country report: myanmar
DESCRIPTION
Rice trade and self-sufficiency in MyanmarTRANSCRIPT
Role of Agriculture in Myanmar
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
June 4, 2013
• In terms of geographical situation, Myanmar is located at strategic areabetween world’s biggest populated countries above one-third of world’spopulation over 7 billion reside: China with 1.3 billion; India with 1.2 billionand Bangladesh with 150 million.
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Strategic Location of Myanmar
Role of Agriculture in Myanmar
• Myanmar is rich in natural resources, land and water togetherwith favorable weather conditions for crop production.
• 70% of population, more than 32 million of people, resides inrural areas depending on their livelihood in agriculture,livestock and fishery.
• That is why, Myanmar agriculture sector is contributing 37.8%of GDP in 2010-11 and 28% of export value in 2011-12.
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• According to Millennium Development Goalsof the United Nations, we are to reducepoverty index from 26% to 16% by the year2015 and to do so we need to developagriculture sector relied upon by 70% of ourpeople. In the term of our government basingupon reality, this is most practical task to becarried out with current objective and shortterm objective.
• To boost income and to improve socio-economic status of majority of our people, weneed to develop commercial production inagriculture and livestock sectors using land andwater resources most effectively. In otherwords, we need to develop agro-basedindustries with great momentum.
Poverty Reduction and Millennium
Development Goals
4
Food Security and Prosperity
• The farmers and grass root levels are living from hand to mouth. It is surethat they have no time to spare interest themselves in politics and will notable to read newspapers, journals published and watch TV programsbroadcast daily inform and educate them.
• Therefore, this is the situation where the basis producers (the farmers) ofagricultural sector are not fully benefited from what they deserve and areforced into poverty (i.e. paddy for 'poverty' instead of 'prosperity'), dueto the lack of market access for Myanmar's agricultural produce to othercountries. In current situation, it can be easily observed that there aremany losses in agricultural value chain as a result of low level of post-harvest technology that translate into loss of quality and nutritional valuesas well as compliance to international market standards.
• In this case, I would like to stress the needs to solve the weaknesses incapital, technology and marketing experience in agriculture sector whichcan be fulfilled by the support of World Bank, ADB, international fundingorganizations, and beautiful minded donors.
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LOSSES BY LACK OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
• Total production of
paddy (Mil. MT) 30
• Total production of
Rice (Mil. MT) 18
• Total Rice loss (Mil. MT)1.8
(10% by lack of post-harvest
technology)
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Out-dated Milling Facilities
7
Under-utilization of Fertilizers
• Application of chemical and natural fertilizer is a basic need for increase ofcrop productivity. At present, utilization of chemical fertilizer in agriculturesector of Myanmar is still minimal, average use of 25 kg per acre.Comparison of fertilizer utilization among Myanmar and neighboring riceexporting countries are as follows:-
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Country Fertilizer Utilization (mil. MT)
(2010)
Myanmar 0.14
Vietnam 2.18
Thailand 1.87
• Only for rice cultivation, N.P.K fertilizer requirement is around 150 kg
per acre and there will be 3 million metric tons needed for total sown
area of paddy (rice) 20 million acres (8 million hectares).
• Therefore, establishment of chemical fertilizer plants for the increase
of crop productivity will have to be carried out by grants and loans
from world community.
Natural Disasters and Myanmar• While putting efforts on agriculture development, rural development and
poverty reduction, Myanmar has been facing primary challenges likenatural disasters which are the consequences and impacts of GlobalClimate Change.
2nd May 2008
• As a world record of severe
damage by natural disaster, on
2nd May of the year 2008, lower
part of Myanmar was hardly hit by
Cyclone Nargis and more than
138,000 people whose
livelihoods were relied on
agriculture and fishery lost their
lives and properties and (1.3)
million acre of paddy lands were
damaged by salty water.
Measures are being done up to
these days in order to rehabilitate
the livelihoods in these areas. 9
Earthquakes (2012)
• Recently in the morning of 10th November 2012, an earthquake of 6.8 Richter Scale hit Sagaing and Mandalay Regions of Upper Myanmar and damaged farm lands, residential areas and basic economic infrastructure and we are now putting efforts to rehabilitate these areas.
10th November 2012 10
• Shifting cultivation is one of the causes for depletion of forests and whichare primary source of conserving environment and weather conditions tobe followed by green house effect, global warming and natural disasters.Also natural aquifers are being exhausted.
• So, shifting cultivation should be replaced by terrace or high landcultivation system in order to conserve environment and solve socio-economic problems of people in the area in the manner of sustainableagricultural production by promoting agro-based Small MediumEnterprises (SMEs) like Tea Industry, Rubber Industry and silk industrywhich are suitable for climatic condition.
Man-made Environmental Deterioration
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Irrigation Networks to be renovated
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Present Needs
• In order to avoid these situations, it is earnestly requested tothe world community in order to enable us to fulfilling thebasic needs in development process, such as financial capital,technology and experiences.
• At present, FDI in agriculture sector is still negligible, only0.4% of total investment, which reflects the need toreconsider both the conditions of supply and demand sides.
• Apart from FDI incoming, assistance to the agriculture sectorin the forms of grants and loans in order to improvedeveloping the infrastructure would be a key to jump start theinitial quick-wins.
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Human Resource Development
• For the increased productivity in agriculture sector, role of extensionagents and specific experts in research and development activities andlinkage between them is crucial.
• Capacity of agricultural extension agents need to be equipped with thebetter provision of advanced agricultural methods, market information tofarmers for the production of quality and value-added products, whichcompels expansion and upgrade of present agricultural vocational andacademic institutions.
• At present, one agricultural university in Nay Pyi Taw and 10 StateAgricultural Institutes in regions and states, which are spawning outdiplomas, bachelors, and advanced Masters and Ph. D. in agriculturalsciences, are still lack of capacity to meet the demand.
• Therefore, establishment of a modern agricultural university in UpperMyanmar and upgrading the present State Agricultural Institutes need tobe carried out by international grants.
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• In this juncture, region-wise workshops were held to find out needs foragricultural development and finally National Workshop on AgriculturalDevelopment was convened with the active participation of allstakeholders on 2nd and 3rd November 2012.
• Consequently, 11 priority areas and 65 activities for agriculturaldevelopment were identified as an outcome of this workshop .
National Workshop on Agricultural Development
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Priority Areas for Agricultural Development identified at National Agricultural Development
Workshop
1. Quality seed production and distribution
2. Systematic and synchronized application of fertilizers
3. Value-added production in agriculture and increase of agro-based industries
4. Conventional farming to mechanized farming
5. Rain-fed conventional farming to irrigated farming
6. Research and development in agriculture
7. Domestic and foreign investment
8. Accuracy of agricultural statistics
9. Sustainable market
10. agricultural laws and regulations
11. information and media
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Prioritized Areas in Five Year Short Term Plan
• During the implementation of 5 Year Short Term Plan, from 2010-11 to 2015-16, following areas are prioritized to carry out:
Agro-based value-addition industries
Input industries
Transforming from conventional to mechanized farming
Environmental conservation and disaster prevention
Human Resource Development
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Present Rice Production Situation
and Future Potential in Myanmar
Ye Tint Tun
Director
Department of Agriculture
Myanmar Economy and Agriculture
•Agriculture is main economic sector in
Myanmar.
•The agricultural sector contributes 33.8
% of the nation’s GDP (2008-09
constant producers’ prices)
•The country’s export value in 2008-09
p.a was 37028 million Kyats of which
agriculture commodities shared 15.53%
Land Utilization in Myanmar
(2009-2010)Area
(mil. ha) %
Net sown area 11.98 17.71
Fallow land 0.24 0.35
Culturable waste land 5.61 8.29
Reserved forest 16.90 24.98
Other forests 16.25 24.02
Other 16.68 24.65
Total 67.66 100.00
Rice production in Myanmar
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.020
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
Pro
du
cti
on
(M
MT
)
Harv
este
d a
rea (
mil. h
a)
Years
Harvested area Produciton
Rice sufficiency and surplus
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
1987-88 1988-89 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-2010
Yie
ld (t/
ha)
Pro
du
cti
on
(m
il. to
ns)
Years
Production
Yield
Year Seed Loss ConsumptionUtilization
Total
surplus
Rice
(mil.
ton)
Sufficien
cy %
1987-88 0.48 0.72 11.48 12.68 0.46 108
1988-89 0.49 0.74 11.70 12.93 0.11 102
2006-07 0.84 1.26 16.60 18.70 5.86 165
2007-08 0.83 1.25 16.89 18.98 5.98 166
2008-09 0.83 1.25 17.15 19.23 6.39 169
2009-2010 0.83 1.25 17.37 19.45 6.34 168
Major Rice Producer in the World (2008)
Source: Selected indicators, FAO RAP Pub., 2010/12
CountryHarvested Area Yield Production
(Mil.ha) Rank (Mt/Ha) Rank (Mil.ton) Rank
China 29 2 6.56 1 193 1
India 44 1 3.37 6 148 2
Indonesia 12 3 4.89 3 60 3
Bangladesh 12 4 3.99 4 47 4
Viet Nam 7 7 5.22 2 39 5
Thailand 11 5 2.96 7 32 6
Myanmar 8 6 3.72 5 30 7
Egypt 9.84 Mt/Ha, Australia 8.38 Mt/Ha, USA 7.78 Mt/Ha
Per Capita Consumption of Milled Rice in Selected
Countries
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
WORLD+ ASIA+ Myanmar China India
Basic Concepts for Improving
Agricultural Productivity
1. Use of quality seeds
2. Application of modern production technologies
3. Proper utilization of agricultural inputs (irrigation
water, organic and inorganic fertilizers)
4. Reduction of losses (seeds, inputs and post-harvest
losses)
5. Secure market for generating increased income
Varieties Change
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
So
wn
are
a (
tho
usn
ad
ha)
HYVs
Hybrid varieties
Local varieties
• High yielding varieties– Yield level of 4 – 5 t/ ha
• Hybrid varieties– Yield level of 10-15t/ha
• Local varieties – Yield level of 2-3 t/ha
This is the right time to change varieties from local varieties to HYVs and Hybrid varieties.
Infrastructural development
• Technical development
• Crop management ( Seed, inputs, IPM, postharvest….)
• Water management
• Physical development
• Access farm road
• Harvesters
• Dryer
• Storage
• Milling
Seed Industry Development
• Improvement of seed distribution system
• Production of seed• HYVs – Breeder, Foundation, Register and Certified
• Hybrid – A, B, R lines and F1 seed production
• Seed Certification
SEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM[SEED FLOW]
IN MYANMAR
Seed class Responsible Organizations
Breeder Seed Department of Agricultural
Research (DAR)
Foundation Seed DAR + Myanma
Agriculture Service (MAS)
[Seed Division]
Registered Seed Myanma Agriculture
Service (MAS) [Seed
Division]
Certified Seed Myanma Agriculture
Service (MAS) [Extension
Division] + Contact farmers
Seed Flow
Breeder Seed
Foundation Seed
Registered Seed
Certified Seed
Department of
Agricultural Research
Myanma Agricultural
Service
Contact farmers Rice Specialized
Private Co.,
Farmers
Future Seed Industry Development
[Private- Public-Partnership]
Certified Seed production
Constraints Ways out
Farmers’ awareness on seed
utilization
Accessibility, precedent, Market, seed
producer
Training, media, market
guarantee, demonstration,
producer incentives
Storage facility Small warehouse for own use (round
bamboo basket for storing paddy)
Village seed bank
farmers groups
Input Limitation Fertilizers, pesticides, labour,
threshers, harvesters, Rouging cost
for purity,
Subsidy, loan or micro-
finance, education, knowledge
sharing
Infrastructure water management, farm road, land
reforming, dryers, processing
Land policy, formation of
farmers groups
Seed certification Field and lab inspection Produce trained inspectors
CONSTRAINTS ON SEED MULTIPLICATION
IN MYANMAR
Varietal development
Varietal development is the foundation of any seed supply
programme. Constraints to varietal development in Myanmar can
be summarized as follows.
(1) Shortage of varieties that are adaptable to different
agroecological conditions
(2) Varietal evaluation procedures commonly used in Myanmar limit
the release of superior varieties
(3) Limited resources for variety development research
(4) Fewer personnel trained in plant breeding
(5) Weakness to properly maintain varieties after they are released
Future Potential
Agro-ecosystem % of total sown area
• Favorable rice ecosystem 68%• Irrigated lowland 20
• Rain-fed lowland 48
• Unfavorable rice ecosystem 32%• Deepwater 5
• Submerge 9
• Salt-affected 3
• Upland 3
• Drought-prone 12
• Total rice sown areas 8.06 mha.
Rice Ecosystem and Area Distribution %
(2009-2010)
Drought Tolerant varieties
Research activities for Climate Change
Deepwater/Submerged varieties
Research activities for Climate Change
Saline tolerant varieties
Research activities for Climate Change
Upland rice varieties
Research activities for Climate Change
• Yield promotion of High Yielding Varieties• Varietal adaptation for different agro-ecological zonings
• Farmers, dealers and consumers participatory approach
• Farmers’ awareness of seed
• Effective utilization of improved crop management
Variety change
Variety change• Hybrid variety
43
Hybrid rice field in the Humum village, Lashio
townsip, Northern Shan state
44
F 1F 1
Hybrid rice field at Nay Pyi Taw
hybridhybrid
Hybrid rice field of leading private rice farms
Yield – 7.5 – 13.0 t/ha
Requirement for Variety change
• Emergence of Seed Production Companies• Sharing technical Know-how among stakeholders
• Strictly follow existing Seed law and Plant variety
protection procedures
e.g. C.P company for Maize seed production
East-west co./ Known-you-seed co. for vegetable
seed production
Enhance
Private-Public- Partnership
Developing infrastructure
as community basis
• Access farm road
• Farm level water management
• Land preparation (tractor,
seeder, etc.,)
• Harvesters
• Dryers
• Storage
• Market
Farmers’ group
More productivity
Good quality
Good prices
Enhance
Private-Public- Partnership
Conclusion
• Area expansion for rice fields may need high
investment and thus emphasis will be placed more on
increasing yield per unit area through using Hybrid and
High-Yielding varieties.
• It has greater potential for area expansion of Hybrid
rice varieties to assure food security and earn better
income than local and HYVs.
• Myanmar still has potential to boost rice production up
to double from existing yield level in terms of quantity.
• Quality improvement could further be enhanced
through Private Public Partnership in the near future.