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Refining Operating Cost 1Classified under the following headings Personal CostMaintenance CostInsurance Depreciation General and Administrative costChemical and additivesCatalystRoyaltiesPurchased utilities Purchased refinery Fuel

VI improverPotential of an oil application over a wide range of temperature

Technologies are defined as followPolymethacrylates (PMAs)Olefin copolymers (OCPs)Hydrogenerated poly (styrene-co-butadiene or isoprene) (HSD or SIP)Styrene polyester (SPE)Combination of PMA/OCP

6PolymethacrylatesUse in oil engine Copolymer of three Methacrylate acid esters, a short an intermediate and a long chain alkyl methacrylate.If low alkyl component is present methyl and butyl methacrylates have been used.Ratio of these monomers is chosen on the basis on alkyl side chain and its almost 9 carbon atom.Viscosity temperature properties of all copolymers will be the same 14 carbon atom alkyl group or more interact with wax so that polycrylates are designPolymethacrylatesThe process are simply batch or semi batch at a theoretical polymer content of 50-90% it depends on both the polymer molecular weight and the mixing capabilities of the system (100-140 C)Mineral oil is used as a solvent,Volatile solvents (Toluene) have been commercially usedCombination of PMA/OCPProduct is normally about 65-75% PMA and 25-35% OCP.Solvent like polymers exists as a continuous phase (PMA)while the other is discontinuous phase (OCP).Dibutyl phthalate is added to invert this phase problems.Manufacture :Monomers of methacrylate by free radical initiation in oil solution at 120-140 C.40-50% fully converted into the solids After completion the conversion of methacrylate OCP VI improver is added Final product is diluted with ester Used in gasoline and diesel engine oil.

Styrene polyesterDerived from esterficationThe ratio of styrene and maleic anhydride copolymer are almost the same Dispersancy is provied either an amide or amide derivatives.Manufacture Copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydrite is slurried in mineral oil and esterified about 70% with alcohol mixture using as acid catalyst.Esterification is further carried to 95% using n-butyl morpholine is finally added to react with the remaining acidity.

Function and properties