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2013/SOM1/SCE-COW/DIA/011

Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF)

Submitted by: ADB

Dialogue on Mainstreaming Ocean-Related Issues in APEC

Jakarta, Indonesia4 February 2013

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Presentation to the APEC SOM Committee on Ecotech

4 February, Jakarta, Indonesia

Annabelle C. TrinidadTeam Leader and

Environmental Economist and PES Specialist (EEPES)

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LAYER 1 : ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY

LAYER 2 : ECONOMIC CONNECTIVITY

LAYER 3 : INSTITUTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

Coral Reef Ecosystems: ␣Coral reef ecosystem integrityand services stabilized / m

aintained␣

Food Security: ␣Improvement in the affordability, availability and quality and safety of food coming from coastal and marine

Fisheries: ␣Fish stocks improved and sustained ␣

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Tuna

Ingles, J. and L. Pet-Soede. Solving the juvenile tuna dilemma. http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/opinion_piece___solving_the_juvenile_tuna_dilemma.pdf

Inferred migration routes of tunaArrow colors:

Skipjack tuna

Yellowfin tuna

Bluefin tuna

Mixed tuna

Mackerels

Shaded areas (fish stocks believed to be shared by two countries):

P = pelagic stocks

D = demersal stocks

M = mackerels

RS = round scads

S = sardines

Morgan and Valencia, 1983

M, RS, S

M

D

MS

MRS

M

D P

P

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Green turtlesMovement across the

Coral Triangle

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Coral reef connectivity in the CT

Treml, Eric A., and Patrick N. Halpin. "Marine population connectivity identifies ecological neighbors for conservation planning in the Coral Triangle." Conservation Letters (2012).

Kool, Johnathan T., et al. "Connectivity and the development of population genetic structure in Indo‐West Pacific coral reef communities." Global Ecology and Biogeography 20.5 (2011): 695-706.

Connectivity

Density plots of simulated larvae (Kool et al., 2011)

Maps based on releases from:

A: Spratly IslandsB: Sulu ArchipelagoC: Makassar StraitD: Banda Sea

A B

C D

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Source : Treml and Halpin 2012; Green and Mous 2008

Trade Connectivities

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Percentagecontributionoffish exports and imports per CT country with other CT countriesbyvalue(exceptforPNGwhichusedquantityinmetrictons).Valuesgreaterthan10%arehighlightedbyboldfontandgreyshading.Partner Countries

(Destination or Source)

EXPORTER IMPORTER

INO MAL PHI SOL PNG1 INO MAL PHI SOL

Indonesia 4.2% 0.3% 0.1% 1.8% 18.1% 3.4% Malaysia 2.7% 0.2% 8.0% <0.1% 0.4% 0.2%Philippines 0.2% 0.3% 25.9% 0.3% 0.1% Solomon Is. <0.1% 0.1% PNG <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% 13.3% <0.1%Timor-Leste <0.1% % CT6 contribution 3.0% 4.4% 0.4% <0.1% 26.1% 10.1% 18.2% 17.0% 0.2%

1 Export data for processed and frozen tuna and other species based on quantity (metric tons). Data source: Usu 2011.

FISH TRADE : CT TO CT

Fish Trade: CT ↔ WorldPercentage contribution of fish exports and imports per CT country with other countries by value (except for PNG which used quantity in metric tons). Partner Countries

EXPORTER IMPORTER INO MAL PHI SOL PNG1 INO MAL PHI SOL

Coral Triangle 3.0% 4.4% 0.4% <0.1% 26.1% 10.1% 18.2% 17.0% 0.2% Outside CT

China 3.7% 6.1% 3.1% 38.4% 32.5% 21.5% 1.9% Japan 28.3% 12.6% 23.6% 7.9% 8.9% 2.8% 9.8% 11.6% Other SEA 2.9% 6.4% 0.6% <0.1% 0.6% 9.2% 9.0% 10.5% PICT <0.1% 0.1% 0.9% 0.1% 5.5% 0.5% 1.5% Singapore 3.9% 15.2% 2.5% 2.0% 1.2% 0.8% 2.1% <0.1% Thailand 4.4% 3.3% 1.9% 62.5% 3.9% 12.9% 14.3% 0.4% 27.3% Australia 0.8% 4.4% 0.2% 0.1% 7.7% 0.6% 1.2% 0.2% 37.3% China, Hong Kong

SAR 5.1% 9.2% 15.8% 1.3% 0.6% 0.1% 1.0%

New Zealand <0.1% 0.2% <0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.8% 0.7% 20.7% Other Asia, nes2 2.2% 3.1% 5.0% 3.3% 3.8% 1.6% 16.4% USA 30.5% 23.1% 20.1% 0.2% 7.7% 1.9% 1.0% 4.5% EU 8.4% 2.9% 15.1% 35.7% 33.7% 0.3% 1.5% 0.4% World (others) 6.8% 9.2% 10.8% 1.5% 11.8% 15.6% 14.9% <0.1%

Indonesia , Malaysia, Philippines major export market is the US

For Pacific Islands (PNG and Solomon Islands), the major export market is EU

Indonesia , Malaysia, Philippines imports heavily from China

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Selectedelementsof MarketStructureandConduct

Advantages of Coral TriangleCountriesacting“collectively”

Concentration Increases market strength withpossibleagreementonpricing;Productdifferentiation Six countries in total boasts of 2500speciesoffishalone;duetoenormousbiodiversity,verticalandhorizontaldifferentiationhighlypossibleBarrierstoentry Agree on common pricing strategy;agreeoncommonpolicytolimitentryintooverfishedareaswithinnationalboundariestocontrolfishsupplyPricing Agree on range of pricing; agree onnichepricingespeciallyforcertifiedcommoditiesAdvertising Marketing “CTI” as a brand

INSTITUTIONAL CONNECTIVITIES in the CTI

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Fisheries Agreements

19 existing prior to the CTI

Agreements with at least 5 out of 6 CT countries as signatories:

INFOFISHGOFARRPOA for Responsible Fisheries

ASEAN:3 CT as membersPNG and Timor Leste as observersPotential venue to take CTI forward

Institutional Arrangements Description

Reg

iona

l Fis

herie

s B

odie

s Reg

iona

l FM

Os IOTC: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

WCPFC: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

Fish

erie

s A

dvis

ory

B

odie

s APFIC: Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission FFA: Forum Fisheries Agency SEAFDEC: Southeast Asian Fisheries

Development Center

Reg

iona

l Arr

ange

men

ts/C

oope

ratio

n/N

etw

orks

/Pro

ject

s

Scie

ntifi

c B

odie

s INFOFISH: Inter-governmental Organization for Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Asia-Pacific Region

NACA: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific

SPC: Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Econ

omic

C

oope

ratio

n APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

PIF: Pacific Islands Forum

Fish

erie

s/

Envi

ronm

enta

l Arr

ange

men

ts

BOBLME: Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem

COBSEA: Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia

CTI: Coral Triangle Initiative PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental

Management for the Seas of East Asia PSAP: Strategic Action Program of the Pacific

Small Island Developing States RPOA: Regional Action Plan of Actions for

Responsible Fishing SCS: South China Sea SPREP: Secretariat of the Pacific Regional

Environment Programme

Scie

ntifi

c N

etw

orks

GOFAR: The Asia-Pacific Group of Fisheries and Aquatic Research

Clusters based on number of fisheries agreements entered

Similar to ecological connectivity patterns although the Indonesia-Timor Leste cluster is still weak.

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MAL PNG

SOL

TIMINO

PHI

Key Messages1. Demographic connectivity of coral reefs is largely limited to self-

recruitment Implication: For coral reefs, locally focused conservation efforts within each Coral Triangle country is urgently needed.

2. Centrality in terms of larval connectivity also exists with Indonesia coming out as an important node connected to most Coral Triangle countries in terms of larval supply.

Implication: For the Coral Triangle, improvements in coral reefs in Indonesia could have significant downstream effects on other Coral Triangle countries. Indonesia must set the good example for the rest of the Coral Triangle on coral reef conservation and management.

3. Indonesia receives larvae from the Philippines and Papua.Implication: Within the Coral Triangle, Indonesia and the Philippines need to work closely together to ensure that coral reefs in their countries are conserved or enhanced in state.

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Messages4. The Coral Triangle countries are ecologically

connected to other countries in the Indo-West Pacific and Australia.

Implication: The CT is not isolated and management must eventually engage other countries beyond the CT.

Messages5. The coastal habitats of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia

are important feeding grounds for juvenile tuna while adult and larger tuna species are caught in the Pacific Islands (PNG and Solomons).

Implication: Tuna spawning grounds in the Southeast Asia portion of the CT need to be protected and catching of juvenile tuna regulated. This, however, require support mechanisms that involve the entire Coral Triangle countries including foreign fleets catching adult tuna in the Pacific who are the primary beneficiaries of improved protection of juvenile tuna in the Southeast Asia.

6. Three connectivity clusters can be observed in the CT: (1) Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia, (2) Solomon Islands and PNG, and (3) Indonesia and Timor Leste.

Implication: Implementing regional fisheries management actions in the Coral Triangle can be done using these ecologically-relevant clusters.

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Summary :Ecological Connectivity > Economic

Connectivity > Institutional Connectivity

REGIONAL COOPERATION ON KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT TO THE CORAL TRIANGLE INITIATIVE (TA 7307-REG)

ThankYouTerimah KasihObrigada barak

Maraming SalamatTenk u tru