The I/O Model

TEAM AGROUP 1

FUAD LABARAN, ANGELA OBRINGER N’KAKOU

Input-Output Described

• The output of an industry will appear as the input of other industries

• This helps us to track the flow of money from one entity to the next

Input-Output Precisely DefinedIO models describe both the transactions between the region and the rest of the world among activities within the region.

These models produce a multiplier index that measures the total effect or impact of an increase in demand on employment or income.

They can be used for predicting and forecasting the impacts of potential future performance of a regional economy & changes in inter-industry

transactions.

Practical Uses

Descriptive – can reveal knowledge about an area’s economy that would be impossible to get otherwise.

Forecasting – estimate total impact of certain events or policy changes.

Assessment – evaluate and assess specific goals, scenarios, etc.

IO is used to identify the best approach!

How to use IO

Conclusion

IO helps to evaluate, predict & assess goals and policies in an inter-connected system of sectors /

industries in an economy

Thank You!

External Environment Analysis

TEAM A - GROUP 3ALEX FRANCISQUINI , SUDEEP ADHIKARY,

TATIANA LEVYKINA, JAMES BARLOW, DINAR PAYO

External Environmental Analysis

SWOTStrengths Weaknesses Internal perspectiveOpportunities

Threats External perspective

DEFINITION: Process of scanning and evaluating an organization’s external environmental sectors in order to determine positive and negative trends that could impact organizational performance.

• How managers determine the opportunities and threats facing their organizations.

• Assess current situation and external environment.• Formulate new strategies or change current ones in

response to opportunities or threats.

Opportunities: refer to favourable conditions in the environment that could produce rewards for an organization.

Threats: factors in an external environment that poses danger to an organization’s well-being(prevent firms from reaching their objectives).

Examining opportunities: Discover untapped markets. Discover new products or technologies. Identify potential avenues for diversification.

Examining threats: Identify unfavourable market shifts or changes in technology. Create a defensive posture aimed at preserving your competitive

position.

Opportunities & Threats

Organizations interact and respond to their environment.

Take inputs and process to outputs.Outputs are distributed, (external environment).Changes may affect a whole organization. Due to interaction with the environment, can be divided

into two different perspectives:- Environment as a source of information.- Environment as a source of resources.

Organizations as open systems

Environment as information is based on the idea of environmental uncertainty, (amount of change and complexity in organization’s environment).

Environment as a source of resources based on idea that the more hostile environment becomes the more difficult is to obtain and control resources.

External analysis of an organization can be classified as:

Specific - customers, competitors, suppliers and other competitive variables, (analysed using Porter’s five forces).

General - economic, demographic, sociocultural, political-legal and technological.

Environmental uncertainty

Businesses operate in an external environment in which as well as competition from rivals, businesses have to take account of legal, political, social and economic influences.

A SLEPT (Social, Legal, Economic, Political, Technological) analysis is often carried out by business planners which enables them to develop more informed strategies (i.e. long term plans).

Environmental uncertainty

Social factorsRelate to change is society and social structures. Changes in the structure of the population, and in consumer lifestyles and behaviour affect buying patterns.

Legal factorsRelate to changes in laws and regulations. Businesses must be careful to keep within the law and to anticipate ways in which changes in laws will affect the way they must behave.

Economic factorsRelate to changes in the wider economy. A growing economy provides greater opportunities for businesses to make profits, so businesses welcome rising living standards.

Political factorsRelate to ways in which changes in government and government policy can influence business.

Technological factorsProvide opportunities for businesses to adopt new breakthroughs, innovations, and inventions to cut costs and develop new products.

Environmental uncertainty

Benefits and Challenges of Doing External Analysis

Benefits Challenges• Makes managers

proactive

• Provides information used for planning, decision making, formulating strategies

• Helps organizations get needed resources and cope with uncertain environments

• Helps to improve organization’s performance

• Rapidly changing environments can be hard to keep up

• Time consuming

• Forecast’s and analyses aren’t perfect

Look at specific data: statistics, trends, forecasts etc.

Assess if changes are good / bad for your company.Focus groups.External information system provided for

managers.Competitor intelligence.Study each external sector carefully.

Doing an external analysis

An Organization’s External Environment

Source: Strategic management in action, (Coulter M. 2010)

References

Strategic management in action, (Coulter M. 2010)

Michael Porter

TEAM AGROUP 1

FUAD LABARAN, ANGELA OBRINGER N’KAKOU

Background

Professor Michael Porter was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1947.

Princeton- played intercollegiate golf and was New England champion.

Named to the 1968 NCAA Golf All-American Team. Education

- B.S.E. with high honors in aerospace and mechanical engineering in 1969.

- M.B.A. with high distinction in 1971 from the Harvard Business School, where he was a George F. Baker Scholar.

- Ph.D. in Business Economics from Harvard University in 1973.He plays golf at his leisure time.

Leading authority on - Competitive strategy, the competitiveness and economic development

of nations, states, and regions,- Application of competitive principles to social problems such as health

care, the environment, and corporate responsibility.He is the Bishop William Lawrence University Professor,

based at Harvard Business School. In 2001, HBS and Harvard University jointly created the

institute for strategy and competitiveness dedicated to furthering Professor Porter’s work.

Author of 18 books and over 125 articles.

Teachings

Ideas are the foundation for courses on strategy and competitiveness

At HBS,  Microeconomics of Competitiveness is a graduate course.

Taught in partnership with more than 80 other universities - HBS program for newly appointed CEOs of the world’s largest and

more complex corporations.

Twice a year Professor Porter speaks widely on strategy, competitiveness, health care delivery, related subjects to business, government, non-profit, and philanthropic leaders.

Research

Professor Porter’s core field is competitive strategy, which remains a major focus of his research.

His book, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, is in its 63rd printing and has been translated into 19 languages.

His second major strategy book, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, was published in 1985 and is in its 38th printing.

His book On Competition (2008) contains his most influential articles on strategy and competition

Health care delivery

Devoted attention to competition in the health care system.- With a focus on improving health care delivery. - His work with Professor Elizabeth Teisberg, including the

book Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), is influencing thinking and practice not only in the United States but numerous other countries.

Advisory roles

Served as a strategy advisor to top management in numerous leading U.S. and international companies.- Amongst them are Caterpillar, DuPont, Procter & Gamble, Royal

Dutch Shell, Scotts Miracle-Gro, SYSCO, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company etc.

Honours

Professor Porter has been widely recognized for his work.

Some of these honors (in chronological order) include - Harvard's David A. Wells Prize in Economics (1973) for his research in

industrial organization.- He received the Graham and Dodd Award of the Financial Analysts

Federation in 1980. - His book Competitive Advantage won the George R. Terry Book Award

of the Academy of Management in 1985 as the outstanding contribution to management thought.

References

http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=bio&facEmId=mporter&loc=extn

Five Forces model

Team A Group 5

Melisa Celebi , Pavel Kobychev, Hanna Merisalo , Mikko Vesikukka

Overview

Article in Harvard Business Review “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy”(1979)

Book “Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors” (1980)

Response to SWOT analysis which is “unrigorous and ad-hoc” External microeconomic environment analysis.

supply and demand complementary products and substitutes the relationship between volume of production and cost of

production market structures like monopoly, oligopoly or perfect competition.

Measures intensity of competition and attractiveness Objective is to reduce the power of competitive forces to

increase profitability

ROIC and industry attractiveness

Application

Can be quantified and used as mathematic model

Can help to compare attractiveness of industries

Can be used to analyse future attractiveness of the industry when combined with a PESTLE

Can be applied to particular companies (lines of business), market segments, industries or regions

Critics and development

Bargaining power of Buyers:

Buyers are concentrated on geographic area

Buyers buy significant quantities (Sellers account)

Buyers have full understanding of the industry patterns

Porter on e-commerce

Reference

http://rapidbi.com/created/porterfiveforces/ http://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-t

hat-shape-strategy

http://www.cbe.csueastbay.edu/~alima/courses/3551/murdercleaners/fiveforcesporter.htm

Porter, M. “Strategy and the Internet”, Harvard Business Review, 2001 http://hvass.nu/s2/artikler/teori/Misc/porter.pdf