corrected dissertation proposal
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Dissertation Proposal
Libyan American Relations, 1951-1969
Hasan Karayam
Middle Tennessee State University
Public History Program
Dissertation Committee:
Dr. Amy Sayward, ChairDr. Rebecca Conard
Dr. Brenden Martin
Dr. Moses Tesi
Fall-2013
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Abstract
My dissertation topic is Libyan-American relations from 1951 until1969, the period from
independence until the rise of the regime of Muammar Qaddafi. This dissertation will re-explore
and investigate in the past of Libyan-American relations, shedding new light on the topic through
public history by using newly created and currently archived oral histories as the key primary
sources. This topic has been ignored and neglected in the last four decades. Within Libya, the
Qaddafi regime prevented serious historical study through political restrictions, and many
primary sources for the period were lost, making interpretation of the era challenging and the
need to gather new primary sources urgent. By gathering, preserving, and using oral history, this
dissertation will re-explore this period through different kinds of people who werewitnessesandare still alive, including politicians, students, employees, activists, and workers to examine the
topic in more objectively than many studies that have been written in post-1969 period.
Additionally, this dissertation will theorize about the essential need for similar efforts in other
nations emerging from authoritarian rule.
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My dissertation research motivated me to explore Libyan-American relations, 1951-1969
(the period from independence to the regime of Muammar Qaddafi), which have been ignored in
both the written and oral history of Libya. This topic presents monarchical period that recent
Libyan and Nasserite historians has attackedbecause of that governments close relations with
West, including Britain and the United States. My dissertation research will focus on Libyan-
American relations during the monarchical period and how hypothesizes that the current,
nationalist argument that portrays the king as a puppet of the west is overdrawn and masks
important aspects of these relations specifically and the international relations of the period
generally. The oral history interviews that I conducted in Libya as part of my professional
residency already point in this interpretative direction.
I conducted ten interviews with people who lived as witnesses during the monarchical
period. I interviewed different types of people, including politicians, policy-makers, activists,
students, writers, and an historian. I conducted these interviews in order to both illuminate the
official history and to democratize the history of this period as another avenue for challenging
the written history by democratizing the past according to Paul Thompsons theory.
My dissertation will address questions about the past relations between Libya and the
United States military, politically, and economically. The following are the types of questions
that I hope to answer: What were the historical roots of Libyan-American relations in the context
of U.S. policy in the Middle East in general and toward Libya in particular? What was the
international environment that led the United States to be involved in Libya? What was U.S.
policy toward Libya after independence (1951-1957)? How did the United States secure military
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bases in Libya? What role did the Cold War play in Libyan-American relations? How did the
discovery of oil effect on U.S. interests in and policy toward Libya? How did political
developments in Egypt influence Libyan- American relations? In other word, how Libyan-
Egyptian relations effect Libyan-American relations, especially in terms of U.S. military bases in
Libya? By re-exploring and re-examining these questions, my dissertation will analyze and
critique national, regional, and international conditions that drove the relations between the two
sides and shed light on the U.S. attitude toward Libyan political developments in the context of
its international relations with the Middle East as a whole.
I have several motivations for choosing this topic; the first one is importance of the topic
in itself, which has not been studied in detail or with precision. Most of the studies of this period
focus on its disadvantages, especially those written since1969, when the regimesrelations with
the West led to a distortion of the history of the period of the monarchy. Studies from this time
ignored the international conditions that challenged Libya as a new and very weak state,
including those larger studies that dealt with Libyan-American relations as only a part or chapter,
for example politicized work,Haqeqat Adreas: Wa thaeq Wa Sowar[ the fact Idriss: documentsand pictures] by Management Guidance Revolutionary that attacks King Idriss harshly and
argues he was backer for British government in order to gain authority over Libya hiding in
religious proposes. It addresses Libya independence was a fake but brought under the cover of
foreign bases (they mean the United States and Britain).1
The only academic, book-length study that directly deals with Libyan-American relations
in the monarchical period is Kadem Kahlan ElkeseesAl Seeyasah Alamricia Tejah Libya, 1949-
1Management Guidance Revolutionary,Haqeqat Adreas: Wa thaeq Wa Sowar[the fact
Idriss: documents and pictures] (Tripoli, Libya: General Establishment for Publishing, 1983).
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1957[American policy toward Libya, 1949-1957].2He examines U.S. foreign policy toward
Libya in monarchical period but only until 1957, when the Libyan oil was discovered, and not all
of the monarchical period. He argues U.S. policy toward Libya was completely depended on its
interests in Libya to keep effects of communism away and not for freedom people or Libya
independence as they had marketed through the United Nations. He takes the previous studies (I
will explain some of them later) as a guide for his argument about Libyan relations with the
United States. Despite his argument, Elkesee explains most of issues in terms of U.S. policy
toward Libya, but his study is still incomplete; he did not study relations after the discovery of
oil and the political developments in the 1960s that played a crucial role in changing Libyan
foreign policy toward the United States as well as he dealt with the topic from one side.
Majid KhaddurisModern Libya: A Study in Political Developmentdealt with Libyan
foreign policy toward western and Arab countries. he addresses the foreign aid and treaties Libya
negotiated with other nations, including the United States. Khadduri argues that Libyan foreign
policy toward the West in general and the United States in particular was to maintain its
independence, friendship and shred interests, because the West helps the King and Libyans to
liberate Libya from Italian colonization and gain independence although the West did that for its
interests.3
Other published works on Libyan- American relations have been written by literary
writers or amateur historians and generally speak of these relations only as parts or chapters of
larger works. For example, the works of Sami Al Hakim, an Egyptian journalist and author, has
2Kadem Kahlan Elkesee,Al Seeyasah Alamricia Tejah Libya 1949-1957[American
policy toward Libya, 1949-1957] (Tripoli, Libya: Center for Libyan Archives and Historical
Studies, 2003)3Majid Khadduri,Modern Libya: A Study in Political Development(Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
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written about Libyan-American relations within a Nasserite, pan-Arabist framework. As a result,
in his books, he harshly criticizes the monarchy, which he describes as an agent and puppet of
the West. His argument about the monarchical period and its foreign policy was influenced by
his nationalism as a journalist and therefore his assessment of Libyan foreign policy was
exaggerated. This caricatured assessment, especially about Libyan foreign policy toward the
United States, has persisted in the post-1969 period.4Similarly, the work of Mohamed Abdel
Razigh Mana was also highly influenced by Nassirism and takes an anti-American approach to
the study of U.S.-Arab relations in general and in discussing U.S.-Libyan relations in particular.5
These are also some political studies that dealt with Libyan-American relations, but most
of them focus on the period after 1969 and discuss Libyan-American relations during the 1951-
1969 period simply as small parts of or introductions to their larger studies. For example, Sayyad
Ottmans workexamines Libyan-American relations from 1940 to 1992. With its primary focus
on Gaddafis foreign policy toward the west, the first chapter portrays U.S. motives in the
monarchical period as focused on oil access and military bases.6
The primary sources for this dissertation can be divided into two types. The first set
comes largely from National Archive of the United States, including published series such as the
Foreign Relations of the United States series, that present various historical materials, including
4Sami Al Hakim,Ha Dehi Libya[This is Libya] Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1965);
Sami Al Hakim,Istiqlal Libya [Independence of Libya], (Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1968);
Sami Al Hakim,Haqiqat Libya [Libyas truth], (Cairo, Egypt: Anglo Library, 1970); and Sami
Al Hakim,Muahadat Libya Maa Britaniya Wa Amrikah[Libyan Agreements with Britain andthe United States], (Cairo: Dar Elmarifa, 1964).
5Mohamed Abdel Razigh Mana,Dawafah Elthawrah Elibiah[motivations of the Libyan
revolution], (Beirut, Lebanon: Asian Agency Press, 1969).6Sayyad A. Ottman,El-Alakat El-Libiya El-Amricia 1940-1992[Libyan American
Relations 1940-1992], (Egypt, Cairo: Center of Arab Civilization Press, 1994).
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diplomatic correspondences from and to the United States, treaties, agreements, contracts,
reports, and memorandum a. To understand the role of the UnitedNations, especially in Libyas
independence, I will utilize the yearbook of the United Nations. There are also manuscripts and
printed materials in Arabic from the 1950s and 1960s plus the oral history interviews that I
conducted during my residency year as well as a memoirs of policymakers: Mustafa Bin Halim,
Prime Minister, 1953-1957; Mohamed Osman Said, Prime Minister, 1960-1963; and Wahbi
Ahmed Albouri, Foreign Minister of Libya, 1957-1958, 1965-1966, and Libyan ambassador in
the United Nations, 1963 and the first Libyan Petroleum Minister, 1959-1960. The series ofAlem
Almarifa[The world of knowledge] is an important source about Libyan-American relations. It is
a periodical issued in Arabic at the American military base; Wheelus Field. It covered the news
of the base and any issue related to Libyan-American relations in that time.
The second type of primary source is oral history, including the ten interviews that I
conducted during my residency year in the Archive of Oral History at the Libyan Center for
Archives and Historical Studies. This type of source will play an important role in the
dissertations argument. I will pursue oral history in the United States, to get the other side of
perspective on the topic, that will be conducted with people who participate in the relation in that
time, including ambassadors, employees in embassies and veterans in U.S military bases.
For the secondary sources, although Libyan American historiography is generally lacking
and was subject to political restrictions, there are some exceptions written by Libyan refugees
(opponents of Gaddafi regime) in Europe and the United States. For example, Mohamed Yousef
Al-MagariafsLibya Bain Al-Madi Wal-Hadir: Safhat Min Al-Tarikh Al Siyasi[Libya between
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past and present]7discusses political and economic developments in Libya during the
monarchical period in four volumes. The author was an eye-witness in some events in the 1960s
as a university student in Libya. Al-Magariaf examines Libyan-American relations in some
chapters in the fourth volume to detail the impact of Libyan foreign policy on the government.
He argues that the United States was beyond the revolution of 1969and had some suspiciousactivities to remove the King instead of Gaddafi. He investigates the motivations of the
revolution in 1969 that ended the authority of the legal state instead of authoritarian rule.
My dissertation will be depend on oral history as a primary source that will play an
important role in my investigating and re-exploring the history of Libyan-American relations. So,
my professional residency year project and potential oral history projects will be the core of
primary sources in the dissertation. On the other hand, oral history that I will use would teach
different interpretations about the topic because it was ignored or discriminated in the previous
history official history of monarchal Libya. The dissertation will be as field study through oral
history and compare them especially by removing political restriction that made oral history of
monarchal period had been silent for more than four decades.
7Mohamed Yousef Al-Magariaf,Libya Bain Al-Madi Wal-Hadir: Safhat Min Al-Tarikh
Al Siyasi [Libya between past and present], 4 vols. (Cairo, Egypt: Wahba Book Shop, 2006).
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Outline
Chapter One: Historiography of Libyan-American relations
Chapter Two: Historical roots of Libyan-American relations
Beginnings of the U.S. Presence in the Middle East
The Libyan-American War and Relations in the 19th
century
The Early 20th
Century and World War II
U.S. Policy toward the Middle East after the War
U.S. Policy toward Libya after the War
The American position toward the Italian Colonies: The Potsdam, Paris, and London
Conferences
The Libyan Question in the United Nations
Chapter Three: Libyan-American Relations, 1951-1957
The U.S. Attitude toward Political Developments in the New State
Bilateral Military Treaties:
- The Temporary Agreement of 1951
- The Wheelus Base Agreement of 1954
- The Military Agreement of 1957
U.S. Aid to Libya
U.S. Economic Aid under the Point Four Program in 1952
The Eisenhower Doctrine: Richards Mission
Libyan-American Committee Reconstruction, 1955
Chapter Four: An Evaluation of U.S. Interests after 1957
The Discovery of Oil and its Effects on Relations
U.S. Oil Concessions and Companies
Libyan-American Relation in the 1960s
Chapter Five: Changing of Libyan Foreign Policy toward the United States
Influence of Nassrism tide toward U.S existence in Libya
Abdel Nassers Speech in 1964 Calling for Expulsion of U.S. Bases in Libya
Negotiations of Evacuation
Chapter Six: Factors Influencing Libyan-American Relations
Diplomatic Relations with the Soviet Union in 1955
The Suez Crisis
The 1957 War
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The Setback of 1967
Anglo-American Competition
Chapter Seven: Oral History Theory and Practice
The History of Oral History in Libya
Oral History in a Country Emerging from Authoritarian Rule
The Essential Partnership between Archives and Oral History
The Challenges and Opportunities of Conducting Oral History after Regime Change
The Specific Challenges of Conducting Oral History in Post-Qaddafi Libya
Chapter Eight: Conclusion
Role of Oral History in Understanding Libyan-American Relations
Results of Research
Future Directions for Research
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