cosc 236 section 101 - tripod

COSC 236 Section 101Computer Science 1 -- Prof. Michael A. Soderstrand

COSC 236 Web Site

• I hope to have a course web site up on Blackboard soon

• However, I am using the following site all semester to allow you to download course material:

http://www.class-notes.us

From this site you can click on the COSC-236 tab to download the PowerPoint lectures, the Quiz solutions and the Laboratory assignments.

COSC 236 :Prof. M.A. Soderstrand Lecture 03 2/3/2014

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http://www.class-notes.us/

Review of Quiz 02


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Review of Quiz 02


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Review of Quiz 02


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Review of Quiz 02


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Review of Quiz 02


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PROBLEM: The tab character \n in output moves the cursor to the next tab stop on the output console. The default setting for tab stops on the DrJava console is 8 spaces.

Two tab characters are required after the Gold Ring

Review• What is the output of the following println statements?

System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");

a b c

System.out.println("\\\\");

\\

System.out.println("'");

'

System.out.println("\"\"\"");

"""

System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward spiral");

C:

in he downward spiral


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Review

• Write a println statement to produce the line of output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");


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Review

• What println statements will generate this output?

This program prints aquote from the Gettysburg Address.

"Four score and seven years ago,our 'fore fathers' brought forth onthis continent a new nation.“

System.out.println("This program prints a");System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address.");System.out.println();System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,");System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");


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Review

• What println statements will generate this output?A "quoted" String is'much' better if you learnthe rules of "escape sequences."

Also, "" represents an empty String.Don't forget: use \" instead of " !'' is not the same as “

System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");

System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");

System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");

System.out.println();

System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");

System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");

System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");


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Review

• Where to place comments:

• at the top of each file (a "comment header")

• at the start of every method (seen in today’s lecture)

• to explain complex pieces of code

• Comments are useful for:

• Understanding larger, more complex programs.

• Multiple programmers working together, who must understand each other's code.


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Review

• Example of a well-commented program:


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/* Suzy Student, CS 101, Fall 2019

This program prints lyrics about ... something. */

public class BaWitDaBa {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// first verse

System.out.println("Bawitdaba");

System.out.println("da bang a dang diggy diggy");


// second verse

System.out.println("diggy said the boogy");

System.out.println("said up jump the boogy");

}

}

Chapter 1.3 (pp. 24-28)

• Program Errors (p. 24)• Every programmer, no matter how experienced, spends a lot of their time

finding errors “bugs” in their own programs!

• Some errors are found by the computer software (compiler errors and run time errors), but many errors are hidden from the computer and you must find them!

• Three Types of Errors• Syntax Errors usually found by the compiler

• Logic Errors in which the program runs but does not do what it is supposed to do

• Logic Errors that are so bad that the program will not even run (runtime errors)


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Chapter 1.3 (pp. 24-28)

• Syntax Errors (p. 24)• The Java Compiler is easily confused by the simplest of grammar errors! (Look at

the FIRST compiler error – the following errors may actually be generated by the first error)

• A common, but difficult to find, error made by those new to Java is to have an incorrect file name (eg: Our program with class Hello MUST be stored in a file Hello.java).

• Common Syntax Errors (pp. 24-28)• Incorrect punctuation (careful with every brace, bracket, parenthesis, simi-colon,

etc.)• Spelling Error (Java is case sensitive)• Keyword Error (misspelling or using the wrong key word or using a key word by

mistake as a variable)


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Chapter 1.3 (pp. 24-28)

• Logic Errors (p. 28)• Logic errors are errors in the logic of the programming that causes

the program not to do what it is intended to do

• Logic errors can be avoided by writing carefully constructed code

• Logic errors usually do not show up in the compiler – but rather at run time – hence, they are also referred to as runtime errors

• Logic errors are also called “bugs” in the program


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Chapter 1.4 Procedural Decomposition (pp. 28-40)• Decomposition (pp. 28-31)

• One of the key contributions of CS-1 to your problem solving skills is the concept of decomposing complex problems into a series of simple ones

• This decomposition is the key to good problem solving

• Decomposition is also an important way to help avoid logic errors

• Decomposition is also allows you to check each small problem for possible security issues


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Chapter 1.4 Procedural Decomposition(pp. 28-40)• Procedural Decomposition is about problem solving (pp. 28-30)

• Procedural decomposition is taking a complex problem and breaking it down into an algorithm that consists of well-organized simple steps

• COSC-236 (CS-1) concentrates on procedural programming as opposed to object-oriented programming which is the subject of COSC-237 (CS-2)

• Procedural programming concentrates on the actions of solving a problem (Verb oriented)

• Object-oriented programming concentrates on decomposing the problem into a set of objects that must interact (Noun oriented)

• All computer languages support procedural programming and most modern languages support object-oriented programming – JAVA supports both.


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Chapter 1.4 Procedural Decomposition(pp. 28-40)

• Procedural vs Object-Oriented Problem Solving (pp. 28-30)• BOTH are based on breaking problems down into an algorithm that

consists of well-organized simple steps (procedural) or simple objects (object-oriented)

• CLASS is the key concept for object-oriented programming which is the subject of COSC-237 (CS-2) so we do little with classes in COSC-236 (CS-1)

• METHODS and programming structures (loops, selection, etc.) are the key concepts for procedural programming and hence will be our main topics in COSC-236 (CS-1)


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Procedural Algorithms (pp. 30-31)

• algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.

• Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"• Mix the dry ingredients.

• Cream the butter and sugar.

• Beat in the eggs.

• Stir in the dry ingredients.

• Set the oven temperature.

• Set the timer.

• Place the cookies into the oven.

• Allow the cookies to bake.

• Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.


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Problems with algorithms (pp. 30-31)

• lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.

• redundancy: Consider making a double batch...• Mix the dry ingredients.• Cream the butter and sugar.• Beat in the eggs.• Stir in the dry ingredients.• Set the oven temperature.• Set the timer.• Place the first batch of cookies into the oven.• Allow the cookies to bake.• Set the timer.• Place the second batch of cookies into the oven.• Allow the cookies to bake.• Mix ingredients for frosting.• Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies


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Structured algorithms (pp. 30-31)

• structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.1 Make the cookie batter.• Mix the dry ingredients.• Cream the butter and sugar.• Beat in the eggs.• Stir in the dry ingredients.

2 Bake the cookies.• Set the oven temperature.• Set the timer.• Place the cookies into the oven.• Allow the cookies to bake.

3 Add frosting and sprinkles.• Mix the ingredients for the frosting.• Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.


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Removing redundancy (pp. 30-31)

• A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks with less redundancy.

1 Make the cookie batter.• Mix the dry ingredients.• ...

2a Bake the cookies (first batch).• Set the oven temperature.• Set the timer.• ...

2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

3 Decorate the cookies.• ...


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A program with redundancy (pp. 30-31)public class BakeCookies {


System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");

System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");

System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");

System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");

System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");

System.out.println("Set the timer.");

System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");

System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");





System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");

System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");

}

}


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Static methods (pp. 31-34)

• static method: A named group of statements.• denotes the structure of a program

• eliminates redundancy by code reuse

• procedural decomposition:

• dividing a problem into methods

• Writing a static method is likeadding a new command to Java.

class

method A

statement

statement

statement

method B

statement

statement

method C

statement

statement

statement


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Using static methods (pp. 31-34)

1. Design the algorithm.• Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.

• Decide what are the important overall tasks.

2. Declare (write down) the methods.• Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.

3. Call (run) the methods.• The program's main method executes the other methods to perform the overall

task.


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Design of an algorithm (pp. 31-34)

// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.public class BakeCookies2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {// Step 1: Make the cake batter.System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");

// Step 2a: Bake cookies (first batch).System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");System.out.println("Set the timer.");System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");

// Step 2b: Bake cookies (second batch).System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");System.out.println("Set the timer.");System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");

// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");

}}


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Gives your method a name so it can be executed

• Syntax:

public static void name() {statement;statement;...statement;

}

• Example:public static void printWarning() {

System.out.println("This product causes cancer");

System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");

}

Declaring a method (pp. 31-34)


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Calling a method (pp. 31-34)

Executes the method's code

• Syntax:name();

• You can call the same method many times if you like.

• Example:printWarning();

• Output:

This product causes cancerin lab rats and humans.


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Program with static method (pp. 31-34)

public class FreshPrince {


rap(); // Calling (running) the rap methodSystem.out.println();

rap(); // Calling the rap method again

}

// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.

public static void rap() {System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how");

System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down");

}}

Output:Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down

Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down


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Final cookie program (pp. 31-34)// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.

public class BakeCookies3 {


makeBatter();

bake(); // 1st batch

bake(); // 2nd batch

decorate();

}

// Step 1: Make the cake batter.

public static void makeBatter() {

System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");

System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");

System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");

System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");

}

// Step 2: Bake a batch of cookies.

public static void bake() {





}

// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.

public static void decorate() {

System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");

System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");

}

}


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• When a method is called, the program's execution...• "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then• "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.

public class MethodsExample {


message1();

message2();

System.out.println("Done with main.");

}

...

}

public static void message1() {

System.out.println("This is message1.");

}



message1();

System.out.println("Done with message2.");

}



}

Control flow (pp. 34-36)


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Methods calling methods (pp. 36-39)

public class MethodsExample {public static void main(String[] args) {

message1();message2();System.out.println("Done with main.");

}

public static void message1() {System.out.println("This is message1.");

}

public static void message2() {System.out.println("This is message2.");message1();System.out.println("Done with message2.");

}}

• Output:This is message1.This is message2.This is message1.Done with message2.Done with main.


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When to use methods (pp. 36-39)

• Place statements into a static method if:• The statements are related structurally, and/or

• The statements are repeated.

• You should not create static methods for:• An individual println statement.

• Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.)

• Unrelated or weakly related statements.(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)


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Example Runtime Error (pp. 39-40)• A static procedure must not call itself

• This sets up an infinite loop resulting in a runtime error


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Example Runtime Error (pp. 39-40)• A more sophisticated infinite loop:

• This sets up an infinite loop resulting in a runtime error


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Drawing complex figures with static methods

Text Section 1.5 (pp. 40-46)

Static methods question (pp. 40-41)

• Write a program to print these figures using methods.______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+


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Development strategy (pp. 40-41)

______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+

First version (unstructured):

Create an empty program and main method.

Copy the expected output into it, surrounding each line with System.out.println syntax.

Run it to verify the output.


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Program version 140-41) (pp. public class Figures1 {


System.out.println(" ______");

System.out.println(" / \\");

System.out.println("/ \\");

System.out.println("\\ /");

System.out.println(" \\______/");




System.out.println("+--------+");





System.out.println("| STOP |");








}

}


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Development strategy 2 (pp. 41-42)

______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+

Second version (structured, with redundancy):

Identify the structure of the output.

Divide the main method into static methods based

on this structure.


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Output structure (pp. 41-42)______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+

The structure of the output:

initial "egg" figure

second "teacup" figure

third "stop sign" figure

fourth "hat" figure

This structure can be represented by methods:

egg

teaCup

stopSign

hat


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Program version 2 (pp. 41-42)public class Figures2 {


egg();

teaCup();

stopSign();

hat();

}

public static void egg() {







}

public static void teaCup() {





}


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public static void stopSign() {








}

public static void hat() {





}

}

Development strategy 3 (pp. 43-44)

______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+

Third version (structured, without redundancy):

Identify redundancy in the output, and create methods to eliminate as much as possible.

Add comments to the program.


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Output redundancy (pp. 43-44)The redundancy in the output:

egg top: reused on stop sign, hat

egg bottom: reused on teacup, stop sign

divider line: used on teacup, hat

stop: Used in middle of stop sign

This redundancy can be fixed by methods:

eggTop

eggBottom

line (Not a separate method – println)

stop (Not a separate method – println)

______

/ \

/ \

\ /

\______/

\ /

\______/

+--------+

______

/ \

/ \

| STOP |

\ /

\______/

______

/ \

/ \

+--------+


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Program version 3 (pp. 43-44) // Suzy Student, CSE 138, Spring 2094

// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.

public class Figures3 {


egg();

teaCup();

stopSign();

hat();

}


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// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.

public static void eggTop() {




}

// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.

public static void eggBottom() {



}

// Draws a complete egg figure.

public static void egg() {

eggTop();

eggBottom();


}

Program version 3, cont'd. (pp. 43-44)

// Draws a teacup figure.

Public static void teacup() {

eggBottom();

line();


}


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// Draws a stop sign figure.

public static void stopSign() {

eggTop();


eggBottom();


}

// Draws a figure sort of like a hat.

public static void hat() {

eggTop();

line();

}

// Draws a line of dashes.

public static void line() {


}

}

Assignments• Read Chapter 2.1 and 2.2 (pp. 63-89) before class on Wednesday

• Complete the Chapter 1 Laboratory assignment• Submit your work as a Microsoft Word Document containing a report on

each problem you solved in the laboratory.• At a minimum, the report should include:

• Your first and last name• The well-commented source code for each problem• A screen shot of the DrJava screen showing successful compilation and run• A complete output (you may need to copy and paste this into your Word document)

• Email your completed Word Document to Dr. Soderstrand at:• [email protected]

• Don’t forget to take the Quiz before you leave today.


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mailto:[email protected]

cosc 236 section 101 - tripod

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