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TRANSCRIPT
COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT
Country: Sweden
Date: June 2006
ERAWATCH Network asbl: Project team: NIFU STEP, University of Sussex (SPRU),
Joanneum Research, Logotech, FhG-ISI
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.
ERAWATCH® is a registered Trade Mark.
Reproduction of content is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
© European Communities, 2007.
Website: http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/
Index
COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - SWEDEN.....................................................................1
Main findings...............................................................................................................................1
Main R&D figures – Total R&D expenditure................................................................................3
Public R&D statistics...................................................................................................................4
GBAORD by socioeconomic objective ....................................................................................4
HERD by field of science.........................................................................................................5
Business ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)...............................6
Bibliometrics................................................................................................................................9
Patents......................................................................................................................................11
Economic specialisation............................................................................................................12
Correlation analysis ..................................................................................................................15
Explanatory notes .....................................................................................................................19
ISIC v3 codes and sector description ....................................................................................19
How to read specialisation profile figures ..............................................................................20
Index of tables and figures
Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.................................................................................................3
Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003........................................................15
Table 3: Specialisation Profile ......................................................................................................18
Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Sweden.1993-2003. ..........................................................................................3
Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Sweden................................................................................3
Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. .............................................................4
Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Sweden. 1993, 1999 and 2003. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. .................................5
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993, 1998 and 2002. ...................................................................5
Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003............................................6
Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics...............................................7
Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics............................8
Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. .............................................................................9
Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................9
Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 . ....................................10
Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST. ..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST............11
Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices. ...........................................................12
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.........................................................................................................12
Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ........................................................13
Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ....................................................................................................13
Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices. .......................................................14
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.....................................................................................................14
Figure 20. BERD versus Value Added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003..............................................................16
Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. .........................................................................................................16
Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................17
Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003. ..................................................................................................................................17
ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report
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COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - SWEDEN
MAIN FINDINGS The analysis shows that Sweden exhibits a visible pattern of specialisation, both in the manufacturing as well as in the services sector, with consistency between the various benchmarks. In the manufacturing sector such examples are the motor vehicles, instruments, electronic equipment, machinery and pharmaceuticals, while in the services sector the same pattern holds for community services, IT services and research and development.
However, this picture is not validated when we look at the various correlations between BERD, technological and economic specialisation (table 2), since the interlinkages hold only for a limited number of sectors. In some cases certain weak interlinkages emerge, as in the case of BERD (1993-95) and exports for both periods, or in the case of value added and employment for 1993-95 and exports during the 2001-03 period.
Swedish aggregate R&D intensity grew significantly over the 1993-2003 period. GERD as a percentage of GDP reached 4% during 2003, with BERD accounting for over 75% of total R&D expenditure in the country. HERD aslo exhibited strong growth over the same period, while GOVERD as a percentage of GDP remained constant with a marginal 0.1% share. Over the same period, it appears that the goverments share in financing research has been reduced, while the private sector and funding from abroad have increased their relative shares.
Priorities for GBAORD in Sweden show a pattern oriented toward social issues with strong specialisation also in General University Funds, Land Use, Defense and Agriculture. Within the higher education research system, medical sciences and engineering receive over 50% of total funding.
The public funding of BERD, is directed toward sectors in Sweden that exhibit strong or relatively strong specialisation, such as office machinary, research and various services sectors. The larger share of public funding however, was directed toward motor vehicles (35.4%) that lost in specialisation in BERD over the 1993-2003 period. What is notable in the case of Sweden is that public funding for BERD is dispersed at a relatively small number of sectors compared to other countries such as Germany and France.
In terms of scientific specialisation, as expressed by the number of publications, Sweden exhibits high specialisation in the fields of environment, and social sciences and in several medical fields such as immunology, pharmacology, neurosciences, clinical medicine, biology and biochemistry. This pattern is similar to the structure of the research system in HEI’s. In addition, by examining the specialisation profile of Sweden measured by citations, it appears that Sweden is highly specialised in the same scientific fields (Figure 11). This fact however is not surprising since the above fields are of high-priority in Sweden.
Despite this unique accord within the public research system, the high quality research and the performance in terms of patents and publications, Sweden does not escape completely from the European paradox and phases some difficulties in turning research results into commercial commodities or services.
Moreover, by examining table 3, Sweden appears to be gaining in specialisation in some fast growing sectors such as pharmaceuticals and IT services and in some medium to low growth sectors in manufacturing, such as office machinary and electronic equipment. At the same time,
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when we look at the sectors that lose in specialisation the picture becomes more balanced since both fast growing and medium to low growth sectors, such as transportation services, wood and publishing and motor vehicles fall in this category.
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MAIN R&D FIGURES – TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis). Sweden.1993-2003.
0.00.5
1.01.5
2.02.53.0
3.54.0
4.55.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
BERD GERD GOVERDHERD GDP growth Linear (BERD)Linear (GERD) Linear (GOVERD) Linear (HERD)
Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005
Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003 1993 2003Business 7.8 6.3 3208.9 6764.9 70.7 127.9 6.1 3287.4 6905.2Government 206.3 351.9 403.5 462.4 1163.5 1662.3 16.2 1773.3 2492.8Higher Education 0.5 0.0 0.0 24.6 38.8 0.0 25.1 38.8Non profit 0.3 3.1 0.1 14.1 98.4 383.0 36.2 16.7 135.0 416.9From Abroad 4.5 8.8 126.4 634.9 23.6 129.5 2.1 154.4 775.2Total 219.5 370.1 3738.9 7876.3 1380.8 2341.4 36.2 41.2 5375.3 10628.9Pre-EMU euro and EURO
BERD HERD Non profit TotalGOVERD
Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005
Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Sweden No data available Source: OECD OFFBERD 2005
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PUBLIC R&D STATISTICS GBAORD by socioeconomic objective Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993 and 2003.
Agriculture
Environment
Defence
GUF's
Non-oriented
Energy
Space
Earth
Industry
Land use
Social issues
Human health
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1001993 2003
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations.
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HERD by field of science Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Sweden. 1993, 1999 and 2003. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro.
225 387 457
287403 610
405 504 685
144 112 111
140 248 308
63 113 151
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1993 1999 2003 Natural sciences Engineering Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities
Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005.
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 1993, 1998 and 2002.
Not available
Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005
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BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. 31 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
IT services
Instruments
Mining
Water & electr.
Community serv.
Chemicals
Fabricated met
Office mach
Electrical mach.
Other Business act
Financ. interm
Furniture & rec
Transport
Electr. Equip
Machinery
Basic - met
Plastics
Non-met
Pharm
Wood & Publishing
Textiles
Food
Agriculture
R&D
Trade
Vehicles
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 20052005, ANBERD 2005, own calculations
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Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sector funded by government. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics.
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
0.5%
0.8%
0.9%
1.2%
2.6%
6.9%
8.6%
9.6%
11.3%
22.1%
54.9%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Hotels
Basic - met
Wood & Publishing
Chemicals
Plastics
Agriculture
Food
Construction
Office mach
Machinery
Vehicles
R&D
Business act & Real Estate
Community services.
Source:OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations
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Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003 last available year in OECD statistics.
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
2.9%
3.3%
12.2%
15.6%
29.7%
35.4%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Food
Wood & Publishing
Chemicals
Water & electr
Business act & Real Estate
Community serv.
Machinery nec
R & D
Office machin.
Motor vehicles
Source: OECD Basic Science and Technology Statistics 2005, own calculations
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BIBLIOMETRICS Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
Space Sc
Chemistry
Environment
Geosciences
Immunology
Neurosciences
Multdisciplinary
Biology & Biochemistry
Clinical Medicine
Economics
Engineering
Education
Materials Sc
Mathematics
Psychology
Agricultural Sc
Computer Science
Law
Mol Biology & Genetics
Microbiology
PhysicsPlant & Animals
Pharmacology
Social Sciences
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Sweden. 1993 and 2003.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Agr
icultu
ral S
c
Spa
ce S
c
Biology
& B
ioch
emistry
Che
mistry
Clin
ical M
edicine
Com
pute
r Scien
ce
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n
Eng
inee
ring
Env
ironm
ent
Geo
scienc
es
Imm
unolog
y
Law
Mol B
iology
& G
enet
ics
Micro
biolog
y
Mat
erials S
c
Mat
hem
atics
Neu
rosc
ienc
es
Multd
isciplinar
y
Phy
sics
Plant
& A
nim
als
Pha
rmac
olog
y
Psy
cholog
y
Soc
ial S
cien
ces
1993 2003
Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005.
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Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 .
Space Sc
Pharmacology
Psychology
Microbiology
Social Sciences
Agricultural Sc
Chemistry
Biology & Biochemistry
Clinical Medicine
Economics Computer Science
Education
Engineering
EnvironmentGeosciences
Immunology
Plant & AnimalsPhysics
MultdisciplinaryNeurosciences
Mathematics
Materials Sc
Mol Biology & GeneticsLaw
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
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PATENTS Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
Wood & Publishing
Petroleum
Pharm
Fabricated met
Office mach
Instruments
Vehicles
Transport Equip.
Furniture
Basic - met
Electr. Equip
Food
Textiles
Chemicals
Plastics
Non-met
Machinery
Electrical mach.
-100 -50 0 50 1001993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Pet
role
um
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
ed m
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
ce m
ach
Ele
ctric
al m
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Tran
spor
t Equ
ip.
Furn
iture
1993 2003
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
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ECONOMIC SPECIALISATION Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
Mining
Wood & Publishing
Hotels
ChemicalsPharm
Air
Water & electr.Construction
Financ. interm
Fabricated met
Furniture & recTransport nec
Agriculture
FoodTextiles
Petroleum
PlasticsNon-met
Basic - met
MachineryOffice mach
Electrical mach.
Electr. Equip
Vehicles
Instruments
Ships
Transport Telecom
Real estate
IT servicesR&D
Other Business actCommunity
services.
Trade
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN 2005, own calculations.
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Pet
role
um
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
ed m
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
ce m
ach
Ele
ctric
al m
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
t nec
Furn
iture
& re
c
Wat
er &
ele
ctr.
Con
stru
ctio
n
Trad
e
Hot
els
Tran
spor
t
Tele
com
Fina
nc. i
nter
m
Rea
l est
ate
IT s
ervi
ces
R&
D
Oth
er B
usin
ess
act
Com
mun
ity
1993 2003
Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.
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Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.
Agriculture
PharmPlastics
Machinery
Transport nec
Hotels
Basic - metNon-met
Food
Office mach
Electr. Equip
Vehicles
Water & electr.
Telecom
R&D
Mining
TextilesWood & Publishing
Petroleum
Community services.Other Business act
IT servicesReal estate
Financ. interm
Transport
TradeConstruction
Furniture & rec
AirShips
Instruments
Electrical mach.
Fabricated met
Chemicals
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN, 2005, own calculations.
Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ngP
etro
leum
Che
mic
als
Pha
rmP
last
ics
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
ed m
etM
achi
nery
Offi
ce m
ach
Ele
ctric
al m
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ipIn
stru
men
ts
Veh
icle
sS
hips Air
Tran
spor
t nec
Furn
iture
& re
cW
ater
& e
lect
r.C
onst
ruct
ion
Trad
eH
otel
sTr
ansp
ort
Tele
com
Fina
nc. i
nter
m
Rea
l est
ate
IT s
ervi
ces
R&
DO
ther
Bus
ines
s ac
tC
omm
unity
ser
vice
s.
1993 2003
Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.
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Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Sweden. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.
PlasticsNon-met
Instruments
AirTransport nec
Agriculture
MiningFood
Textiles
Wood & Publishing
PetroleumChemicals
Pharm
Basic - metFabricated met
Office mach
Machinery
Electrical mach.Electr. Equip
Vehicles
Ships
Furniture
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Sweden. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Pet
role
um
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
ed m
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
ce m
ach
Ele
ctric
al m
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
t nec
Furn
iture
1993 2003
Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
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CORRELATION ANALYSIS Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisation indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Sweden. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Correlations
SE_BERD9395
SE_BERD0103
SE_PAT9395
SE_PAT0103
SE_VA9395
SE_VA0103
SE_EMP9395
SE_EMP0103
SE_EXP9395
SE_EXP0103
SE_BERD9395 Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .
SE_BERD0103 Pearson Correlation .614** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .
SE_PAT9395 Pearson Correlation .726** .586* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .017 .
SE_PAT0103 Pearson Correlation .688** .598* .895** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .014 .000 .
SE_VA9395 Pearson Correlation .493* .443* .614** .672** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .010 .024 .009 .003 .
SE_VA0103 Pearson Correlation .414* .421* .456 .529* .805** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .036 .032 .066 .029 .000 .
SE_EMP9395 Pearson Correlation .456* .592** .602* .714** .767** .707** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .019 .001 .011 .001 .000 .000 .
SE_EMP0103 Pearson Correlation .445* .553** .525* .638** .797** .744** .955** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .023 .003 .031 .006 .000 .000 .000 .
SE_EXP9395 Pearson Correlation .649** .586* .354 .330 .514* .345 .521* .584** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 .011 .163 .196 .014 .116 .013 .004 .
SE_EXP0103 Pearson Correlation .686** .534* .484* .403 .616** .518* .669** .749** .846** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .022 .049 .109 .002 .014 .001 .000 .000 .
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
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Figure 20. BERD versus Value Added specialisation in the primary and secondary industrial sectors. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.
PlasticsFood
Furniture & rec
Agriculture
Fabricated met
Electrical mach
Chemicals
Non-met
TextilesMining
Instruments
Machinery
Electr Equipment
Office mach
VehiclesBasic-met
Wood & Publishing
Pharm
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
Value added
BERD
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
Figure 21. BERD versus Value added in services. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.
R & DTrade
Financial interm
Community services
Other Business act
Water & electr.
Transport IT services
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
Value added
BERD
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
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Figure 22. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.
Non metallic min
Textiles
Food
Chemicals
Plastics
Fabricated metals
Electr machinery
Instruments
Machinery nec
Motor vehicles
Pharmaceuticals
Basic metals
Electr Equipment Wood & Publishing
Office machinery
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
BERD
Patents
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
Figure 23. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Sweden. Based on average values 2001- 2003.
Textiles
Food MiningAgriculture
Chemicals
Wood & Publishing
Electr equipmentBasic - met
Pharm
Motor Vehicles
Office machinery
Machinery
InstrumentsFabricated met
Electr machinery
Plastics
Non -met
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
BERD
Exports
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report
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Table 3: Specialisation Profile
Red numbers: Decrease specialisation from specialised to non specialised
Blue numbers: Increase specialisation from non specialised to specialised
Fast growing sectors >4.9%
Medium-Low growth sectors =<4.9%
Declining sectors <0
Areas of specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Specialisation BERD 50-52; 2423
60-63; 65-67; 73; 74 27; 30;32
01-05; 20-22; 34
Specialisation Patents
2423
32 27
20-22;
26;28;29;
33; 34
Specialisation Value Added
2423; 72 75-99
60-63; 70-71
352+359
20-22;28; 29
34 27;40-41 353;32;33
Specialisation Employment
2423;352+359;
72;
60-63;70-71;
75-99
27;29;32;33;
34;40-41; 64 36-37 20-22; 30; 353
Specialisation Exports
23;2423 29;33;34
10-14;20-22;
27;28;32
ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report
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EXPLANATORY NOTES ISIC v3 codes and sector description Agriculture 01-05 Mining 10-14 Food 15-16 Textiles 17-19 Wood & Publishing 20-22 Petroleum 23 Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals 24ex2423 Pharmaceuticals 2423 Plastics 25 Non-metal minerals 26 Basic metals 27 Fabricated metals 28 Machinery nec 29 Office machinery 30 Electrical mach. 31 Electronic equip. 32 Instruments 33 Motor vehicles 34 Ships 351 Air 353 Transport nec 352+359 Furniture & recycling 36-37 Water & electr. 40-41 Construction 45 Trade 50-52 Hotels 55 Transport 60-63 Telecoms 64 Financial intermediation 65-67 IT services 72 R & D 73 Other Business activities 74 Community services 75-99
ERAWATCH – R&D specialisation project / WP1 /Country Report
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How to read specialisation profile figures Plotting specialisation indexes against each other is a method for visualising differences in specialisation patterns. The most interesting analytical dimension in this report is comparing business enterprise intramural R&D expenditure specialisation patterns with specialisation patterns in value added, employment, exports and technological specialisation (patents). The result of the plots is four distinct specialisation quadrants showing:
1. Sectors with neither specialisation in BERD nor in the other analytical dimension (lower left quadrant)
2. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD and in the other analytical dimension (upper right quadrant)
3. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD but none in the other analytical dimension (lower right quadrant)
4. Sectors that display a specialisation in the other analytical dimension but not in BERD (upper left quadrant)
If there is a good match between BERD and, say, value added specialisation patterns we expect to find all sectors either in the lower left or in the upper right quadrant. Sectors in the upper left or in the lower right of the graphs indicate anomalies, that is, specialisation in one dimension and non-specialisation in the other. If there are many sectors in these quadrants the graph indicates lack of correlation between BERD and, say, economic specialisation.
BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example
Sectors with aspecialisation in BERD
but not in VA
Sectors with bothBERD and VAspecialisation
Sectors with aspecialisation in VA
but not in BERD
Sectors with nospecialisation in BERD
and VA
BERD
Valu
e Ad
ded 100
100
-100
-100
-50
-50 50
50
Strengthening the strengths?
Efforts concentrated in niches?Opportunities for catching up?
Vulnerable competitiveposition?
Neglected sectors?Further decline in the future?