course technologies for growing medicinal and … · harvesting medicinal plants •harvesting...

COURSE TECHNOLOGIES FOR GROWING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

CALARASI – SILISTRA AREA

C.S. III ing. hort. Cătălina TUDORA

,,MedPlaNet - medical plant network for enhancement of the comparative advantage of Calarasi – Silistra cross-border area for

sustainable development’’

Project partners: INCDSB-Bucharest (Ro)

ICCF-Bucharest (Ro) INMA-Bucharest (Ro)

Arci Silistra (Bg) New Century-Silistra (Bg)

CAP. 1: GENERALITIES

1.1: The importance of medicinal plants cultivation

1.2: Classification of medicinal plants

• part of plant used in therapeutics

• harvest period

• natural zoning (spontaneous flora) and crops zoning (cultivated species)

• cycle of vegetation and phenophases

• botanical characters

• content in active principles

• therapeutic importance (according to the active principles with pharmacodynamic activity)

Cultivating medicinal plants using classical system vs. ecological system

• Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants is favored by the climatic conditions of our country;

• Both domestic and European demand is rising;

• The great advantage of growing medicinal plants is that they have a very high efficiency, which means quick profit.

• Ecological system relies on crop rotation, biological plant protection methods to maintain soil fertility, provide plant nutrients needed to combat diseases, weeds and pests.

• It avoids pollution, both in products and the environment;

• It allows medicinal plants cultivators a decent life standard;

• Products that the health of consumers depend on, are produced in sufficient quantities and at high quality.

CAP. 2. FRAME TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

Following steps must be fulfilled: • Ecological zoning; • Crop rotation; • Fertilization; • Soil works; • Seed and sowing or planting the seeding material; • Maintenance works (combat weeds, diseases and pests, irrigation); • Harvesting, conditioning, production.

CULTIVATING TECHNOLOGY FOR LAVENDER – Lavandula angustifolia L.

Involves following the next steps: • Crop rotation

Lavender is grown outside the crop rotation (remains on the same land for 20 -30

years) • Fertilization

phosphorus 70-80 kg / ha recommended as superphosphate,

nitrogen 60-80 kg / ha, hard soluble nitrogen fertilizer,

potassium 40 – 60 kg/ha

manure 30 -50 t/ha, well fermented

• Soil works deep plowing at 40-70 cm in autumn

CULTIVATING TECHNOLOGY FOR LAVENDER – Lavandula angustifolia L.

• Seed and sowing or planting the seeding material

Establishing a crop: in autumn, at the end of September Planting distances: 100 x 50 cm Norm : 20.000 but./ha + 10% to complete the empty spaces

• Maintenance works (combat weeds, diseases and pests, irrigation) Mechanical weeding : 4 – 5 for young plantations and 2 – 3 for those that reached

maturity Manual weeding: 2 - 3 Herbicide with: Triflurex 4 l/ha, Afalon 2 kg/ha, Basagran 2l/ha (in vegetation) • Harvesting, conditioning, production.

3.1.a. Artichokes – Cynara scolymus L. Technology 3.1.b. Thistle - Silybum marianum L. Technology 3.1.c. Chicory– Cichorium intybus L. Technology 3.1.d. Tehnologie Crăiţe – Tagetes pattula L. 3.1.e. Marigold– Calendula oficinalis Technology

CAP 3. CULTIVATING TECHNOLOGIES

3.1. Cultivating medicinal and aromatic plant species of Asteraceae (Compositae) family

3.2. Cultivating medicinal and aromatic plant species of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family

3.2.a. Thyme– Tymus vulgaris L. Technology

3.2.b. Hyssop– Hyssopus officinalis Technology

3.2.c. Lavender– Lavandula angustifolia L. Technology

3.2.d. Mint – Mentha piperata L. Technology

3.2.e. Lemon balm– Mellisa officinalis Technology

3.2.e. Sage – Salvia officinalis L. Technology

3.2.f. Oregano – Origanum vulgare Technology

3.3. Cultivating medicinal and aromatic plant species from other botanical families

3.3.a. Valerian– Valeriana officinalis L. Technology

3.3.b. Plantain– Plantago lanceolata L. Technology

3.3.c. White mustard– Sinapis alba L. Technology

PROF. ONORIFIC.Dr. Ing. Pirnă Ion Dr. Ing. Voicu Emil, Ing. Mircea Radu, Dr.ing. Ciupercă Radu,

Drd. Ing. Muscalu Adriana

COURSE HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES FOR

AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN CALARASI-SILISTRA AREA

BUCHAREST 2011

HARVESTING MEDICINAL PLANTS

• Harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants, is the first step in primary processing the plant product, and makes it is ready for use in various industries.

• Harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants, made optimal conditions is important for obtaining a raw material of high quality and, equally, for increased processing efficiency.

• Harvesting inappropriate parts of plant, premature or late, drying or improper preservation may compromise plant product (Herb)


• Ways of harvesting medicinal plants - Mechanized (uncommon in spontaneous flora) with combine, plows, dislocation, mowers; - Manual: using sickles, scythes, knives, spades, special combs;

• Harvesting conditions - Harvesting conditions refer to the meteorological characteristics of the period in which plants are collected: warm weather, no rain, for some species there are mentioned optimal moments such as the dew (rose petals), and optimal pheno phase (the vegetation moment when the plant has the best production and quality potential)

•Quality conditions

- Chemical characterization of medicinal and aromatic plants, includes quantitative determination of chemical compounds responsible for the therapeutic effect: glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, etc. - Biomorphological and botanical characterization of species: Caracterizarea biomorfologica si botanica a speciilor: appearance, color, smell, taste, macro and microscopic botanical description, purity (mineral impurities and foreign bodies). - Determination of contaminants level (pesticides and heavy metals) from plants.


•PARTS OF PLANT THAT CAN BE HARVESTED

- Buds(gemmae): are harvested in spring, when they are completely grown, before opening .

- Bark (cortex): harvested in spring, usually on branches and stems of plants of at least 3 years old, by circular incisions performed at distances of 20-30 cm and then longitudinal.

- Leaves (folium): harvested only in fine and dry weather in the period before and during the flowering of the plant. Must be mature, whole, not attacked by diseases.

- Grass (herba): is harvested especially during the flowering period.

- Florwers (flores): harvested at a certain stage of buds, determined according to the level of active principles.

- Seeds (semen): harvested at full maturity, recognized by color and shape.

- Roots (radix) stolons, rhizoms (rhizoma),bulbs (bulbus), tubers(tubera): harvested in fall, at the end of vegetation period, when they are rich in active principles or in spring, before entering the vegetation period

TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME OF HARVESTING MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS

1. Specific work for sprouts harvesting technologies

Collecting Loading Transport

With special tools: -Knife -tweezers

In bags, or bulk, in trailers

Tractor + automotive or trailers

2. Specific work for bark harvesting technologies


With special tools: -Knife -tweezers

In bags or bulk, in trailers

Tractor + automotive or agricultural trailers

Loading

Delimitation of bark rings

3 Specific work for leaves harvesting technology


Harvesting Loading

With special tools: -scissors -knife

Leaf by leaf

Facing (pulling from the bottom to the top of the sprout)



4. Specific work of herb harvesting technology


Mowing Loading

Mower

Self loading trailer

Mower with rotating cutting device

Windrower

Double knife mower Special loading equipment

Self loading trailer

Tractor + automotive or agricultural trailer

5. Specific work for flowers harvesting technologies


Special harvesting equipment

Loading

Harvesting flowers

Directly into the food bunker Directly by

track harvesters



6. Specific work for seed harvesting technologies


Harvesting seeds

Loading

Tractor + automotive or trailers

Mechanized, directly in the land using grain combine


Manual harvesting

Semi – mechanized

Cut using windrowers

7. Specific work of roots, rhizomes, bulbs, tubers harvesting

technology


Bulk, in trailers


Loading

Harvesting

Plough

Rhizomes harvester

Stolons harvester

Bulb harvester

AGRO-TECHNICS OPERATING REQUIREMENTS The main agro-technical requirements imposed on crop agriculture and harvesting equipment for mechanization of work within the technologies for harvesting and transport of medicinal and aromatic plants are: •area to be harvested must be well leveled, cleaned of anthills, woody vegetation, piecese of wood, rocks and other obstacles or foreign bodies; •normal meteorological conditions during work (normal soil moisture, no precipitation, etc.); •working parts of cars, machinery and tractors aggregation do not get the medicinal plants dirty with soil; •Wheels of the harvesters or technical equipments or aggregation tractors must not cross over plants that have not been harvested yet; • while working, equipments must copy the variation in level considering the width and direction of work; • not to produce additional chopping of plants (fragments less than 10 cm in length), the maximum allowed is 1%; •not to put pressure on plants while they are in the transport means; • not to infest with impurities the already harvested plants.


PRIMARY PROCESSING OF MEDICINAL

AND AROMATIC PLANTS

May 2011

Primary processing of medicinal and aromatic plants

must transform raw plant material obtained after

harvesting or collecting into plant product - raw material

for obtaining herbal products or other products required for

the economy.

Primary processing involves several operations (depending

on the raw material and use of plant products) including: drying, specific processing, sorting or stabilization and fermentation, lyophilization or shredding. Other operations consist of packaging and storage plant product.

Appropriate processes for primary processing have general characteristics, but they are also appropriate for the raw material itself.

These processes must be carried out in accordance with quality standards, regulations and national legislation and / or regional ones.

They must also respect the national regulatory requirements and / or regional ones, which are applied in the producing and importing countries.

Gross raw material (medicinal plants harvested or collected):

- Must be harvested / collected and delivered as quickly as possible to the processing equipment to avoid microbial fermentation and thermal degradation (fresh);

- must be unloaded and unpacked immediately upon arrival at processing place;

- Before processing, must be protected from rain, moisture, and any other conditions that could cause damage.

Drying

- moisture content of raw materials ready for use in dry form must be kept as low as possible;

- information on moisture content appropriate for specific raw material can be accessed from Pharmacopoeia or other authorized monographs. Medicinal plants can be dried in many ways:

- outdoor (in the shadow);

- placed in thin layers on drying frames, in rooms of shielded wire or buildings;

- to direct sunlight, if necessary;

- in ovens / dryers and solar drying rooms;

- indirect fire;

- by baking;

- by lyophilization;

- in the microwave;

- Using radiant infrared devices.

Specific processing

Some raw materials require specific processing to:

- improve the purity of each plant part used;

- reduce drying time;

- prevent mold, insects and other microorganisms appearance;

- detoxify and improve therapeutic efficacy.

Common specific processing practices include :

- preselecting;

- cleaning roots and rhizomes;

- other specific treatments.

Processing procedures which involve obtaining presentation forms (powders, granules, etc.), grouping and specific drying can also have an impact on the quality of raw material.

Processing conditions

- processing will be done in rooms that provide safe and quality conditions;

- will meet the quality, hygiene and labor protection requirements.

Raw material

Raw materials for obtaining natural medicine is the medicinal plant, from a medicinal plant there can be used:

- the airy part, completely (herbal);

- underground parts: root (radix), rhizome(rhizoma);

- tubercle(tubera), bulb (bulbus);

- leaf (folium);

- buds(turiones, gemmae);

- flower (flores);

- Fruit (fructus);

- seed (semen);

- bark on the trunk or on the root(cortex).

Plant product

- represents a specific organ or part of the plant

(dried and processed) that can be used for the

preparation of products for pharmaceutical or drug

industry.

- plant products are even some metabolism products:

- volatile oils;

- fatty substances;

- resins;

- gum.

Collecting (from the spontaneous flora) or harvesting

(from the cultivated flora):

-is done when the plant organ or whole plant (depending

on the location of active principle) contains the maximum

amount of active ingredients;

Can be:

- manual;

- mechanized;

- by specific methods.

Sorting or removal of foreign bodies and impurities:

- organic foreign bodies;

- mineral foreign bodies: sand, dust, pebbles, pieces of land;

- impurities are other parts of the herb than the harvested part.

Technical conditions for reception :

- maximum content of damaged raw material;

- maximum content of other parts of the plant;

- maximum content of mineral impurities;

- minimum content of active substances.

Conditioning - means bringing quality plant products to standardized rules.

Shredding plant products is chosen depending on the structure of the plant products and grain size that must meet the working conditions imposed. Packaging and labeling are done for storage or delivery to the customer (industrial unit, laboratory, pharmacy). Storage and conservation require special rooms, well cleaned, ventilated, with controlled humidity, indirect light, away from harmful agents (insects, rodents). To conserve powder containers tightly closed are used.

Pharmaceutical powders are solid, composed of uniform

particles of one or more active substances, with or without

auxiliary substances and are used as such or divided in

unit doses.

Powders can be administered orally or may be applied

to the skin or mucous membranes (powder).

Powders applied on wounds, burns and on infants skin

are prepared by methods that ensure their sterility

(Romanian Pharmacopoeia) and that avoid a subsequent

contamination with microorganisms.

Technology Flow

RECEPTION

Non recyclable waste

Process control

Paper bag, cardboard box

PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

CONDITIONING

Raw material

Process control

Quality certificate

Non gravimetric loss

RECEPTION

Recyclable waste/ Non recyclable waste

Process control


PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

SELECTION

Raw material

Process control

Quality certificate


RECEPTION

Burning of waste

Process control


PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

CONDITIONING

Dehydrated

raw material

Process control

Quality certificate


STORAGE

HOMOGENIZATION

CHOPPING

Process control

Process control


Gravimetric and non gravimetric loss

Burning waste Recyclable waste

RECEPTION

Non recyclable waste

Process control


PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

CONDITIONING

Raw material

Process control

Quality certificate


RECEPTION

Recyclable waste/ Non recyclable waste

Process control


PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

SELECTION

Raw material

Process control

Quality certificate


RECEPTION

Burning of waste

Process control


PRODUCT STORAGE

PACKING

CONDITIONING

Dehydrated

raw material

Process control

Quality certificate


STORAGE

HOMOGENIZATION

CHOPPING

Process control

Process control


Gravimetric and non gravimetric loss

Burning waste Recyclable waste

ADVANCED PROCESSING OF

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Medicinal plant

Spontaneous flora Cultivated flora

PRIMARY PROCESSING

Sorting/Standardization

Drying Analysis

Conditioning

Packaging / Labeling

Storage, preservation

SEMI-SYNTHESIS EXTRACTION Maceration

Percolation

Decoction

Accelerated extraction using solvent

Microwave assisted extraction

Ultrasonic extraction

Extraction with supercritical liquid

Pharmaceutical products

/ phyto pharmaceutical

products/ phyto cosmetic

products

ACTIVE

PRINCIPALS

USE The way they

are:

Infusion,

spices

ADVANCED PROCESSING

Fig. 1 Utilization scheme through advanced processing of medicinal plants

Advanced processing consists of processing raw materials obtained from the primary processing products that are sold as: herbal products (aqueous extraction solution, hydro alcoholic extract solutions, lyophilized powders in solution mining), cosmetics, and dietary supplements, food additives.

Phyto therapeutic forms for external use Ointments Medicinal oils Cataplasm Medicinal gel, emulsion Aromatic vinegars Herbal baths, inhalations

Phyto therapeutic forms for internal use Powder Extractive aqueous solutions Extractive alchoolic/hydroalchoolic solutions

Extractive solutions are obtained in different ways: Infusion Decoction Macerate Tincture Syrup Medicinal wine

Obtaining extracts from medicinal plants

Extraction techniques

Plant extracts are pharmaceutical/phyto pharmaceutical fluids, soft or dry, obtained by solvent extraction of different plant products.

1. Discontinuous processes

2. Continuous processes: continuous extraction with organic solvents, continuous precolation, Soxhlet extraction.

• Maceration cold (17-22°C) warm (40-60°C)

•Percolation •Soxhlet extraction •Infusion •Decoction •Fermented alcoholic extraction •Continuous extraction with organic solvents

•Accelerated solvent extraction(ASE) •Microwave assisted extraction(MAE) •Ultrasound-assisted extraction(UAE) •Supercritical fluid exctraction(SCF)

Obtaining volatile oils

Industrial extraction of volatile oils from different medicinal plants is made by different methods depending on their characteristic qualities.

The main methods of obtaining volatile oils are : Distillation with water vapor. Extraction of volatile oils with organic solvents. Animal fat extraction: maceration and enfleurage Liquefied gas extraction (supercritical CO2) Extraction by pressing. Adsorption on a sorbent material.

Processing technology of medicinal plants for obtaining concentrated

extracts General technological flow phases for obtaining an extractive concentrated solution :

– Reception plant material

– Weighing

– Shredding plant product

– Homogenization

– Extraction of bioactive compounds

– Filtering the extractive solution

– Purification and concentration of extractive solution

a) Reception. The raw material is received by batch, depending on the origin and quality, based on analysis reports. Quality reception is done by checking the parameters: Authenticity of the plant, moisture, organic and mineral content, impurities content.

b) Weighing product is made with the precision of an analytical balance capable of weighing 510-2000 g maximum or of semi-industrial level with maximum capacity of 6 / 12 kg. To prepare extractive solutions of well determined concentrations the stage of weighing is very important

c) Shredding plant product: by increasing the contact surface of the plant product and solvent extraction shrinks and grows during the extraction efficiency. The degree of grinding is determined according to the method of extraction used: extraction by maceration, infusion / decoction - shredding in larger particles, extraction by percolation - fine grinding powder. Machinery: die grinders or shredders

d) Homogenization - plants are manually homogenized and the quality parameters of the homogenized product are checked, recording the result of the flow analysis

e) Extraction of bioactive compounds can be achieved by either of the above. The simplest method and providing the appropriate degree of extraction of active principles from plants is soaking. The process is done in glass or stainless steel, with intermittent shaking of the mixture to enhance extraction.

To obtain aqueous extracts by maceration working parameters are : Extraction solvent ……………….. distilled water Concentrate extract ……………..…..8-10% (g plant /mL water) Extraction temperature……..……room temperature Extraction time………………..…. 24 hours.

The working parameters for obtaining the hydro alcoholic extracts by maceration are : Extraction solvent………………… alcohol 30-70% Concentrate extract …………………8-10% (g plant /mL alcohol) Extraction temperature …………… room temperature Extraction time ………………………8-10 days

f)Filtering the extractive solution - the purpose of removal of substances in suspension (coarse mechanical impurities, compounds that are in the form of precipitation). For extracts with high solid content: coarse pre filtration filter sterilized filter plate (cellulose acetate, asbestos or synthetic polymers). At the laboratory level filtering is done through a filter paper, vacuum, and at industrial level, using pressing filters . A modern method of filtration is tangential microfiltration, using micro porous membranes which retain fine particles with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 1 m.

g) Extractive solution purification - is to remove ballast substances (resins, pectins, proteins, etc.). in order to obtain stable preparations. Commonly used methods are based on fractional precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction system, chromatographic methods, microfiltration.

h) Concentration of extractive solution - in order to capitalize on the upper plant extracts. Given the presence of labile compounds (proteins, vitamins, flavor) concentration is achieved by:

Evaporation under vacuum at low temperatures (25-50 ° C) - the most used process to concentrate the extracts, but is energetically expensive.

Concentration by freezing - difficult process that requires expensive procedures to remove ice crystals without loss of compounds in the extract.

Some of the most modern and efficient purification and concentration methods applied to plant extracts are membrane processes.

Microfiltration removes suspended particles and colloidal compounds > 0,02 µm (viruses, bacteria, yeast) extract clarification and sterilization.

The extract concentration by ultra filtration is performed by membrane retention of compounds with molecular weights greater than the membrane pores (M > 1000 Da).

Nan filtration - baromembrana process, reverse osmosis and ultra filtration situated between, which has developed strongly in recent years. The nan filtration separates molecules with dimensions of approx. 0,001 µm.

Reverse osmosis - a process that removes low molecular weight solution from aqueous solution. To prevent normal osmosis, one must work at high pressures (10 -100 bar).

The advantages of using membrane processes: the processing of extracts at room temperature (about 20 ˚ C) avoiding distortion of thermo labile bioactive compounds, without the intervention of chemical reagents and low energy consumption.

Obtaining concentrated extracts from medicinal plant species cultivated in the Calarasi-Silistra area

Non-recyclable waste

Fig. 2 Technology flow for obtaining alcoholic extracts (tinctures) / concentrated hydro alcoholic

RECEPTION

WEIGHING

EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

EXTRACTION SOLUTION FILTERING

EXTRACTIVE SOLUTION PURIFICATION

SOLVENT (Mixture

WATER/WATER-ALCOHOL/ ALCOHOL)

EXTRACTIVE SOLUTION CONCENTRATION


CONCISARE/SITARE Non gravimetric loss

Process control

Process control

Process control

Process control

Process control; Quality Certificate

HYDRO ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT/ ALCOHOLIC CONCENTRAT E



Advanced processing of medicinal plants for use in cosmetics

The effects of plants suitable for hygienic-cosmetic care of the body are due to the active principles of the concentrated extracts that determine their therapeutic action:

for dry skin products that activate peripheral circulation, have soothing and moisturizing action are recommended;

for oily skin, products with antiseborrheic, soothing and antiseptic properties; for irritated skin-soothing products with decongestant action; for eyes - products with moisturizing , soothing, decongestant effect; for hair - products for hair root strengthening and activating blood circulation

in the area; for hands - products to improve blood circulation, for warts, spots, loose

nails, etc., against sweating hands; for feet - natural products that activate peripheral circulation, against

chilblains, corns, etc., against sweat.

Natural Cosmetics is based on what nature offers, the volatile oils obtained from plants, the natural fat of diverse origin ( beeswax, waxy substances in fish whale, dolphin) to the active ingredients in fruit, flowers , plant or trees roots.

Soaps, organic and medicinal (with curative properties), liquid or solid. Hair shampoos (as fluid or cream). Toothpastes. Shaving creams Perfumery

•Cologne water, toilet and perfumeries are alcoholic solutions of different concentrations containing perfume oils, usually light colored with artificial dyes.

•Natural sprays usually present special bouquets, that cannot be found anywhere in nature. Besides the odor type fantasies, natural sprays, may have different floral bouquets, well-defined. These products contain between 20 and 50 g of perfume oil per liter, their alcoholic strength ranging between 70 and 75%.

•Perfumes are like cologne and natural sprays, but have a higher perfume oil content and thus a higher alcohol concentration. .

Various cosmetic products

Make-up products

•Powders and make-up •Sunscreen Cosmetics

Selected References :

1. Sukhdev Swami Handa, Suman Preet Singh Khanuja, Gennaro Longo, Dev Dutt Rakesh - Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, International Centre for Science and High Technology, Italy, 2008

2. x x x – Farmacopeea Romana ed.X, Ed. Medicala, Bucuresti, 1993

3. x x x - Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis; J. R.Dean; John Wiley & Sons, England, 1998.

4. Hofler F., Richter B., Felix D. - Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Dionex Corporation, U.S.A., LPN0639–01 20 M 8/95.

5. F. Zhang, B. Chen, S. Xiao and S. Yao, Sep. Purif. Technol. 42, 2005

6. L.G. Chen, L. Ding, H.R. Zhang, J. Li, Y.T. Wang, X.P. Wang, C.L. Qu and H.Q. Zhang, Anal. Chim. Acta 580 , 2006

7. M.A. Rostagno, M. Palma and C.G. Barroso, Anal. Chim. Acta 588, 2007

8. C.H. Deng, N. Yao, B. Wang and X.M. Zhang, J. Chromatogr. A 1103, 2006J.H. Kwon, J.M.R. Beälanger and J.R.J. Pareä, J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 2003C.H. Deng, X.Q. Xu, N. Yao, N. Li and X.M. Zhang, Anal. Chim. Acta 556, 2006

9. K. Vilkhu, R. Mawson, L. Simons and D. Bates, A review, Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 9, 2008,

10. M. Vinatoru, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 8, 2001.

11. L. Chen, H. Jin, L. Ding, H. Zhang, J. Li and C. Qu , Separation and Purification Technology 59, 2008.

12. Seied Mahdi Pourmortazavi, Seiedeh Somayyeh Hajimirsadeghi, Journal of Chromatography A, 1163(1-2), 2007

13. Hortono R., Mansoori G.A., Suwono A., Chemical Engineering Communications, 173, 1999.

14. Elena Neagu, Gabriela Paun Roman, Gabriel Lucian Radu, Roumanian Biotechnological Letters, 15(4), 2010

15. Gabriela Paun-Roman, Gabriel Lucian Radu, BIOTEHNOLOGIA intre stiinta si arta, capitolul 2, Casa de Editura Venus, Iasi, 2007

THE USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THERAPY

Modern aromatherapy and phytotherapy study plant effects on intracellular levels, on tissues and organs, especially on sick body.

Phytotherapy considers man in his whole psychosomatic state and often recommends the combination of natural therapy with psychotherapy.

Chemicals in plants are an active complex based on synergistic actions

(associated), which show certain therapeutic advantage unlike some combination

of pure chemicals.

Aromatherapy will be used as a method of treatment for patients allergic to antibiotics and for patients with diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. In terms of prevention, many species of aromatic plants or vegetables containing volatile oils, are contributing all over the world to the prevention of many diseases caused by microorganisms or parasites.

Synthetic substances were replaced almost 80% from the therapeutic arsenal, herbs seemed to be replaced with synthetic chemical drugs until many adverse effects that disrupt the body's adaptive mechanisms were discovered.

It was ignored the fact that living organisms have not been programmed to accept other than the subtle benefits the nature produces for living things. Now it is increasingly accepted that herbs can be used successfully in treating diseases.

Active principles of plants

Vitamins;

Glycosides (heteroside): cardiac, saponosids, flavonosids, anthocyanins, coumarins and furanocumarine, polyphenol carboxylic acid derivatives, tannins;

Holoside: gum, mucilages, pectin, cellulose, starch;

Volatile oils;

Resins.

EXAMPLES OF USING MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THERAPY

• CORNFLOWER (Centaurea cyanus)

Pharmaco dynamic activity: tonic, kidney cleansing, skin disinfectant.

Indications and uses: cornflowers are used as

natural remedy for treating and healing: kidney

and liver diseases, as a diuretic, treating eye

irritation, treating wrinkled eyelids, muscle

toning, hemorrhoids, intestinal diseases and

infections, anorexia, eczema, dark circles,

intestinal and gastric colic in infants

Contraindications and side effects: possible

sensitivity to Asteraceae.

Products: tea, infusion, poultice, tincture,

powder, decoction.

ARTICHOKES (Cynara Scolymus)

Pharmaco dynamic action: hepatoprotective, cholagogue effect (stimulates bile secretion), promotes diuresis and elimination of toxins, febrifuge action, stomachic action (promotes gastric digestion).

Indications and uses: stimulant of digestion, bile disorders, hepatitis, cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hives, food allergy, laxative, eczema, skin diseases, effective atone, muscle spasms, spasmophilia, diseases due to overload and toxic waste of the body, gout, digestive migraines, arthritis, dermatitis.

Contraindications and side effects: allergic phenomena specific to other Asteraceae or Compositae

Products: tincture, tea, infusion, tablets, dietary supplement.

• THISTLE (Silybum marianum/ Carduus marianus)

Pharmaco dynamic action: hepatoprotective,

regulates digestion, high blood pressure,

antitoxic effect, stimulates the gallbladder and

combats the risk of gallstones, antitumor,

stimulates lactation, lowers blood cholesterol

levels, effective in type II diabetes.

Indications: chronic hepatitis, an adjunct to

various toxic poisoning, constipation,

hypotension, immune deficiency

Contraindications and side effects: mild

laxative effects, contact dermatitis.

Products: tea, powder, tincture, cataplasm

• BASIL (Ocimum basilicum)

Pharmaco dynamic action: antispasmodic emollient,

soothing cough, calming, sedative, antiseptic, antibacterial,

decongestant, disinfectant, immune modulator, febrifuge,

carminative, antiemetic, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant,

increases resistance to stress, tones the nervous system and

has antidepressant action, improves cerebral circulation,

increases attention and concentration.

Indications: bronchitis, viral respiratory infections,

whooping cough, neuro-psychiatric diseases, digestive

diseases, mental and physical fatigue, asthenia, stimulating

lactation.

Contraindications and side effects: to people with allergic

sensitivity can cause allergic reactions of different

intensity, will not administrated to children under 3 years,

pregnant women (can cause vomiting), avoid overdosing.

Products: fresh leaves, infusion, essential oil.

• CHICORY (Cichorium intybus)

Pharmaco dynamic action: diuretic

properties, regulates glycol genetic

function, stimulates the pancreas function

and normalizes blood sugar, laxative,

stimulates brain function, improves

memory, is important to support the

intense intellectual activity, general tonic

effects.

Indications: Liver and biliary disease,

constipation, diabetes, physical and mental

fatigue.

Contraindications and side effects: not

reported until now.

Products: chicory coffee, tea.

• THYME(Thymus vulgaris)

Pharmaco dynamic action: antibiotic, antiseptic, antifungal,

antibacterial, antiviral, diuretic action, healing action, tonic

action (neuron-, cardio-, uterus-), antispasmodic action,

aphrodisiac, local anaesthetic, activating circulation.

Indications: respiratory diseases (flavor and inhalation,

compresses), digestive (spice) mouth diseases, kidney and genital

diseases, neuropsychological, circulation, dermal problems.

Contraindications and side effects: excessive consumption can

cause liver toxicity phenomena, should avoid contact with eyes

and mucous membranes, the volatile oil is contraindicated in

pregnancy, lactation and hypertension.

Products: infusion, fresh leaves, syrup, tincture, tea, tablets,

suspension, food supplement, oral solution, lotion, spray, cream,

essential oil.

• GARDEN THYME (Satureja hortensis)

Pharmaco dynamic action: intestinal antiseptic,

stomachic, carminative (intestinal gas

evacuation), choleretic (stimulates bile

production by the liver), cholagogue (stimulates

the removal of bile from the liver and

gallbladder to the intestine), expectorant,

soothing cough, diuretic, analgesic, tonic

capillary.

Indications: dyspepsia, biliary dyskinesia,

intestinal worms, wounds, rheumatism, gout,

seborrheic.

Contraindications and side effects: volatile oil

has very strong side effects: seizures, vomiting,

severe abdominal pain, delirium,

contraindicated for irritable colon, gastric ulcer

and hyperacid gastritis.

Products: fresh leaves, tea, oil, tincture.

• CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum)

Pharmaco dynamic action: galactogog (stimulates

lactation), anti-infective, antibacterial, antiviral, ant

parasitic, stomachic, stimulates appetite and digestion,

carminative, antispasmodic, combats flatulence, analgesic,

combats colic and digestive disorders of newborns, male

aphrodisiac, because of volatile oils has anti anxiety action.

Indications: digestive dyspepsia , appetite stimulant,

combats intestinal worms and abdominal pain in children,

increases milk secretion, rheumatism, treatment of biliary

dyskinesia, dyspeptic syndromes (an acidity, hypo acid),

hyperacidity gastritis, gastric ulcers, abdominal colic in

adults, bronchitis, nervous sedative, general tonic.

Contraindications and side effects: volatile substances can

lead to some people to sensitive allergic manifestations.

Products: fresh leaves, powder, infusion.

• MEXICAN MARIGOLD (Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta)

Pharmaco dynamic action: improves speed of adaptation of the eye to light and darkness, improving night vision to accommodate the normal eye, purgative action, hypotensive properties, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer, volatile oil has antifungal, antispasmodic, antibiotic, diuretic actions, stops nosebleeds.

Indications: improves vision, plantar hyperkeratosis, mycosis, thrush, eczema, sunburn, infusion is also used for intestinal worms and as a purgative

Contraindications and side effects: oil should be used with caution because it can cause photosensitivity and contact dermatitis, extracts and essential oils of Tagetes are phototoxic.

Products: infusion, extract, tincture.

• FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare)

Pharmaco dynamic action: stomachic, carminative,

galactogog, diuretic, antispasmodic, analgesic,

narcotic minor drugs, bactericidal, antiseptic,

especially for kidney, stimulant and cardio

respiratory tonic.

Indications: abdominal cramps, intestinal parasites,

kidney stones, respiratory, digestive, cardiac,

neurological problems.

Contraindications and side effects: is not indicated to

use fruit for gastric and duodenal ulcer, chronic and

acute enterocolitis, toxic to the central nervous system

and cause Epileptic seizures, hallucinations,

drowsiness, contraindicated in infants, children and

pregnant women.

Products: tea, tincture, oil, syrup, tablets.

• MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis)

Pharmaco dynamic action: immune, inflammatory,

decongestant, antiseptic, antimicrobial, healing, speeds up

healing and tissue regeneration, regulates menstrual

cycles, carminative, bitter principles regulating the biliary

function, lipid-lowering action, choleretic action.

Indications: treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation,

hyperacidity gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, drop

attacks and hypotonic biliary dyskinesia, increases liver

bile secretion, for haemorrhoids, in treating diseases of

stomach, in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, treating

leucorrhoea, acne, eczema , burns, frostbite, wounds, pus,

ulcers, burns, abscesses, fistulas, skin diseases.

Contraindications and side effects: may cause side effects

(Asteraceae).

Products: infusion, tincture, decoction, powder, ointment.

• HYSSOP (Hyssopus officinalis L.)

Pharmaco dynamic action: stomachic, carminative and

antispasmodic anticataral (reduces mucosal inflammation,

sinusitis, colds), expectorant or mucolytic, depending on

variety, anti-asthmatic and hypotension, antiseptic and

healing, fungicide, volatile oil has tonic and stimulant,

anti-inflammatory, expectorant, mucolytics, asthma,

antibiotic, lipolytic, healing action.

Indications: depression, asthenia, multiple sclerosis, nasopharyngitis, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, cystitis, intestinal parasites, rhinitis, bronchitis, colds, asthma, injuries, volatile oil has an antiseptic effect and is used in perfumery, for flavoring food and drinks.

Contraindications and side effects: There may occur spasms, not indicated during pregnancy.

Products: tea, powder.

• LAVENDER (Lavandula angustifolia)

Pharmaco dynamic action: local antiseptic, antispasmodic,

healing, soothing, combats irritability and exhaustion,

combats insomnia, stress, emotions and states of emotional

instability (in adolescents), fears and anxieties fade ,

diuretic, choleretic; carminative and weak stimulating

effects on nervous system, normalizes heart functions.

Indications: neurasthenia, insomnia, stress, irritability,

migraine and other headaches, biliary dyskinesia, fatigue,

rheumatism, whooping cough, influenza, bronchitis, general

incentives in the form of potions, as a flavouring and

correction.

Contraindications and side effects: Skin allergies,

photosensitivity, diabetes, pregnancy, lactation, allergy to

lavender, lavender is contraindicated in children younger

than 6 years (because of the risk of laryngeal spasm).

Products: oil.

• DILL (Anethum graveolens)

Pharmaco dynamic action: stimulates digestion,

antispasmodic effect, combats hiccups, carminative,

prevents vomiting, diuretic, depurative, prevents

kidney stones, galactogog, natural antioxidant,

regulates blood pressure, cardio protective,

stimulates the immune system due to the Vitamin C

content, prevents osteoporosis.

Indications: Anorexia, indigestion, intestinal

cramps, haemorrhoids, nausea caused by

pregnancy, amenorrhea, lactation stimulation,

insomnia, heart diseases, atherosclerosis, urinary

disorders, effective detoxification.

Contraindications and side effects: digestive

disorders to loss of appetite, headaches,

contraindicated in pregnancy.

Products: juice, fresh leaves, powder, tincture,

compress.

• MINT (Mentha piperita)

Pharmaco dynamic action: stomachic, antispasmodic, prevents

vomiting, carminative, slightly analgesic, choleretic, cholagogue, ant

diarrheal, astringent, volatile oil and its components have spasmolytic

action, decongestant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, expectorant,

stimulates uterine contraction, diuretic, perspiration, blood cleanser,

tonic, refreshing.

Indications: dyspepsia, biliary dyskinesia, flatulence, entero-colitis,

diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, colds, flu,

fatigue.

Contraindications and side effects: tones the nervous system and can

give insomnia, not recommend the use of preparations containing

peppermint oil on face and in the nasal passages of small children

because it can lead to spasms of the tongue or off breathing, is not

recommended in gastric, biliary obstruction and inflammation in the

gallbladder, no adverse effects known in pregnancy.

Products: tea, infusion, oil, powder, maceration, juice, paste.

• WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba)

Pharmaco dynamic action: dilates blood vessels,

causing a skin rash, stomachic, cholesterol lowering

agents, and because of mucilage has laxative action.

Indications: hypercholesterolemia, respiratory diseases

(trachea-bronchitis, pneumonia), colds, flu, rheumatic

disorders, neuralgia, muscle contractures.

Contraindications and side effects: hypertension,

patients with varicose veins and various skin

conditions, precautions for children where the skin is

more sensitive to not cause burns, not indicated to

children under 6, skin and mucous membrane irritant,

vegetable oil obtained from white mustard can cause

redness, irritation and even tissue necrosis.

Products: flour, mustard, fresh leaves.

• CHAMOMILE (Matricaria chamomilla)

Pharmaco dynamic action: antiseptic, disinfectant, anti-

inflammatory, anaesthetics, antihistamines (anti-allergy), emollient

action, capillary tonic, perspiration, bactericidal, carminative,

healing effect , regenerating, speeds healing, normalizes skin

metabolism and stimulates epithelisation, strengthens hair root ,

fights dandruff, prevents kidney stones or gall, is acting

antispasmodic, relaxes smooth muscles, combats spasms, abdominal

colic, nephritis, action calming, sedative, nervous system, volatile oil

used in aromatherapy to relieve headaches, general relaxing action,

insomnia, anti-asthmatic crisis.

Indications: acute and chronic infections of the digestive,

respiratory, urea-genital apparatus, kidney diseases, combats gout,

arthritis, rheumatism, insomnia, anxiety, depression caused by

disorders of menopause.

Contraindications and side effects: not administered with aspirin,

especially in patients with blood clotting disorders, should not be

taken with sedative drugs or alcohol.

Products: oil, tea, cream, hair and skin care products.

• PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata)

Pharmaco dynamic action: soothes mucous

membranes, emollient, laxative, expectorant;

haemostatic action, healing, useful in the treatment of

ulcers, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, astringent,

diarrheal, diuretic, blood cleanser, prevents

cholesterol, prevents atherosclerosis, lowers blood

pressure, regenerating, anti-inflammatory in

ulcerative dermal diseases, festering, antispasmodic.

Indications: treatment of atherosclerosis, useful in the

haemorrhage, hypertension, diarrheal, hyperacidity

gastritis, gastric ulcer, cough, bronchitis, asthma.

Contraindications and side effects: contact dermatitis.

Products: powder, injection, syrup, tincture, fresh

leaves.

• LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.)

Pharmaco dynamic action: soothing action, antimicrobial, antihistamines and blood pressure reduction, treatment of herpes, gout and insect bites; inhibiting thyroid hormone activity, calming action on the central nervous system and antispasmodic, generally volatile oil properties digestive, carminative, cholertic, regulates the stomach digestion, tonic, sedative, is used against cough, respiratory diseases, anaemia, insomnia, dysentery.

Indications: liver diseases, asthma, anaemia, bloating, indigestion, stinging bees, wasps, poor memory, lung disease, Parkinson's, dizziness.

Products: tea, tincture, tablets.

• SAGE (Salvia officinalis)

Pharmaco dynamic action: choleretic-cholagogue, carminative, antiseptic and mildly astringent, stimulant in dyspepsia and gastro-intestinal atone; attenuates fermentative processes in the intestine and promotes the elimination of gas, slightly hypoglycaemic effect, calming the nervous system.

Indications: inflammatory diseases, respiratory infections, digestive diseases, excessive sweating, fatigue, exhaustion or stress, memory problems, Alzheimer's disease, adjuvant treatment of diabetes.

Contraindications and side effects: epilepsy, hypertension, contraindicated in breastfeeding, decreased appetite, mild dehydration and constipation.

Products: oil, cream, tincture, tea, leaves.

• CHOKEBERRIES (Aronia prunifolia)

Pharmaco dynamic action: boosts immune

system, has a beneficial effect on blood

circulation, the heart function, lowers blood

pressure, slows the aging process.

Indications: atherosclerosis, hypertension, bleeding, thrombosis prevention, improving peripheral circulation, mild gastritis.

Contraindications and side effects: limited for patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer and those with high blood clotting.

Products: juice, dried fruit, wine.

• OREGANO (Origanum vulgare)

Pharmaco dynamic action: antispasmodic, bronchodilator, expectorant, nervous system sedative, antiseptic, disinfectant, stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic, secretolytic, effective in aclorhidrie gastric diseases.

Indications: respiratory diseases, tracheitis, bronchitis, stimulates digestive secretions; in whooping cough, soothing action on the central nervous system, sedative, promotes removal of bronchial secretions

Contraindications and side effects: skin irritant and volatile oil cannot be applied to the skin.

Products: tea, ointment, tincture.

• VALERIAN (Valeriana officinalis)

Pharmaco dynamic action: sedative, tranquilizer,

venous decongestant, improves venous blood flow,

Neurotic.

Indications: neurasthenia, nervousness, tachycardia,

fever, internal and external haemorrhoids, varicose

veins, fatigue.

Contraindications and side effects: pregnancy and

breastfeeding, should not be used while driving because

they exert hypnotic effects on the nervous system

interacts with other drugs, when given long term may

develop agitation, insomnia, pupil dilation , cardiac

disorders, overdose leading to loss of appetite, hyper

salivation, urination or anuria, nephritis, intestinal

disorders, sweating.

Products: infusion, powder, tincture.

Thank you for your attention!

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