copyright © 2009 pearson education, inc. publishing as longman. national security policymaking...

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman.

NationalSecurity

Policymaking

Chapter 20

Edwards, Wattenberg, and LineberryGovernment in America: People, Politics, and

PolicyFourteenth Edition


ANCIENT GREEK / ROMANS& DE TOCQUEVILLE THOUGHT

DEMOCRACIES WOULD FAILAT FOREIGN POLICY


WHO CONTROLS

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY?

THE CONSTITUTIONPRESIDENT & CONGRESS

SHARE FOREIGN POLICY POWERS

THE REALITY…THE PRESIDENT DOMINATES


THE PRESIDENTCOMMANDER – IN CHIEF

CONGRESSPOWER TO DECLARE WAR


KOREA – A U.N. POLICE ACTION


VIETNAM

NOT A WAR- A “Conflict”?


PERSIAN GULF I (IRAQ) -NOT A WARAFGHANISTAN – NOT A WARIRAQ – NOT A WAR


Instruments of Foreign Policy

Three types of tools: (UNILATERAL)1=Military: oldest and still used

2=Economic: becoming more powerful

3=Diplomatic: the quietest of the tools


World Stage (MULTILATERAL)– Other Nations– International Organizations

• United Nations (UN):

– Regional Organizations• NATO and EU

– Multinational Corporations• Standard Oil, Google, GM

– Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)• Greenpeace or Amnesty International

– Individuals

Actors on Foreign Policy


The Policymakers– The President

– The Diplomats• Secretary of State

– The National Security Establishment• Secretary of Defense• Joint Chiefs of Staff• NSC• CIA

– Congress

– Public Opinion ?

The Policymakers of Foreign Policy


The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy

Conduct oversight investigations.

Ratify treaties.

Approve appointments.

Make appropriations.

Use powers under War Powers Act.


THE WAR POWERS ACT

TROOPS ON FOREIGN SOIL

48 hrs POTUS MUST TELL

CONGRESS

PRES MUST GET CONGRESSIONAL OK

OR WITHDRAW IN 60 DAYS

CONSTITIUTIONAL? (NEVER TESTED)


Theories of Foreign Policy

Isolationism, or avoiding foreign entanglement.

Unilateralism, or acting without consulting

others.

Moralism, or placing an emphasis on morality.

Pragmatism, or taking advantage of situations

for gain.


Isolationism– George Washington

• Farewell address

Manifest Destiney– USA control from sea to sea

American Foreign Policy: History


A personification of the United States, leads civilization westward with American settlers, stringing

telegraph wire as she sweeps west; she holds a school book. The different stages of economic activity of

the pioneers are highlighted


Imperialism / Expansionism– Caribbean– Central America– Pacific

World War I (1914-1918)– Ended the policy of isolationism (?)



The Cold War– Containment Abroad

– Anti-Communism at Home (McCarthyism)

– The Swelling of the Pentagon•Arms race

– The Korean War

– The Vietnam War



Figure 19.1- Cold War Alliances

Back



The Era of Détente (1970s)

– Détente: relax tensions between superpowers

– Strategic Arms Limitations Talks



The Reagan Rearmament (1980s)– Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star

Wars”)



The ‘New World Order’– Post Cold War

War on Terrorism – Post 9/11

•Taliban•al-Qaeda• Osama bin Laden


WAR ON TERROR2001-2011

WAR ON TERROR2003-2010

PIRATES2007-2011


Twenty-First Century Challenges

Promoting democracy in the Middle East.

Resolving conditions in Iraq and

Afghanistan.

Identifying transnational threats to peace.

Awareness of technological warfare.


The Politics of Defense Policy

Defense Spending– ~1/5 to ~ 1/2 of the federal budget

– Conservatives argue against budget cuts

– Liberals argue for budget cuts


U.S. Defense Spending

Back


Most Important Problem

Back


The International EconomyInterdependency

Actions of one nation affects many

International TradeTariffs

NAFTA and GATT

Balance of TradeRatio of what is paid for imports to what is earned for

exports


The New Global Agenda


The International Economy

Energy – USA imports about 60 percent, of the oil we

use.

– Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)


The International Economy

Foreign AidForeign aid used to stabilize friendly

nationsA substantial percentage is military

Foreign aid has never been popular with Americans


FOREIGN AID


2004-6 GOV’T TSUNAMI AID GIVENCountry

GDP In BillionsAid (total) in

Millions % of GDP

1 Australia 518.4 1,322 0.255

2 Liechtenstein 0.825 1.2 0.145

3 Qatar 17.47 25 0.14

4 Norway 221.6 265.1 0.119

5 Netherlands 512 509.1 0.0994

6 Canada 834.4 743.68 0.089

7Republic of

Ireland 148.6 117.94 0.079

8 Sweden 300.8 230.9 0.077

9 Finland 162 89.5 0.055

10 Hong Kong 158.6 85.89 0.054

11 Saudi Arabia 188.5 97.5 0.052

12 Switzerland 309.5 157.9 0.051

13 Denmark 212.4 100.9 0.0475

14 Germany 2400 1,071 0.0446

15 United Kingdom 1795 795.2 0.0443

16 Taiwan 293.2 [84] 110 0.038

17 United Arab Em. 70.96 25 0.035

18 United States 10,880 2,8750.026 (Govt

0.0086)


Summary

The United States has maintained a sizeable defense capability, from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism.Nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and international economy dictate U.S. foreign policy and international involvement.


The New Global Agenda

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