,1998), occur just below the surfaceas small lenses of 1m-3m thick gypsum and shellylimestone bearing lake deposits (Saini et al., 2005).The former is confined to the arid zone and the latterto the semi-arid zone. These are primary precipitatesformed in numerous lakes and ponds during Mid-Holocene. The carbonate type of deposit is abundantin the Riwasa, Charkhi Dadri and Jhajjar areas. Mostof these deposits have been quarried for cementmanufacturing.

Aeolian Deposit :The aeolain sediments are usually brown fine sand

which occurs in depth as well as on surface as dunesand sheets (Saini, 2003). These deposits occur up toDelhi in southeast and Panipat in north. However, theyare best developed along the western border of stateas large dunes. The aeolian sand forms a continuousunit along the western border and as isolated dunesin central part belonging to at least three episodes ofdeposition. The major deposition of dunes and sheetswas accumulated during 18-12 ka interval when SWmonsoon were at the lowest ebb (Saini and Mujtaba,2011). Thereafter, presumably two subsidiary aeolianphases have prevailed in southern parts of Haryanaduring ca. 9-7 ka and ca. 3.2 ka which are reflected inyounger dunes close to the Thar Desert front. Inaddition to the shallow depth, aeolian sand layers arealso reported from around 10m and 30 m depths insome boreholes near Ratia and Fatehabad in NWHaryana.


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Structure

The Delhi Supergroup of rocks continuesuninterruptedly from the northern parts of Rajasthanto Haryana and maintains the similar structural trends.The regional strike of foliation of the rocks is dominantlyNNE-SSW to NE-SW. The foliation dips are steep tomoderate angles, towards either side. The regionalstructure is defined by the presence of a series ofisoclinal, overturned and, at places, by normal uprightfolds. The fold axes trend generally in NNE-SSWdirection with moderate plunges towards either side.A broad structural pattern of Delhi Supergroup of rocksfrom west to east is summarized below.

Khodana and its surrounding areas with AlwarGroup of rocks form a part of a doubly plunging anticlinewith closure at Siswala in the north and SohlaChhajwas in the south. These rocks generally trend inNNE-SSW direction with moderate to steep westerlydips. At least four styles of folding could be recognized,of which N-S trending appressed isoclinals folds andE-W trending cross folds are the most pronouncedfold patterns. The different lithounits of the arearepresent a series of longitudinal appressed isoclinalfolds with NNE-SSW trending and steep westerlydipping axial planes. These appressed folds have beenaffected by a subsequent shallow open cross-fold,plunging at 40o-80o towards west, the axial trend varyingfrom NW to SW, the westward concavity of the regionaldoubly plunging anticline is the effect of these cross-folds. A number of faults and shears have developed inthe limbs of tight overturned folds and are sub-parrallelto the strike of the strata. A number of large crossfaults, striking east-west are also recorded.

The Ajabgarh Group exposed south-west andnorth-east of Narnaul are thrown into a series ofanticlinal and synclinal folds of both appressed(asymmetric to isoclinal) and open types, with theiraxes trending NNE to NE. Here, three phases ofdeformations are noted, resulting into varying structuraltrends. Folds of first and second generation are co-

axial, while the folds of third generation are at rightangles to the earlier folds. F1-folds are generally,symmetrical to asymmetrical in style and oftenisoclinal in nature. F2-folds differ from F1 in their wavelength and plunge amounts, but otherwise have thesame axial trend of NNE-SSW, and can bedistinguished from F1 easily, since axial plane cleavageof earlier folds cuts across their hinges, while the foldsof later generation are concentric with respect to theseplanes. F3-folds in the area are generally broad andopen type and are found on the limbs of the earlierfolds and plunge at low to moderate angles towardseast and west.

The Firozepur Jhirka Bhondsi ridge is an anticlinalridge with its southerly closure located at Nowganwa(Podipur) and having a 20o plunge towards S20oW. Thewestern limb of the fold dips at about 45o towards west,whereas, the easterly dipping eastern limb is truncatedby a fault. The Delhi Harchandpur ridge is a part ofthis regional anticline, which is separated from theformer due to a block faulting.

The eastern-most ridge in the area is made up ofrocks of the Ajabgarh Group which contains four mainzones of quartzite near Pinangwar.

Four phases of deformation have been identifiedin Mahendragarh District in SW Haryana (Sharma etal., 2006). The F1 folds are tight to isoclinal with aplunge toward SSE. These folds are developed on thebedding structure (S0). The F2 folds are open to tight,upright and are nearly coaxial to F1 and plungemoderately toward SSE to SSW. The F3 folds have alow plunge with a sub-horizontal axial plane definedby coarse fractures. The last phase of folding F4 isrepresented by broad open warps plunging eithereasterly or westerly and with steep axial plane trendingWNW-ESE.

In contrast, the structure of Tertiary rocks presentin north-eastern extremity of the area is remarkablydifferent. The general strike of the area is NW-SE with


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low to moderate north-easterly dips in Siwaliks andlow to very high dips in Subathus, Dagshais andKasaulis. The Subathus occur both as thrusted overby Nahans and as outliers of varying size and areexposed as the faulted crests of tightly foldedanticlines. These outliers, very often, suddenlydisappear along the strike having been cut by strikefaults. Dagshais in the area overlie the Nummulitic

outliers and, at places, Nummulitics are brought overthe Kasaulis by normal strike faults.

Nahans (Lower Siwalik) in the area occur thrustedover the Subathus and Boulder Conglomerate beds(Upper Siwalik). Middle Siwalik in this part covers apart of the large westerly plunging anticline whosesouthern limb is missing either due to faulting orerosion.


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Geo-environment

The state is beset with a number of environmentalproblems, arisen due to the natural physical framework,adverse climate and anthropogenic interventions. Someof the problems are actively operative and others arepotential in nature. The prominent ones are describedbelow.

Sand MigrationHaryana lies on the north-eastern fringe of the

Thar Desert and experiences arid-semiarid climate.As a result, sand migration in the desert fringe is acommon phenomenon during the hot-pre-monsoonperiod. The dry climate, strong winds and loose sandin the dunal areas facilitate the transportation anddeposition of sand dunes. According to a roughestimate, the deposition of new sand by aeolianprocess may affect around 30% of the area in thewestern and southern parts. Besides, the constructionof canals and forestation in the arid and semi-arid partsof Haryana has considerably controlled the freshingress of aeolian sand in the state. However, thegeoenvironment is still in a fragile state and anydisturbance to the physical state and change inclimatic condition can re-trigger the aeolian process.

Soil SalinitySalinity of soil is a major environmental hazard in

Haryana, which adversely affects the agriculturalproduction by reducing the plant growth and renderingareas unsuitable for normal cultivation. Areas with suchsoils are left barren because of their non-productivenature. These soils are characterized by thin layer ofwhite salt efflorescence which appears on the surfaceduring hot and humid season as a result of evaporation.Locally, these are also called ‘Kallar’ soils. The soilsare conspicuous along the unlined canals and pondsetc. These surface encrustations consist of NaHCO3,MgCl2, Na2CO3, Mg(HCO3)2, NaCl, Na2SO4 salts. Suchland patches are common in semi-arid parts of Sirsaand Hissar Districts in northwestern Haryana .

Soil ErosionSoil resources are lost by erosion and degradation

at places, resulting in development of badland in areas

having loose and friable lithology and high surfaceslope. Such areas are developed on the stabilizeddunes along the western side of Biwan-Mandkola ridgein Faridabad, Sohna ridge in Gurgaon, parts of RewariDistrict, near Narnaul and Siswala ridge inMahendragarh District. These are also developedalong the fringes of Terai area, along Markanda Riverand its tributaries. The problem is acute in Ambalaand Yamunanagar Districts in the region of SiwalikHills and the adjoining piedmont zone, where highdrainage density and high rainfall encourage soilerosion by running water.

Floods and DroughtIn the absence of perennial surface drainage, the

slopes of natural water migration are limited. Whenhigh rainfall occurs within a short span of time, thewater gets accumulated on the surface and causesflooding. The flood prone areas are mostly controlledby the geomorphological and geological factors, likepresence of depression, reversing slope and hardimpervious lithology as seen in Gurgaon, Rohtak andFatehabad Districts (Saini and Mujtaba, 2002). InGurgaon, flooding takes place in the low lying areaaround Kotala Dahar and Malab, where water from northand south accumulates and stagnates for 1-2 months.In Fatehabad, the palaeochannel zone of ancientSaraswati River is flood prone while Rohtak and Jhajjharare in a topographic low, which gets flooded from waterfrom north and south. Palaeochannels in Ambala,Karnal, Sirsa, Hissar and southern part of Gurgaongot flooded in 1995. Drought is another natural hazardthat is a common feature of the semi arid climate ofHaryana.

Seismicity Haryana state falls in three Seismic Zones viz.

II, III and IV, creating low to moderate damage riskfrom earthquakes. Ambala, Sonepat, Rohtak, Karnal,Gurgaon, Faridabad, Panipat, Rewari andYamunanagar districts lie in Zone IV. The districts ofKurukshetra, Jind, Hissar, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh andKaithal lie in Zone III while only Sirsa District lies inZone II.


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Mineral Resources

Mineral Unit Total Resource

Baryte tonne 440 Calcite tonne 350800 China clay '000 tonne 12065 Copper (metal) tonne 56820 Dolomite '000 tonne 29499 Feldspar tonne 72164 Granite '000 Cu m 34000 Limestone '000 tonne 71249 Marble '000 tonne 22328 Quartz / silica sand '000 tonne 1811131 Quartzite '000 tonne 621980 Tin (metal) tonne 86220 Tungsten (WO3 contain)

tonne 3568

Table IV: Mineral resources

A host of mineral occurrences have enriched thestate of Haryana. The minerals occurring in this stateare primarily china clay, limestone, dolomite, quartz/silica sand, quartzite, slate. Other minerals, such as,barytes, calcite, feldspar, marble, copper, tin andtungsten are noteworthy. Among building stones,granite, slate, marble, quartzite and sandstone areconspicuous. In addition, a number of minerals in minoramount are also reported. The total resources inrespect of the major minerals in the state of Haryanaare presented in the Table-IV (as on 1. 4. 2005, Source:Indian Minerals Year Book 2009, IBM).

Alkaline Earth

Alkaline earth is the soil containing excessexchangeable sodium or those influenced by sodiumsalts, capable of alkaline hydrolysis, e.g. carbonatesor bicarbonates of sodium or both and occurs asefflorescence on the surface of the earth. Theirpresence on the surface produces a barren look tothe ground, impoverishing crop production but on the

other hand these can be an economical source forsodium carbonate when the concentration ofconstituent salts increases. Alkaline efflorescence isquite extensive around Gohoro and Durga-ka-Nangalin Mahendragarh District.

Arsenopyrite

Arsenopyrite is present as dissemination in dark-grey quartzite bands of the Alwar Formation in Firozpur-Jhirka and Nuh tehsils of Gurgaon District. The metalarsenic is used in medicine industry.

Baryte

It is valued for its chemical inertness and highspecific gravity and used in preparing muds requiredduring oil well drilling. Other important uses are in paintand lithopore industry and as a source material forbarium chemicals. It is also used as filler in paper andrubber manufacture.

In the state, baryte occurs in minor quantities asvery thin (0.02 m to 0.15 m) veins or as lensoidalpatches along the foliation planes in calc-schist rocksbelonging to Ajabgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup inMasnuta and Bail-ki-Dhani area of MahendragarhDistrict. It is also reported from Haripur in AmbalaDistrict.

Beryl

Beryl is the principal source of beryllium metalwhich is lighter than alluminium. When alloyed withcopper and after suitable heat treatment, the alloydevelops high tensile strength and ability to withstandrepeated stress. Since the advent of atomic energy,beryl has become very important because berylliumis used as a moderator in nuclear reactor. A smallquantity is used in the chemical industry in themanufacture of beryllium salts and ceramic glaze. Thegreen transparent variety of beryl is a precious stoneand known as emerald.

In Haryana, large crystals of beryl have beenrecorded from a few pegmatites adjacent to Bail-ki-


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Dhani, Masnuta and Sarai in Mahendragarh District,but no workable deposits exist in the area.

Building Stone

Haryana is famous for its slate deposits, whichare extensively quarried and used as ornamental,building and decorative stones and forms an importantsource of foreign currency. The slates are generallyof greyish and greyish black colour, but black, greenishblack and multicoloured slates are also not uncommon.Owing to stains of hydrous ferric oxide, the slates ofdeep brick-red, greyish purple and brownish colour arealso available. The multicoloured variety is mainlyexported. Other prominent building materials includemarble, limestone, sandstone, quartzite and granite.

a) Slate : In Haryana slate is associated with theAjabgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup. The chiefdeposits of slate occur in Mahendragarh Districtand are located near Kund (28o09’: 76o24’), Bahali(28o05’: 76o18’), Rampura (28o04’: 76o03’) andWas (28o04’: 76o19’). In Kund area alone, slatereserves are estimated at 8.78 mt (much of itmined), out of which nearly 60% is ofmulticoloured variety (UNFC Classification : 334).Other important deposits in the area are locatednear Bujhar (28o07’: 76o21’) and Ganiar (28o07’:76o20’). About 7.5cm to 12.5cm thick poor qualityslate bands occur near Basai Meo in GurgaonDistrict.

b) Marble : Impure calc-silicate rocks or micaceousimpure marble of Ajabgarh Group are mostlyconfined to Mahendragarh District, and arequarried at Dholera (27o56’: 76o01’), Meghot Hala(27o55’: 76o01’), Dhancholi (28o00’: 76o59’)Gangutana (27o56’: 76o06’) and Beharipur (27o55’:76o06’) which extends for about 3km and is about100 m thick. Together with this, banded variegatedmarble of different shades is also reported. Theseare being quarried for making table-tops and otherdecorative building materials. Other occurrencesof marble of different shades are found nearGangutana (27o52’: 76o03’), Masnuta (27o53’:76o02’), Bail-ki-Dhani (27o51’: 76o00’), Islampur(27o56’: 76o03’), Khalra (28o04’: 76o04’), Rasulpur(28o17’: 76o15’ 15”). Gohoro (27o51’: 76o02’), NiazAlipur (27o55’: 76o01’30”) and Dhonkhera (27o51’:76o06’).

c) Quartzite : The Alwar and Ajabgarh Groups haveyielded good quality quartzite for use as buildingmaterial. All along the Ajabgarh Group, severalquarries exist in Faridabad and Gurgaon districts.In Rohtak District, these are being worked out inGuraora-Guriani area. In Mahendragarh District,these are quarried at Mandlana (28o06’: 76o06’),Berondla (27o58’: 76o04’), Luninasibpur, Gohoro(27o51’: 76o02’) and near Gaonri (27o56’: 76o00’).Fissile quartzites are worked for roofing and othermasonary blocks at various places inMahendragarh District such as Sareli, Tehla,Mukandpura, Panchnota and Sarai, while almostall the quartzite hills of the District are worked forrailway ballasts and concrete aggregatesspecially at Balina, Rajawas, Khaspur, Atela,Jhojhu Kalan, Azamnagar, Tankri and Dantal.

d) Granite : Inselbergs of granite in the state arefound in the Bhiwani District and the importantoccurrences are located near Dulheri (28o48’:75o54’), Khanak (28o54’: 75o52’), Dadam (28o52’:75o50’), Dharan (28o49’: 75o56’), Riwasa (28o48’:75o57’) and Tosham (28o52’: 75o55’). Isolatedhillocks of granite to the south west of the abovecluster occur at Nakkipur and Pahari in the sameDistrict. In Mahendragarh District, granite isexposed at Dhanota, Kultajpur, Maroli andMukundpur. All these deposits are quarried tomeet the local demand for construction- relatedpurposes.

e) Sandstone: Sandstone beds belonging toKasauli, Dagshai, Subathu and certain bands inNahans provide large source of good qualitybuilding material in Ambala District. Kundis orstone bowls are also locally made from some ofthese sandstones. Sandstone, used as buildingmaterial is found near Kalka. Boulders, cobblesand pebbles, transported by the Ghaggar Riverare worked out near Panchkula and Ambaladistricts for construction work.

Calcite

Calcite veins are normally associated with theAjabgarh rocks and are mostly conf ined toMahendragarh District. About 50m long and 10m widecalcite vein, associated with quartz veins, occur near


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Raghunathpura (28o05’ : 76o04’). Another calcite vein,measuring about 20m long and 5m wide also observedin its vicinity. Both these occurrences are of high qualitybut the purer and transparent variety of Iceland Spar israre. Near Masnuta (27o53’: 76o02’), a calcite vein,extending about 45m long and 1m wide, occurs inassociation with pegmatite. All these veins have beenquarried in the past. Two to three veins of calcite occurin the Mundia hill and Sonaro-ki-Pahari of the Khalragroup of hills, Bail-ki-Dhani and Panchnota. Transparentcalcite in association with white milky calcite has beenreported from the Rasulpur hill. Pure crystallized,transparent calcite is mainly used in making opticalinstruments. Poor quality calcite at present is beingused for up-grading limestone.

China Clay

Pegmatite intrusions in the Delhi Supergroup havegiven rise to workable clay deposits in Faridabad andGurgaon districts. The important occurrences arelocated near Alipur (28o19’: 77o04’), Arangpur (28o27’:77o16’), Ghamrauj (28o19’: 77o04’), Ghosgarh (28o23’:76o49’), and Sikandarpur (28o29’: 77o06’). Otheroccurrences in the area are located near Kasan (28o23’:76o54’) Ghata (28o25’: 77o07’) Manger (28o23’: 77o10’)and Nathupura (28o29’: 77o06’). The clay containsmostly poorly crystallized kaolinite with little quartz.Chemical analyses of clay from different occurrencesindicate that silica is normally over 60% while aluminais around 20% and that these are of refractory type.

Copper

The main occurrences of copper explored so farare present around Khodana, Teejanwali hill and Golwa-Gangutana in Mahendragarh District. Chalcopyritegrains along with pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyriteoccur as dissemination near Rojka Meo (28o13’ :77o04’) and Indri (28o11’ : 77o06’) in Gurgaon District.Malachite stains are observed in rocks of AjabgarhGroup of Datla hill near Raghunathpura (28o15’: 76o04’),Ghataser (27o58’:76o01’), Dondkhoro (27o57’: 76o04’),Gohoro (27 o51’ : 76 o02’), Meghot-Hala (27 o58’ : 76o01’), Zainpur (27 o54’: 76 o06’), Dholera (27o56’: 76o06’)and Pholera (27o56’: 76o01’) villages in the southernpart of Mahendragarh District. Specks of pyrite andchalcopyrite are also noticed in the marble of Dhani

Bathutha (27o58’: 76 o08’), Kalia-ka-Nangal (27o36’: 76o07’) and Dostpur (27o52’: 76o05’). Details of copperoccurrences are given below:

Mahendragarh DistrictKHODANA: Khodana (28o24’30”:76o07’00”) is about25km from Mahendragarh town and about 150 km fromDelhi by road via Mahendragarh. The Delhi Supergroupof rocks (Alwar Group) exposed in Khodana andsurrounding areas form a part of a doubly plunginganticline with closures at Siswala (28o34’: 76o07’) inthe north and Sohla (28o15’: 76o2’) in the south. Atleast five separate limonitized zones have beenmapped in the area. Sulphide minerals encounteredin different boreholes at Khodana consist mainly ofpyrrhotite with subordinate pyrite, minor chalcopyriteand sphalerite and rare galena. These occur as thinstringers and veins aligned roughly along bedding andschistosity planes and also as patches, streaks anddisseminations. Broadly, the sulphide mineralisationis strata-bound, thinly bedded, grey to dark-greyquartzite is the abode of major sulphide mineralisation.Sulphide mineralisation at Khodana constitutes about15% of the rocks as per visual estimates. Analyticalresults of parts of borehole samples (367 samplesanalyzed) show a maximum of 0.5% of Cu, 3.1% ofZn and 0.13% of Pb. The mineralized zones have beensubjected to the major NNE-SSW trending appressedisoclinals folding, the earliest recognized fold patternof the area. Shearing along the limbs of theseappressed folds has concentrated the sulphides atcertain places, thereby producing enechelon patternof the ore bodies. The paragenetic sequence of oreminerals is pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite,chalcopyrite, galena and goethite (secondary)respectively.

TEEJANWALI HILL: Teejanwali hill, exposing the rocksof Ajabgarh Group, is located south of Narnaul (28o03’:76o07’). Sulphide mineralisation in the form of pyriteand arsenopyrite with occasional specks of pyrrhotiteand chalcopyrite, are mostly found in quartz rich calc-silicate bands along a sheared contact zone betweencalc-silicate rock and felspathic quartzite. Themineralized zone is only 0.6m to 0.9m wide over astrike length of 21m and contains a maximum of 0.25%copper.


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GOLWA-GANGUTANA: Two zones of coppermineralisation with probable reserves of 26.12 mt with0.32% Cu and 2.24 mt with 0.42% Cu have beendelineated in calcareous quartz-biotite-schist in Golwa-Gangutana area (UNFC Classification: 333).Subsurface exploration for copper mineralisation insoutheast of Golwa village has estimated a probablereserve of 0.414 mt at 0.39% Cu over a strike length of461m and vertical depth of 60m and 0.548 mt at 0.38%Cu have been evaluated over a strike length of 340mand vertical depth of 120m (UNFC Classification : 333).

NORTH OF GANGUTANA: Inferred mineral resourceof 2.96 mt at 0.34% Cu have been estimated over astrike length of 600m and vertical depth of 100m towardsnorth of Gangutana (UNFC Classification : 333).

DHOLERA-MASNUTA-BHOJWALI-KI-DHANI: InDholera area, a 350m long and 100m wide copperanomaly over calcareous quartz-biotite-schist, impuremarble and amphibole-biotite-epidote carbonate schisthas been identified by geochemical sampling. AtBhojwali-ki- Dhani, a 250m long and about 2.5m widezone with malachite stains within amphibole quartzitehas been reported. At Masnuta three mineralised zoneswith thicknesses of 1.45m, 3.4m and 3.3m with averagecopper content of 0.12%, 0.18% and 0.21%respectively have been identified. Mineralisationoccurs as specks, dissemination and cavity fillingsassociated with calcite veins and hosted in calcareousquartz-biotite-schist, impure marble and quartzite.

Bhiwani DistrictTOSHAM: Tosham base metal prospect indicated onlylow-grade, copper mineralisation i.e. of the order of0.3 to 0.4% Cu over cumulative widths ranging betweeneight and 25m for a strike length of about 500m. Atthe surface, the shear zone exposed at the contact ofrhyolite and metasediments contains shows of coppermineralisation.

Feldspar

Feldspar is an alumino-silicate mineral consistingof potassium, sodium and/or calcium. Though feldsparis amongst the most widely distributed rock formingmineral and occurs as a constituent of most of therocks, commercial deposits are mainly confined topegmatites. Feldspar is chiefly used both in the body

of the ware and for glaze in the ceramic and glassindustries, besides, its use in manufacture of insulator.

Pegmatite intrusions occur in Ajabgarh Group ofrocks in Gurgaon and Faridabad Districts where theyrange in thickness from 2m near Ghamrauj (28o19’:77o04’) to more than 25m near Sikandarpur (28o29’:77o06’) and occasionally they are as long as 80 m asnear Alipur (28o19’: 77o04’). The main constituents ofthese pegmatites are feldspar, quartz, muscovite andtourmaline. Feldspars are mostly altered to clay. AtSikandarpur unaltered feldspar is greenish white incolour whereas at Ghaunsgarh (28o23’: 76o49’)feldspars are reddish.

In Mahendragarh District, pegmatites areassociated with the Ajabgarh rocks, where feldsparsoccur in sizes from 64sq cm to about 900sq cm. Thefeldspars are pure white to greyish and bluish-white incolour. The important localities in the area are aroundMasnuta, Panchnota, Durga-ka-Nangal and Bail-ki-Dhani. Good pink, feldspar occurs in a pegmatite inDhanota area.

Friable Quartzite

Friable quartzite having high silica content iseasily amenable to crushing in the manufacture ofglass. Weathering of this quartzite produces goodmorrum and angular sand suitable for building purpose.Such materials are found to accumulate in thenumerous nala beds, traversing the Alwar quartzitehills in Faridabad and Gurgaon districts. There aremany sand quarries in the Arangpur (28o21’: 77o16’)area and have reached a depth of 20 m. Gritty quartziteat Bajada Pahari is also friable, but limited in its extent.A narrow zone of friable quartzite about 1.2m to 1.5mwide and traceable for 30m along strike, is seen westof Manesar (28o21’: 77o56’), which is suitable formanufacture of low grade glass only. In BhiwaniDistrict, a white friable quartzite about 200m in lengthand upto four metre thick occurs near Pachopa Kalan(28o32’: 76o04’55”) and the friable zone is confinedmaximum to one metre depth from surface.

Garnet

The Ajabgarh schists and gneisses around Gohoro(27o51’: 76o02’), Masnuta (27o54’: 76o00’) andGangutana (27o52’: 76o03’) in Mahendragarh District


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are highly garnetiferous. The garnets are pink in colour,translucent to opaque and vary in size from minutegrains to about one centimeter in diameter. They areassociated with staurolite crystals of various shapesand sizes. Near the contact of Alwar micaceousquartzite of Sareli (27o56’: 76o02’)-Tehla (28o00’: 76o05’)ridge, with the Ajabgarh calc-argillaceous rocks, biggercrystals of garnet have developed but concentration islow.

In Gurgaon District, thin bands of grey coloured,soft, garnetiferous mica-schist are seen west ofHaryahera (28o18’: 76o03’). Garnets here are generallyquite big, about 3cm in diameter, but smaller crystalsare not uncommon. West of Raisina (28o18’: 77o02’),the light coloured schists are richer in garnet.

Gold

The incidence of gold occurrence has beenreported by GSI in the Siwalik belt and adjoining recent/sub-recent alluvial terrain in parts of Yamuna Nagarand Ambala districts. In Jaffarpur Jafari, Katgarh andDarpur areas the values from the 52 pannedconcentrates range from 0.02 ppm to 2.70 ppm. In 6biogeochemical samples the values were found torange between 0.03ppm and 0.06ppm Au. In ChandiMandir, Berwala, Mandhana and Sabilpur area, of the126 unpanned samples from loosely cementedbedrock from Upper Siwalik and compact LowerSiwalik, only 12 have analyzed >0.02 ppm Au,maximum being 0.05 ppm. In the terrace materialadjoining the Siwaliks, of the 73 samples, 27 haveanalysed >0.02 ppm maximum being 0.14ppm. In oneof the 6 unpanned streambed samples Au as high as0.97ppm has been analyzed while in the remaining itis between 0.04 and 0.18ppm. Gold incidence hasalso been reported by GSI from rocks hosting sulphidemineralisation in Ajabgarh Group of rocks of DelhiSupergroup at Ghataser, Golwa, and Bakri jaMahendragarh District. At Ghataser, white quartz veinswithin quartzite analyzed 0.11ppm to 0.5 ppm gold.

Incidences of gold have been reported from veinsin the metasediments and granite of the northern blockof Tosham Tin-Tungsten prospects. The gold valuesranging from 0.01ppm to maximum of 2.86ppm havebeen reported from the ore samples showingincidences of copper, bismuth and cobaltmineralisation.

Graphite

In Haryana, graphite occurs in association withschists in Gurgaon District. A graphitic schist bandoccurs west of Sohna (28°15’: 77°05’) in which graphiteoccurs as flakes and amorphous carbon and showincreasing concentration with depth. Near Raisina, thedark schist bands are richer in graphite. Otheroccurrences in Gurgaon District are at Baghaul andHaryahera in thin schist bands interbedded withquartzite. Graphite is used in the manufacture of“Brushes” in dynamos, as electrodes in electricfurnaces and as moderator in atomic reactors.

Gypsum

Recent investigations by GSI confirmed thepresence of bedded gypsum stretching for about 500m along NW-SE occurring interbedded with sand-silt- clay sediments at Saharwa (28°55’ : 77°44’ ) inHissar District. The gypsum bands are of varyingthickness upto maximum of 1.5m with average CaSO4

content of 60%. Gypsite (low grade gypsum) withsand-silt and clay has been reported from Dariyapur(28°52’: 75°45’) and Garanpura-Kalan (28°54’: 75°47’)area of Bhiwani District. Gypsum is used as a retarderin cement, in fertilizers, and as a filler in variousmaterials like paper, crayons, paint, rubber and inmanufacture of plaster of paris. Gypsum occurrenceswere also reported from the clay bands interbeddedwith sand Iayers from Julana area (29° 07’: 76°24’) inJind District and as lumps in the ferruginous clays ofthe Subathu Formation in Ambala District.

Iron

In Haryana, small deposits of high phosphorousiron ore are located in Mahendragarh District andanother small occurrence is located in Bhiwani District.

Mahendragarh DistrictANTRI-BEHARIPUR: A small deposit of iron orelocated near Antri (27o56’:76o06’) and Beharipur(27o55’:76o06’) has been explored both by the GSI andthe State agency. The deposit, which is mainlymagnetite with subordinate amount of haematite,extends discontinuously for a strike length of about4km with thickness varying from 1m-6m, and is confinedto dolomitic and siliceous white marble of the AjabgarhGroup. A total of 1.205mt of iron ore has been estimated


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upto a depth of 40m in this area, by the State agencyand the grade varies from 60% to 65% Fe (UNFCClassification: 333).

DHANOTA-DHANCHOLI: The iron ore here is alsomainly magnetite and is associated with felspathicand epidotised quartzite, which has been intruded bygranite gneiss. The Dhanota-Dhancholi (28o00’:76o59)deposit is exposed for about 2.5 km strike length witha thickness varying from 1m – 6m. Total estimatedreserves upto a depth of 75m are of the order of 1.5ssmtwith a grade varying from 53.2% to 67.2% Fe (UNFCClassification : 333).

RAJAVAS – SOHLA : Here Iron ore occurs incalcareous quartzite as pockets and lenses in the formof haematite, limonite and jasperoid haematite andstretches from Sohla (27o15’: 76o03’) to Zerpur (26o19’:76o05’) and beyond upto Khodana in minor amounts.The quartzite is often micaceous tending to becomephyllitic and schistose and the iron rich zone assumesa thickness of about 25 m. Total iron ore deposits inthe District are of the order of 8.084 mt, out of which3.398 m is indicated and the rest is inferred (UNFCClassification : 333 & 334).

Bhiwani DistrictAt Kaliana, lenses of iron ore, mainly magnetite,

occur in black quartzite. Haematite with little limoniteoccurs at Tosham in the joint planes of rhyolite on thewestern flank of Tosham hill and stretches for a lengthof 50m with widths varying between 0.08 m and 0.50m.The iron content varies from 39% to 58% and a roughestimate of the ore reserve works out to be about 2500tonnes (UNFC Classification: 334). Small pockets ofiron ore, mainly goethite-haematite, have beenrecorded from Madhogarh area.

Kankar

Kankar, a terrestrial accumulation of CaCO3 inthe alluvial plains or aeolian sands and having a variablepurity, is mostly confined to Bhiwani District andoccurs as deposits in Mahendragarh, Sirsa, Hissarand Gurgaon Districts. The main occurrences in theDistrict are Riwasa, Siwani, Kaland, Dadri, Achma,Lahori Jattu, Baliyali, Rupgarh, Mankawas and Kaunt.Kankar in the region occurs both as massive andfragmentary deposits and is mostly confined to

palaeochannel courses and interdunal tracts in thearea. The maximum thickness of kankar beds isobserved as 1.5m. At places, it contains shells ofgastropods and lamellibranchs which indicate itsdeposition in surface water bodies like lakes, pondsand open channels. Although, the average CaO contentof these deposits is around 30% they have oftenyielded values as high as 46% and these were usedfor cement manufacture at Dadri. For this purpose,nearly 8mt of shelly, bedded kankar of nearly 41%CaO had been estimated around Dadri, while nearly3.75 mt had been estimated around Kanalas with38.4% CaO, 1.1% MgO and 18.1% acid insolubles(UNFC Classification : 334). Over 50mt of massivekankar of all grades has been estimated from thisregion alone. Besides, having its use in the cementindustry, it has found usage as road aggregate and forother constructional purposes locally, as availablematerial in the absence of other suitable hard rocktypes in the area. In Rohtak District, high grade, beddeddeposits of kankar occur at Kalia-ka-Was and Birohanand were used in the cement plant at Dadri. Kankarbeds ranging in thickness from 0.50m to 1.5m havealso been reported, from Gurgaon District. Theimportant localities are Garhi, Harsaret, Farrukhnagar,Malab, Jalalpur, Alwarpur, Alauka, Bighauli andSalaheri.

Kyanite

About 1.5km north of Gohoro (27o51’:76o02’) inMahendragarh District, the Ajabgarh lithology containsimpure calc-schist, rich in garnet and staurolite in anarea of 100 m x 10 m in which large crystals of kyanite,measuring upto 10cm in length are recorded. Theassociated rock appears to be quartz-kyanite rock andthe deposit was worked in part. The kyanite is lightblue and yellowish in colour and is associated withflakes of muscovite. Small crystals of kyanite are alsoseen in the graphitic schist west of Sohna, in quartzvein near Bhondsi and in schist bands inMahammadpur Gujar area in Gurgaon District.

Limestone/ Dolomite

Limestone is a rock composed mainly of calciumcarbonate. It is one of the most important industrialminerals required for the manufacture of lime andcement chemicals (soda-ash caustic soda, bleaching


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powder, calcium carbide etc.), fertilizer (ammoniumnitrate) etc. and as a flux in iron and steel, ferro-alloyand other metallurgical industries. Limestone anddolomite in Haryana are mostly conf ined toMahendragarh and Ambala Districts.

Crystalline limestone and marble bands occurringin Ajabgarh Group of Delhi Supergroup of rocks arequarried around Narnaul for use as building materialand to some extent for the manufacture of lime. Theentire limestone tract in Mahendragarh District isbounded by latitudes 27o50’ and 28o 05’ and longitudes76 o00’ and 76 o0’ and all the different deposits in thearea are more or less along the strike continuity, givingan impression that these may be parts of a continuouscrystalline limestone belt extending for about 20kmwithin the district and also further into Rajasthan. Anaccount of the main deposits of the area is given asunder.

DOCHANA LIMESTONE DEPOSIT: The limestone inthe area extends over a strike length of 1200m andcontains about 8 mt of both crystalline variety anddolomitic limestone.

DHANI BATHUTHA LIMESTONE DEPOSIT: Themetamorphosed limestone extends here over a strikelength of 225 m and according to State Governmentagencies, the total reserves of limestone of all gradesare of the order of 0.243mt upto a depth of 30m.

KALIA-KA-NANGAL LIMESTONE DEPOSIT: The StateGovernment department has carried out the detailedinvestigation of this deposit and indicated a good qualitylimestone reserve of 0.17mt upto a depth of 14.5m.Recently, GSI has carried out further exploration andnoted the following occurrences:

BINHARI-KALBA-BAMANWAS LIMESTONEOCCURRENCE: The relatively pure limestone bandshave width of 8m-10m and extend over a strike lengthof 300m.

MASNUTA LIMESTONE OCCURRENCE: Lightcoloured crystalline limestone at Masnuta (27o53’:76o02’) grade depth wise into calc-silicate withquartzite. In all, 47040mt of limestone upto a depth of30m and averaging CaO-3.79%, MgO-12.93%, andacid insolubles 9.36% has been assessed for thisdeposit (UNFC Classification : 334).

DHANOTA LIMESTONE OCCURRENCE: Lightcoloured crystalline limestone containing lenticularpatches of quartzite, pseudobreccia and calcirudites,occur in between the felspathic quartzite and limestonewith amphibolites. Three bands of crystalline limestonein this part of the area show a total reserve of the orderof 303,740 tonnes upto a depth of 35m (UNFCClassification : 334).

SADHA-KI-DHANI LIMESTONE OCCURRENCE: Thecrystalline limestone contains CaO as high as 44.9%and acid insolubles upto 18.9% while magnesia contentis generally high. Average chemical analyses for thisdeposit indicate CaO-33.7% MgO-13.9% and acidinsolubles 3%.

Ambala DistrictA number of limestone deposits occur both in the

Tundapathar Formation and the Subathus. In addition,Nahans also contain certain lenticular bands oflimestone. Total estimated reserve of limestone inAmbala District is of the order of 17.6mt. The limestoneof Tundapathar Formation occurs as two distinctivebands separated by about 36m of shale and hasthrusted against the Nahans to the west. The SubathuFormation is characterized by impure, earthylimestone bands which assume importance in view ofthe fact that these could be utilized in place of clayafter blending them with the high grade limestone ofthe area for cement manufacture. Limestone fromthese areas is being used in the Surajpur Factory forthe manufacture of cement.

TUNDAPATHAR DEPOSIT: The limestone is massive,grey in colour and is characterized by numerous calciteveins. This limestone is suitable for chemical industryand the total reserves are of the order of about 6,00,000tonnes of high grade limestone (UNFC Classification: 334).

KHARAG DEPOSIT: A total of five tonnes reserves ofcement grade limestone occur in the area.

SHERALA DEPOSIT: The limestone is grey and highlybrecciated.

LIMESTONE OF SUBATHU FORMATION: Nearly2.475mt of limestone at Dadsu (30o45’: 77o02’) and0.169 mt each at Ambri (30o43’: 77o03’) and Kharag(30o43’: 77o05’) areas has been estimated. These are


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generally argillaceous limestones. A band of 5m thicklimestone occurs at Barun. The total reserve oflimestone at Malla, Janpur, Dabsu, Ambri and Jabrialare of the order of about 12 mt.

Mica

Mica is one of the important and indispensableminerals used in electrical and electronic industry dueto its excellent dielectric strength, and insulatingproperties. The domestic consumption of mica is risingsteadily but still constitutes a small proportion of thetotal output. In Haryana, only at a few places mica isquarried from the mica-pegmatites. The maximum sizeof mica books around Bhondsi (28o21’: 77o04’) is 15cmx 10cm and has been quarried in the past. NearPanchnota (27o 54’: 76o 00’), muscovite is beingquarried from the mica pegmatites.

Mineral Water

The hot spring of Sohna in Gurgaon District isfamous for its medicinal value. The hot water from thespring is also taken upto the top of the adjacent hill,to the sauna bath for the tourist complex. Themaximum temperature of this water is 47oC.Geothermal field of the spring is about 100 sqkm inarea. The presence of trace elements like Pt, Ni, CO,Mn, Cr, Pb in the thermal water is suggestive of themagmatic source of the hot water. In addition, twosulphur water springs occur at Pinjor, in AmbalaDistrict.

Molybdenum

In Haryana, a recent occurrence of molybdenite,the chief ore of molybdenum has been recorded fromrocks recovered from a well dump near village Bakrija(27o45’30”: 76o02’30”), north of Golwa-Gangutana ridge.Molybdenite occurs as visible flakes, at places, acentimeter across in quartz-calcite veins traversing thelime-rich metasediments of Ajbagarh Group.Spectrographic determinations of a few samplesindicated 2000 to 3000 ppm of Mo. Molybdenite occursassociated with other sulphides, viz chalcopyrite,pyrite and pyrrhotite.

It is commonly used as a refractory metal havingmelting point at 2620oC and is one of the mostimportant ferro-alloys used in steel and non-ferrousalloy. Molybdenum is also used in filaments. The skarn

environment of Golwa-Dhonkhera-Bakrija area appearsencouraging for the incidence of copper, tungsten andmolybdenum.

Nickel, Cobalt and Zinc

Nickel is used for making nickel-steel for makingutensils etc. Nickel-steel is used for making armour-plate, motor-car parts etc. Metallic nickel is used inthe construction of certain storage batteries.Geochemical analyses of samples from Sureti area,in shear zone from Lithiwani District, have indicatedthe presence of nickel, cobalt and zinc.

Cobalt is mainly used in the manufacture ofdifferent types of alloys and alloy-ssteel. It is also usedin the manufacture of permanent magnets, inelectroplating and in the manufacture of tungstencarbide and other carbide tools.

Zinc is used for making zinc sheets, manufactureof tubes containing tooth paste and the like. Oxideand zinc sulphide are used as pigments. Zinc chlorideis used in soldering and in preventing decay in wood.

Pyrite

The alternate Pyrite is primarily used for themanufacture of sulphuric acid in the absence of anysignificant deposit of native sulphur in the country. InHaryana, pyrite-pyrrhotite mineralisation is noticed inquartzite and schist at Khodana in MahendragarhDistrict, where the total sulphides are about 15% ofthe rock as per visual estimate.

Quartz Crystal

Quartz crystals mostly occur in pegmatites andquartz veins. Small deposits of rock crystals arelocated around Nathupura (28o25’: 77o01’), Raisina(28o18’: 77o02’), Begampur Khataula (28o25’: 77o01’),Arangpur (28o28’: 77o16’) and Mohammadpur Gujar inGurgaon District.

In Mahendragarh District, white, granular,massive, quartz veins are seen near Gohoro (27 o51’:76 o02’), Gangutana (27o52: 76 o03’), Ghataser (27o58’:76o20’), Kalra (28o04’: 74o04’), Bail-ki-Dhani (27o51’:76o00’) and Beronbla. Alwar quartzite, in the area alsocontains a number of quartz veins. Some of them notednear Atela Khurd (28o35’: 76o07’) are whitecryptocrystalline bodies. However, some quartz


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crystals of a few centimeter size are seen on Kapuriridge (28o34’: 76o17’) and are associated withferruginous matter.

Saltpetre (Nitre)

Saltpetre is a general trade name for all thenitrates of sodium, potassium and calcium, butscientifically, nitrates of potassium are known as nitreor saltpetre, while those of sodium are called soda-nitre. Nitre finds use in a number of ways likemanufacture of explosives, fireworks, matches etc.,in metallurgical and chemical processes and asfertilizer.

Nitre, in the state occurs as natural efflorescenceat a number of places but its economic exploitationdepends upon its concentration. It is mainly confinedto the Districts of Hissar, Gurgaon, Faridabad,Bhiwani, Sirsa, Ambala, Rohtak, Jind, Sonepat andKurukshetra.

Gurgaon and Faridabad DistrictsSaltpetre is worked out extensively around Ujina(28o01’: 77o02’). Other Important localities are aroundNaushera, Mandkola (28o08’ : 77o11’), Ransika (28o01’:77o03’), Swamika (28o01’:77o17’), Hattin (28o03’:77o15’), Hurthal. Maluka, Firozepur Jhirka, Hodel(27o48’: 77o17’), Nuh (28o02’: 77o00’), Pataudi andPalwal (28o03’: 77o17’).

Bhiwani DistrictSaltpetre is locally worked by villagers in BhiwaniKhera (28o57’: 76o02’) Baliyali (28o54’: 76o01’) and DangKhurd (28o52’: 76o00’). Saltpetre used to be extractedaround the villages Jatal (28o58’: 76o12), Talu (28o58’:76o10’), Dhanana (28o55’: 76o10’), Mandhana (28055’:76o08’), Palhuwas, Baaesora (28o55’: 76o13’), Lohari,Jatu, Chang (28o53’: 76o15’) and Tigrana (28o53’:76o10’). Other deposits in the area are located aroundMitathal (28o53’: 76o11’) and Gujrani (28o51’: 76o11’).All these localities are capable of producting over 50quintals of saltpetre per year, as per a rough estimate.

Hissar and Sirsa DistrictsThe important localities of saltpetre in the area arearound Narnaund, Hansi, Tohana, Barwala, Rania,Baraguda, Bhuma and Ratra.

Ambala DistrictSaltpetre is extracted from the soils around Ambalaand Burava.

Rohtak DistrictSlatpetre encrustations are extensively worked aroundRohtak, Jhajjar, Kalanapur, Besi, Bahai, Achej,Sahlawas and Kherkhoda.

Jind DistrictThe main localities of saltpetre in the area are aroundKalayat, Uchana, Norwana, Safidon and Jind.

Sonepat DistrictThe important localities in the area are around Sonepat,Gohna and Ganaur, where it is extensively worked.

Karnal DistrictThe industry of saltpetre extraction from the soils hasflourished around many localitites, particularly atAssandh, Gohla and Pandri.

Kurukshetra DistrictThe extraction of saltpetre from the soils has flourishedaround a large number of localities such as Kaithal,Pandri and Thanesar.

Silica Sand

Silica is an important constituent of almost allrock forming minerals. Free silica occurs in nature inmany forms such as pure quartz (crystalline ormassive), opal, agate and chalcedony. The mainsource for quartz and silica sand are sandstone,quartzite, pegmatite, quartz vein, etc.

In Haryana, there are many sand quarries in theArangpur area (28o28’:77o16’) in Faridabad District.Unwashed samples from the area contain more than95% SiO2. These sands are the weathering productof quartzite of Ajabgarh Group in the area, and arebeing used as bajri for construction work. This usageis apparently a gross-misuse of the resource whichcan easily be used as raw material for glassmanufacture. In Bhiwani District, quartzite occurringto the west of Atela is suitable for the manufacture ofwindow glass and bottle glass. It is high grade silicasand left behind by the change in the course of theYamuna River. The chemical analysis gives about 79%SiO2.


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High Grade Silica Quartzite

High grade silica quartzite finds use in themanufacture of ferrosilicon and ceramics. The quartziteunits of Bayal – Panchnota formation of Alwar Groupare prospective source area for high grade silicaquartzite. Mineral investigation taken up at Bayal(27o52’: 75o55’) and Doiwala-ki- Dhani (27o57’: 75o59’)has revealed the presence of quartzite of acceptablequality for the production of ferrosilicon and ceramics.

The tentative reserve of quartzite suitable for themanufacture of ferrosilicon at Doiwala-ki-Dhani is 0.153mts above the ground level with an overall grade ofwhite quartzite being SiO2 – 97.65 %, Al2O3- 0.970%,Fe2O3- 1.272%, CaO- 0.089%, MgO- 0.025%, P2O5-0.02% and LOI- 0.32%.

Two, white quartzite bands ie. the eastern bandand the western band are traced in Bayal hill. Thetentative reserve of eastern band is estimated at 0.390million tones with SiO2- 96.08%, Al2O3- 1.38%,Fe2O3- 1.45%, CaO- 0.12%, MgO- 0.02%, P2O5-0.03% and LOI- 0.31%. The tentative reserve of thewestern band is estimated at 0.625 million tones withSiO2- 96.57%, Al2O3- 1.47%, Fe2O3- 1.49%, CaO-0.12%, MgO- 0.01%, P2O5- 0.03% and LOI- 0.36%.This deposit is classified 334 as per UNFC norms.

Tin and Tungsten

Tungsten is a metal of strategic importance andnormally occurs in association with tin-mineralisation,as oxides in the form of wolframite and scheelite.Tungsten is mainly used in the manufacture of highspeed alloy and special steel which are essential formachine tools, armour plates and other militaryequipment. It is also used in various electricalappliances. Tungsten carbide is much harder than thehardest of steels and is used for drill bits, cuttingtools, etc. Tin metal is chiefly recovered from its oxide,cassiterite. Metallic tin, besides its wide applicationin alloys, finds use in the chemical industry. Till thediscovery at Bastar (Chhattisgarh) and Bhiwani(Haryana), workable deposits of tin were unknown inthe country.

In Bhiwani District, the tin-tungsten mineralisationoccurs at Tosham Hill in an alteration-environ of acidmagmatic rocks, viz. the granites and the rhyolitesassociated with metasediments showing quartz-

muscovite-sericite assemblage of greisens type. Therhyolite and its contact rocks, viz., the metasedimentsand the granites have been pneumatolytically altered.The zone of tin mineralisation occurs with thepneumatolytically altered rocks. Cassiterite occurs asfine dissemination in the zone of tin mineralisation and,though mesoscopically invisible, could be seen asdiscrete grains in the concentrates obtained bypanning. Veins of quartz-cassiterite and cassiterite,upto three centimeters in width, occur in the porphyriticgranite from the western flank. A few in the veins couldbe traced upto ten metres in length. Wolframite(Tungsten) occurs sporadically as coarse anhedralintergrowth with gangue and sulphide (chalcopyrite).

A zone of tin mineralisation occurring along thecontact of rhyolite with metasediments and granitehas been established over a length of 925m, on thewestern side of the hill. Indications of tin mineralisationwithin metasediments have also been obtained on theeastern side of the hill. Tin is the principal mineral inwestern zone, while tungsten–tin along with copperoccurrences characterise the eastern zone. Tin contentin western zone varies from <0.05% to 7.91% Sn ingeneral. The mineralisation extends from 250m amslto 170m below amsl.

Sub-surface sampling of ore bearing materialindicates a possibility of the zone of tin mineralisationextending for about a kilometer on the western flankof the hill, the widths of the zone varying between 15mand 30m. The zone is likely to have a vertical extensionof nearly 100m to 150 m from the surface.

The zone of tin mineralisation for the eastern flankof the hill is likely to have an extent of around 800mwith a vertical extent of around 100m.

Tin mineral isation at Tosham has beendocumented over a cumulative strike length of 2660m. It forms a continuous zone on Western flank of thehill over a length of 1900m, comprising mineralisationin metasediments and granites. In granites it occursover a length of 375m with a width of 57.24m and 0.16%content. Within metasediments, it occurs over a lengthof 1525m and the zone has a width of 27.73m with0.17% tin content. The rhyolite at northern end of thehill are mineralized over a length of 160m with a widthof 34.78m and 0.28% tin content.


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The prospect, over strike length of 1460m,comprising mineralisation in granite, metasedimentsand rhyolite, has been evaluated to contain 30.33 mtof primary tin or with an overall grade of 0.15% tin, theoverall grade also containing 18.62 mt of 0.21% tin,13.40 mt of 0.26% tin, 10.21 mt of 0.30% tin and 4.98mt of 0.45% tin (UNFC Classification: 333). Thereserves for the remaining length of 600m, inmetasediments from the northern extension are of theorder of 7.98 mt of the overall grade. Total resource oftin and tungsten metals as estimated by IBM (2009)is 86220 tonnes and 3568 tonnes respectively (UNFCClassification : 333).

In Tosham area, Wokhloo and Prasad (1989)assessed the tin prospects at different tin grades of0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30% and 0.45% Sn to contain30.33, 18.62, 13.40, 10.21 and 4.93 mt of ore

respectively. The reserve estimated on a cut off of0.10% Sn x 2.00m are 13.62 mt of 0.28%Sn. (UNFCClassification : 333).

In phase II of the Strategic Mineral investigation,around Tosham, (Khorana et.al., 1996) in-situ tin orereserve have been estimated over 2760m strike lengthout side the 1000m block in the hill section, distributedover 1400m strike length of Northern Extension-I, 800mstrike length of Northern Extension-II, 560m strikelength of Southern Extension, of the order of 36.97 mtat an average grade of 0.18%Sn, 5.00 mt at an averagegrade of 0.21%Sn and 4.05 mt at an average grade of0.18% Sn respectively. In-situ ore reserves of Tungstenhave been estimated at 5.53 mt at an average gradeof 0.22% W over 650m strike length of Northernextension-I. (UNFC Classification : 333).


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Errata

Read at the bottom of Title page 2 (before Hindi Preface page) - “Published by the The Director General,Geological Survey of India, 27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016.”

Sl No

Printed as To be read/modified as

1 Page, 5; Table I – Subathu Formation under Siwalik Supergroup

It is a separate Formation, not under the Siwalik Supergroup

2 Page, 12; para, 9; line, 4 – hypabasal hypabyssal

3 Page, 17; Table-III - Subathu Formation is shown under Sirmur Group.

It is a separate Formation, not under the Sirmur Group

4 Page, 19; para, 4; line, 7 – sandstones sandstone

5 Page, 21; para, 1; line, 6 – ..truck river major river

6 Page, 23; para, 1; line, 4 – The regional strike of foliation of the rocks..

The regional strike is..

7 Page, 26; para, 3; line, 2 – Alwar Formation Alwar Group

8 Page, 26; para, 3; line, 3 – The metal arsenic.. The arsenic…

9 Page, 30; para 6; line, 2 – …bedded gypsum stretching for….Hissar District.

…bedded gypsum, extending NW-SE, for about 500 m and is occurring interbedded with …..Hissar District.

10 Page, 35; para 4; line, 10 – Tin metal is.. Tin is ..

11 Page, 35; para 5; line, 15 – A few in the veins could be traced upto ten metres in length.

A few veins, measuring upto 10m, could be traced in the area.

12 Page, 35; para 6; line, 5 – ..also been obtained ..also been observed

cover - india water portal cover : erosional structure ... the geological survey of india, being at...

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