copyright management for the luisa semantic learning content management system
DESCRIPTION
Semantic Web technology is able to provide the required computational semantics for interoperability of learning resources across different Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Learning Object Repositories (LOR). The EU research project LUISA (Learning Content Management System Using Innovative Semantic Web Services Architecture) addresses the development of a reference semantic architecture for the major challenges in the search, interchange and delivery of learning objects in a service-oriented context. One of the key issues, highlighted in this paper, is Digital Rights Management (DRM) interoperability. A Semantic Web approach to copyright management has been followed, which places a Copyright Ontology as the key component for interoperability among existing DRM systems and other licensing schemes like Creative Commons. Moreover, Semantic Web tools like reasoners, rule engines and semantic queries facilitate the implementation of an interoperable copyright management component in the LUISA architecture.TRANSCRIPT
Copyright Management for the LUISA Semantic Learning Content Management System
Roberto García
Universitat de Lleida, Spain
Tomas Pariente
ATOS Origin SAE, Spain
www.luisa-project.eu
LUISA is an European Comission FP6 funded Specific Targeted Research Project
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Table of Contents
• Introduction• Motivation• Related Work• Proposal• Copyright Model• License Modelling• Conclusions & Future Work
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Introduction
• “Web-spread” of e-Learning solutions requires Interoperability
• Enabler: richer semantics than current metadata specifications for learning resources
• LUISA (EU-IST-FP6): reference semantic and service-oriented architecture for e-Learning
• Search, interchange and delivery of learning objects• Face interoperability at different levels using
Semantic Web technologies
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Motivation
• At the content copyright level:eLearning DRM interoperability
• Main problem: lack of structured and formal ways to express the licensing terms of learning objects
• Sakai: predefined and simple copyright status sentences
• “Material is in public domain” or “I hold copyright”
• “Use copyright below” + text box
• LOM: set of attributes for stating learning object rights: • “Cost”, “Copyright and Other Restrictions” and
“Description”
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Related Work
• Creative Commons:• Focus on open licensing schemes
• e.g. Open Courseware
• Extension for custom licensing schemes (CCPlus), but not based on formalised license building blocks
• DRM Standards: • ISO/IEC MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language (REL)• Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL)
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Related Work
• DRM Standards issues [1]:• Don’t scale well to open environments like the Web
• More appropriate for closed domains
• Cause interoperability issues• One of the main DRM end-users complains
• Rights language limited expressivity • Difficult to accommodate copyright law
• Standardisation based on formal language grammar, no formal semantics
[1] Electronic Frontier Foundation Report by Doctorow, 2005
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Proposal
• Use the Copyright Ontology [1] in order to model e-Learning copyright licenses
• More expressive than XML approaches• Facilitates interoperability, works at the semantic level• Based on a copyright law model, WIPO worldwide
recommendations [2]• Also based on Semantic Web technologies
• Copyright Ontology:provides the building blocks and restrictions to flexibly model LOs licensing terms
[1] Copyright Ontology, http://rhizomik.net/ontologies/copyrightonto[2] World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wipo.int
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Copyright Model
Copyright
EconomicRights
RelatedRights
MoralRights
DistributionRight
ReproductionRight
PublicPerformanceRight
FixationRight
CommunicationRight
AttributionRight
TransformationRight
IntegrityRight
DisclosureRight
WithdrawalRight
PermorfersRights
ProducersRights
BroadcastersRights
RentalRight
ImportationRight
SoundRecordRight
MotionPictureRight
BroadcastingRight
MakingAvailableRight
AdaptationRight
TranslationRight
Rights Model
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Copyright Model
Fixation
Instance
Manifestation
Work
Performance
Objects Processes
Communication
AbstractionsVictor Hugo’s
Les Misérables
Creation Model
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Copyright Model
Fixation
Instance
Manifestation
Work
Performance
Manifest
Perform
Improvise
Record
Copy
Copy
Objects Processes
CommunicationCommunicate
Abstractions
Derive
Distribute Retransmit
Action Model
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Copyright Model
• Actions governed by rights, economic rights: • Reproduction Right: Copy• Distribution Right: Distribute
• More specifically: Sell, Rent and Lend
• Public Performance Right: Perform• Fixation Right: Record• Communication Right: Broadcast and Make Available.• Transformation Right: Derive
• Specialisations: Adapt and Translate
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License Modelling
• Primitive actions – case roles action participants
initiator resource goal essence
Actionagent, effector
instrument result, recipient
patient, theme
Processagent, origin
matter result, recipient
patient, theme
Transferagent, origin
instrument, medium
experiencer, recipient
theme
Spatial origin path destination location
Temporal start duration completion pointInTime
Ambient reason manneraim, consequence
condition
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License Modelling
• Combine these building blocks to model licenses• Both commercial and open access terms
• Main component: Action Pattern • Defined combining restrictions using logical operators
Copy
pointInTime [2008/01/01-2008/06/30]
agent = Subscribers
them
e =
lear
ning
Obj
ect
Non-Commercial
copy doi:10.1032/… actions
pointInTime ≥2008/07/01
licensed actions
Pattern ≡ Copy ⊓∀pointInTime.≥ 2008-01-01,
≤ 2008-06-30 ⊓∃agent.Subscribers ⊓∃theme.{learningObject}
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License Modelling
• Additional actions and case roles: • Agree (Disagree): state what is permitted (prohibited)
• condition: links to another pattern that must satisfied• aim: links condition pattern to conditioned one
• consequence: links pattern to obliged one
:agreement a co:Agree;co:agent :owner; co:theme :Pattern.
Condition ≡ Transfer ⊓∃recipient.{owner} ⊓∃theme.{3EurosAmount} agent.Subscribers ∃ ⊓∃aim.Pattern (≤ 1 aim)⊓
:Patternco:condition :Condition.
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License Modelling
• Description Logic reasoners • implement pattern matching
• If instance action classified in OWL Class for pattern
• Use SPARQL queries to check action permitted by agreed pattern and condition fulfilment:
ASK {?agreement rdf:type co:Agree; co:theme ?pattern.:copy rdf:type ?pattern; co:agent ?consumer; co:condition ?conditionPattern.?condition rdf:type ?conditionPattern; co:agent ?consumer; co:aim :copy.}
Co
py
pointInTime [2008/01/01-2008/06/30]
agent = Subscribers
them
e =
lear
ning
Obj
ect
Non-Commercial
copy doi:10.1032/… actions
pointInTime ≥2008/07/01
licensed actions
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Conclusions & Future Work
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Conclusions & Future Work
• Semantic DRM module for LUISA based on the Copyright Ontology
• Facilitate interoperability• Flexible enough to accommodate different licensing
schemes
• Future work: • Model LUISA partners licenses• Test the whole range of LUISA scenarios• Check scalability