courts
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What is the Judiciary???
• Primary role: Adjudication
– Civil law
– Criminal law
– Arbitration
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• Most political systems have specialized structures of the judiciary– Most judicial structures are hierarchical– Countries without judicial structures
– Islamic countries that adhere to sharia law (Ex. Saudi Arabia)
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• The English legal tradition of common law.
• Common law – judge-made law based initially on the
prevailing custom and eventually on legal precedent.
• Stare Decisis, which means to “stand on decided cases.”
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Sources of American Law
• Constitutions
• Statutes and Administrative Regulations
• Case Law
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Development of the Court’s Role in Government
• Judicial Review
• Marbury v. Madison
• National Supremacy
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The Warren Court (1953–1969)
• Outlawed official racial segregation in public schools.
• Set strict national standards to protect the rights of criminal defendants.
• Required the equal apportionment of state legislatures and the House of Representatives.
• Ruled that prayers and Bible reading in public schools were unconstitutional.
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The Burger Court (1969–1986)
• Narrowed the reach of the Fourth Amendment’s protections against unreasonable search and seizure.
• Restored the death penalty.• Many decisions still protected individual liberties
and minority groups.
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The Rehnquist Court (1986–2005)
• By 1988, the Court shifted in a conservative direction, giving public school officials the right to censor school newspapers and plays, for example.
• More difficult for workers to sue employers for discrimination.
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Types of Federal Courts
• U.S. District Courts
• U.S. Courts of Appeals
• The United States Supreme Court
• Specialized Federal Courts and the War on Terrorism– FISA Court– Alien “Removal Courts”
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The Federal Court System
• Basic Judicial Requirements– The case involves a federal question– The case involves diversity of citizenship
• Standing to Sue
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Parties and Procedures
• Plaintiff
• Defendant
• Litigate
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Parties and Procedures
• Amicus Curiae brief
• Procedural Rules– Civil contempt
• is failing to comply with a court’s order for the benefit of another party
– Criminal contempt –• obstructing the administration of justice or bringing
the court into disrespect.
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Which Cases Reach the Supreme Court?
• When two lower courts are in disagreement
• When a lower court’s ruling conflicts with an existing Supreme Court ruling
• When a case has broad significance – ex. desegregation
or abortion decisions• When a state court has
decided a substantial federal question
• When the highest state court holds a federal law invalid, or upholds a state law that has been challenged as violating a federal law
• When a federal court holds an act of Congress unconstitutional
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Cases Before the Court
• Granting Petitions for Review. – Writ of Certiorari
• Minimum of four justices must agree that the case should be heard by the Supreme Court (the “rule of four”).
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Deciding Cases
1. submit legal briefs and (usually) make oral arguments.
2. Unanimous ruling • one justice writes the opinion of the Court.
3. If divided • majority opinion and dissenting opinions.
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The Selection of Federal Judges
• Judicial Appointments– Federal District Court Judgeship Nominations– Federal Courts of Appeals Appointments– Supreme Court Appointments
• Senate has to approve
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Ideology and the Courts
• The ideology of the justices determines the kinds of policy that the courts will make.